Thioredoxin

Details

Name
Thioredoxin
Synonyms
  • ADF
  • ATL-derived factor
  • SASP
  • Surface-associated sulphydryl protein
  • TRDX
  • TRX
  • TRX1
Gene Name
TXN
Organism
Humans
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0008733|Thioredoxin
MVKQIESKTAFQEALDAAGDKLVVVDFSATWCGPCKMIKPFFHSLSEKYSNVIFLEVDVD
DCQDVASECEVKCMPTFQFFKKGQKVGEFSGANKEKLEATINELV
Number of residues
105
Molecular Weight
11737.42
Theoretical pI
Not Available
GO Classification
Functions
oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor / peptide disulfide oxidoreductase activity / poly(A) RNA binding / protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
Processes
activation of protein kinase B activity / cell proliferation / cell redox homeostasis / cell-cell signaling / gene expression / glycerol ether metabolic process / innate immune response / movement of cell or subcellular component / negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death / negative regulation of protein export from nucleus / negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter / nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion / nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process / nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway / oxidation-reduction process / positive regulation of DNA binding / positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation / positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling / protein folding / regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation / response to radiation / response to reactive oxygen species / signal transduction / small molecule metabolic process / sulfate assimilation / transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter
Components
cytoplasm / cytosol / extracellular exosome / mitochondrion / nucleoplasm / nucleus
General Function
Protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
Specific Function
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Plays a role in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributes to the response to intracellular nitric oxide. Nitrosylates the active site Cys of CASP3 in response to nitric oxide (NO), and thereby inhibits caspase-3 activity. Induces the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA-binding activity in ionizing radiation (IR) cells through its oxidation/reduction status and stimulates AP-1 transcriptional activity.ADF augments the expression of the interleukin-2 receptor TAC (IL2R/P55).
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane Regions
Not Available
Cellular Location
Nucleus
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0017575|Thioredoxin (TXN)
ATGGTGAAGCAGATCGAGAGCAAGACTGCTTTTCAGGAAGCCTTGGACGCTGCAGGTGAT
AAACTTGTAGTAGTTGACTTCTCAGCCACGTGGTGTGGGCCTTGCAAAATGATCAAGCCT
TTCTTTCATGATGTTGCTTCAGAGTGTGAAGTCAAATGCATGCCAACATTCCAGTTTTTT
AAGAAGGGACAAAAGGTGGGTGAATTTTCTGGAGCCAATAAGGAAAAGCTTGAAGCCACC
ATTAATGAATTAGTCTAA
Chromosome Location
9
Locus
Not Available
External Identifiers
ResourceLink
UniProtKB IDP10599
UniProtKB Entry NameTHIO_HUMAN
HGNC IDHGNC:12435
General References
  1. Wollman EE, d'Auriol L, Rimsky L, Shaw A, Jacquot JP, Wingfield P, Graber P, Dessarps F, Robin P, Galibert F, et al.: Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 25;263(30):15506-12. [Article]
  2. Tagaya Y, Maeda Y, Mitsui A, Kondo N, Matsui H, Hamuro J, Brown N, Arai K, Yokota T, Wakasugi H, et al.: ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction. EMBO J. 1989 Mar;8(3):757-64. [Article]
  3. Tonissen KF, Wells JR: Isolation and characterization of human thioredoxin-encoding genes. Gene. 1991 Jun 30;102(2):221-8. [Article]
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  7. Dean MF, Martin H, Sansom PA: Characterization of a thioredoxin-related surface protein. Biochem J. 1994 Dec 15;304 ( Pt 3):861-7. [Article]
  8. Martin H, Dean M: Identification of a thioredoxin-related protein associated with plasma membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Feb 28;175(1):123-8. [Article]
  9. Jacquot JP, de Lamotte F, Fontecave M, Schurmann P, Decottignies P, Miginiac-Maslow M, Wollman E: Human thioredoxin reactivity-structure/function relationship. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Dec 31;173(3):1375-81. [Article]
  10. Rubartelli A, Bajetto A, Allavena G, Wollman E, Sitia R: Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway. J Biol Chem. 1992 Dec 5;267(34):24161-4. [Article]
  11. Hirota K, Matsui M, Iwata S, Nishiyama A, Mori K, Yodoi J: AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3633-8. [Article]
  12. Wei SJ, Botero A, Hirota K, Bradbury CM, Markovina S, Laszlo A, Spitz DR, Goswami PC, Yodoi J, Gius D: Thioredoxin nuclear translocation and interaction with redox factor-1 activates the activator protein-1 transcription factor in response to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 2000 Dec 1;60(23):6688-95. [Article]
  13. Yasinska IM, Kozhukhar AV, Sumbayev VV: S-nitrosation of thioredoxin in the nitrogen monoxide/superoxide system activates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Aug 15;428(2):198-203. [Article]
  14. Mitchell DA, Marletta MA: Thioredoxin catalyzes the S-nitrosation of the caspase-3 active site cysteine. Nat Chem Biol. 2005 Aug;1(3):154-8. Epub 2005 Jul 10. [Article]
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  21. Forman-Kay JD, Clore GM, Driscoll PC, Wingfield P, Richards FM, Gronenborn AM: A proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure determination of recombinant human thioredoxin. Biochemistry. 1989 Aug 22;28(17):7088-97. [Article]
  22. Forman-Kay JD, Clore GM, Wingfield PT, Gronenborn AM: High-resolution three-dimensional structure of reduced recombinant human thioredoxin in solution. Biochemistry. 1991 Mar 12;30(10):2685-98. [Article]
  23. Qin J, Clore GM, Gronenborn AM: The high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the oxidized and reduced states of human thioredoxin. Structure. 1994 Jun 15;2(6):503-22. [Article]
  24. Qin J, Clore GM, Kennedy WM, Huth JR, Gronenborn AM: Solution structure of human thioredoxin in a mixed disulfide intermediate complex with its target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B. Structure. 1995 Mar 15;3(3):289-97. [Article]
  25. Qin J, Clore GM, Kennedy WP, Kuszewski J, Gronenborn AM: The solution structure of human thioredoxin complexed with its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal. Structure. 1996 May 15;4(5):613-20. [Article]
  26. Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR: Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. Structure. 1996 Jun 15;4(6):735-51. [Article]
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  28. Weichsel A, Brailey JL, Montfort WR: Buried S-nitrosocysteine revealed in crystal structures of human thioredoxin. Biochemistry. 2007 Feb 6;46(5):1219-27. [Article]

Drug Relations

Drug Relations
DrugBank IDNameDrug groupPharmacological action?ActionsDetails
DB12695Phenethyl IsothiocyanateinvestigationalunknownDetails