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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:05:49
Primary Accession Number DB01225
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00068
Name Enoxaparin
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin. Enoxaparin is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection. Enoxaparin binds to and accelerates the activity of antithrombin III. By activating antithrombin III, enoxaparin preferentially potentiates the inhibition of coagulation factors Xa and IIa. Factor Xa catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, so enoxaparin s inhibition of this process results in decreased thrombin and ultimately the prevention of fibrin clot formation.
Synonyms
  1. LMWH
  2. Low Molecular Weight Heparin
  3. enoxaparin
Brand Names
  1. Clexane
  2. Lovenox
  3. Lovenox HP
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 6-[5-acetamido-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-[5-(6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-sulfooxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(sulfoamino)-4-sulfooxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-sulfooxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
Chemical Formula C26H42N2O37S5
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 9005-49-6
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C26H42N2O37S5/c1-4(30)27-7-9(31)13(6(56-23(7)39)3-55-67(43,44)45)58-26-19(65-70(52,53)54)12(34)16(20(62-26)22(37)38)60-24-8(28-66(40,41)42)15(63-68(46,47)48)14(5(2-29)57-24)59-25-18(64-69(49,50)51)11(33)10(32)17(61-25)21(35)36/h5-20,23-26,28-29,31-34,39H,2-3H2,1H3,(H,27,30)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)(H,40,41,42)(H,43,44,45)(H,46,47,48)(H,49,50,51)(H,52,53,54)/f/h27,35,37,40,43,46,49,52H
InChI Key HTTJABKRGRZYRN-XKAJDVGVCI
KEGG Drug Not Available
KEGG Compound C00374 Link Image
PubChem Compound 772 Link Image
PubChem Substance 2789 Link Image
ChEBI ID 28304 Link Image
PharmGKB ID PA449463 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02242692 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/lovenox.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoxaparin Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
Synthesis Reference J. Mardiguian, Eur. pat. Appl. 40,144 (1981 to Pharmindustrie), C.A. 96, 218191s (1982)
Average Molecular Weight 1134.9280
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 1134.0070
State Solid
Melting Point Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility > 200 mg/mL Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.08e+01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -13.2 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -1.67 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -2.02 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@H]4O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]4OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)[C@H](OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H]3NS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1O
Canonical SMILES CC(=O)NC1C(O)OC(COS(O)(=O)=O)C(OC2OC(C(OC3OC(CO)C(OC4OC(C(O)C(O)C4OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C3NS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)C2OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)=O)C1O
Drug Category
  • Anticoagulants
  • Fibrinolytic Agents
  • Heparins
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 20:12.04.16
  • 92:00.00
Indication For the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, which may lead to pulmonary embolism, and also for the prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, when concurrently administered with aspirin.
Pharmacology Enoxaparin is a highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Enoxaparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Enoxaparin is a well known and commonly used anticoagulant which has antithrombotic properties. Enoxaparin inhibits reactions that lead to the clotting of blood and the formation of fibrin clots both in vitro and in vivo. Enoxaparin acts at multiple sites in the normal coagulation system. Small amounts of enoxaparin in combination with antithrombin III (enoxaparin cofactor) can inhibit thrombosis by inactivating activated Factor X and inhibiting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Once active thrombosis has developed, larger amounts of enoxaparin can inhibit further coagulation by inactivating thrombin and preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Enoxaparin also prevents the formation of a stable fibrin clot by inhibiting the activation of the fibrin stabilizing factor.
Mechanism of Action The mechanism of action of enoxaparin is antithrombin-dependent. It acts mainly by accelerating the rate of the neutralization of certain activated coagulation factors by antithrombin, but other mechanisms may also be involved. The antithrombotic effect of enoxaparin is well correlated to the inhibition of factor Xa. Enoxaparin interacts with Antithrombin III, Prothrombin and Factor X.
Absorption Mean absolute bioavailability of enoxaparin, after 1.5 mg/kg given subcutaneously, based on anti-Factor Xa activity is approximately 100% in healthy volunteers.
Toxicity Mouse, median lethal dose greater than 5000 mg/kg. Another side effect is heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT syndrome). HIT is caused by an immunological reaction that makes platelets form clots within the blood vessels, thereby using up coagulation factors.
Protein Binding 80% bound-albumin
Biotransformation Hepatic.
Half Life 4.5 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Liquid Intravenous
Liquid Irrigation
Solution Intraperitoneal
Solution Intravenous
Solution Subcutaneous
Patient Information Not Available
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Enoxaparin Pathway SMP00272 Link Image
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Prothrombin
  2. Coagulation factor X
  3. Antithrombin-III
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 54
Target 1 Name Prothrombin
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Activated Factor II [IIa]
  2. Coagulation factor II
  3. EC 3.4.21.5
  4. Prothrombin precursor
  5. Thrombin
Target 1 Gene Name F2
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Prothrombin precursor 
MAHVRGLQLPGCLALAALCSLVHSQHVFLAPQQARSLLQRVRRANTFLEEVRKGNLEREC
VEETCSYEEAFEALESSTATDVFWAKYTACETARTPRDKLAACLEGNCAEGLGTNYRGHV
NITRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLQENFCRNPDSSTTGPWCYTTDPTVRRQE
CSIPVCGQDQVTVAMTPRSEGSSVNLSPPLEQCVPDRGQQYQGRLAVTTHGLPCLAWASA
QAKALSKHQDFNSAVQLVENFCRNPDGDEEGVWCYVAGKPGDFGYCDLNYCEEAVEEETG
DGLDEDSDRAIEGRTATSEYQTFFNPRTFGSGEADCGLRPLFEKKSLEDKTERELLESYI
DGRIVEGSDAEIGMSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTEN
DLLVRIGKHSRTRYERNIEKISMLEKIYIHPRYNWRENLDRDIALMKLKKPVAFSDYIHP
VCLPDRETAASLLQAGYKGRVTGWGNLKETWTANVGKGQPSVLQVVNLPIVERPVCKDST
RIRITDNMFCAGYKPDEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPFNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKY
GFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDQFGE
Target 1 Number of Residues 632
Target 1 Molecular Weight 70037
Target 1 Theoretical pI 5.70
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
thrombin activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
calcium ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
endopeptidase activity
serine-type endopeptidase activity
Process
organismal physiological process
regulation of body fluids
hemostasis
blood coagulation
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis
Component
extracellular region
Target 1 General Function Involved in blood clotting cascade
Target 1 Specific Function Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions
  • Selective cleavage of Arg!Gly bonds in fibrinogen to form fibrin and release fibrinopeptides A and B INHIBITOR Benzamidine; D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl; Nalpha-(2-naphthyl-sulfonyl-glycyl)-D-p-amidinopheyl-alanylpiperadin e; Argatroban
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • 1-24
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 339641 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P00734 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name THRB_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1HAG Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
  • extracellular space
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1869 bp 
ATGGCGCACGTCCGAGGCTTGCAGCTGCCTGGCTGCCTGGCCCTGGCTGCCCTGTGTAGC
CTTGTGCACAGCCAGCATGTGTTCCTGGCTCCTCAGCAAGCACGGTCGCTGCTCCAGCGG
GTCCGGCGAGCCAACACCTTCTTGGAGGAGGTGCGCAAGGGCAACCTAGAGCGAGAGTGC
GTGGAGGAGACGTGCAGCTACGAGGAGGCCTTCGAGGCTCTGGAGTCCTCCACGGCTACG
GATGTGTTCTGGGCCAAGTACACAGCTTGTGAGACAGCGAGGACGCCTCGAGATAAGCTT
GCTGCATGTCTGGAAGGTAACTGTGCTGAGGGTCTGGGTACGAACTACCGAGGGCATGTG
AACATCACCCGGTCAGGCATTGAGTGCCAGCTATGGAGGAGTCGCTACCCACATAAGCCT
GAAATCAACTCCACTACCCATCCTGGGGCCGACCTACAGGAGAATTTCTGCCGCAACCCC
GACAGCAGCACCACGGGACCCTGGTGCTACACTACAGACCCCACCGTGAGGAGGCAGGAA
TGCAGCATCCCTGTCTGTGGCCAGGATCAAGTCACTGTAGCGATGACTCCACGCTCCGAA
GGCTCCAGTGTGAATCTGTCACCTCCATTGGAGCAGTGTGTCCCTGATCGGGGGCAGCAG
TACCAGGGGCGCCTGGCGGTGACCACACATGGGCTCCCCTGCCTGGCCTGGGCCAGCGCA
CAGGCCAAGGCCCTGAGCAAGCACCAGGACTTCAACTCAGCTGTGCAGCTGGTGGAGAAC
TTCTGCCGCAACCCAGACGGGGATGAGGAGGGCGTGTGGTGCTATGTGGCCGGGAAGCCT
GGCGACTTTGGGTACTGCGACCTCAACTATTGTGAGGAGGCCGTGGAGGAGGAGACAGGA
GATGGGCTGGATGAGGACTCAGACAGGGCCATCGAAGGGCGTACCGCCACCAGTGAGTAC
CAGACTTTCTTCAATCCGAGGACCTTTGGCTCGGGAGAGGCAGACTGTGGGCTGCGACCT
CTGTTCGAGAAGAAGTCGCTGGAGGACAAAACCGAAAGAGAGCTCCTGGAATCCTACATC
GACGGGCGCATTGTGGAGGGCTCGGATGCAGAGATCGGCATGTCACCTTGGCAGGTGATG
CTTTTCCGGAAGAGTCCCCAGGAGCTGCTGTGTGGGGCCAGCCTCATCAGTGACCGCTGG
GTCCTCACCGCCGCCCACTGCCTCCTGTACCCGCCCTGGGACAAGAACTTCACCGAGAAT
GACCTTCTGGTGCGCATTGGCAAGCACTCCCGCACAAGGTACGAGCGAAACATTGAAAAG
ATATCCATGTTGGAAAAGATCTACATCCACCCCAGGTACAACTGGCGGGAGAACCTGGAC
CGGGACATTGCCCTGATGAAGCTGAAGAAGCCTGTTGCCTTCAGTGACTACATTCACCCT
GTGTGTCTGCCCGACAGGGAGACGGCAGCCAGCTTGCTCCAGGCTGGATACAAGGGGCGG
GTGACAGGCTGGGGCAACCTGAAGGAGACGTGGACAGCCAACGTTGGTAAGGGGCAGCCC
AGTGTCCTGCAGGTGGTGAACCTGCCCATTGTGGAGCGGCCGGTCTGCAAGGACTCCACC
CGGATCCGCATCACTGACAACATGTTCTGTGCTGGTTACAAGCCTGATGAAGGGAAACGA
GGGGATGCCTGTGAAGGTGACAGTGGGGGACCCTTTGTCATGAAGAGCCCCTTTAACAAC
CGCTGGTATCAAATGGGCATCGTCTCATGGGGTGAAGGCTGTGACCGGGATGGGAAATAT
GGCTTCTACACACATGTGTTCCGCCTGAAGAAGTGGATACAGAAGGTCATTGATCAGTTT
GGAGAGTAG
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID F2 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID F2 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:3535 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 11
Target 1 Locus 11p11-q12
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Guinto ER, Caccia S, Rose T, Futterer K, Waksman G, Di Cera E: Unexpected crucial role of residue 225 in serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 2;96(5):1852-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Iwahana H, Yoshimoto K, Shigekiyo T, Shirakami A, Saito S, Itakura M: Detection of a single base substitution of the gene for prothrombin Tokushima. The application of PCR-SSCP for the genetic and molecular analysis of dysprothrombinemia. Int J Hematol. 1992 Feb;55(1):93-100. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Miyata T, Aruga R, Umeyama H, Bezeaud A, Guillin MC, Iwanaga S: Prothrombin Salakta: substitution of glutamic acid-466 by alanine reduces the fibrinogen clotting activity and the esterase activity. Biochemistry. 1992 Aug 25;31(33):7457-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Morishita E, Saito M, Kumabashiri I, Asakura H, Matsuda T, Yamaguchi K: Prothrombin Himi: a compound heterozygote for two dysfunctional prothrombin molecules (Met-337-->Thr and Arg-388-->His). Blood. 1992 Nov 1;80(9):2275-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Rydel TJ, Ravichandran KG, Tulinsky A, Bode W, Huber R, Roitsch C, Fenton JW 2nd: The structure of a complex of recombinant hirudin and human alpha-thrombin. Science. 1990 Jul 20;249(4966):277-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Bode W, Mayr I, Baumann U, Huber R, Stone SR, Hofsteenge J: The refined 1.9 A crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin: interaction with D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone and significance of the Tyr-Pro-Pro-Trp insertion segment. EMBO J. 1989 Nov;8(11):3467-75. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Walz DA, Hewett-Emmett D, Seegers WH: Amino acid sequence of human prothrombin fragments 1 and 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 May;74(5):1969-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Henriksen RA, Mann KG: Substitution of valine for glycine-558 in the congenital dysthrombin thrombin Quick II alters primary substrate specificity. Biochemistry. 1989 Mar 7;28(5):2078-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Degen SJ, Davie EW: Nucleotide sequence of the gene for human prothrombin. Biochemistry. 1987 Sep 22;26(19):6165-77. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 3242619 Henriksen RA, Mann KG: Identification of the primary structural defect in the dysthrombin thrombin Quick I: substitution of cysteine for arginine-382. Biochemistry. 1988 Dec 27;27(26):9160-5.
  12. 3567158 Miyata T, Morita T, Inomoto T, Kawauchi S, Shirakami A, Iwanaga S: Prothrombin Tokushima, a replacement of arginine-418 by tryptophan that impairs the fibrinogen clotting activity of derived thrombin Tokushima. Biochemistry. 1987 Feb 24;26(4):1117-22.
  13. 3759958 Rabiet MJ, Blashill A, Furie B, Furie BC: Prothrombin fragment 1 X 2 X 3, a major product of prothrombin activation in human plasma. J Biol Chem. 1986 Oct 5;261(28):13210-5.
  14. 3771562 Rabiet MJ, Furie BC, Furie B: Molecular defect of prothrombin Barcelona. Substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 273. J Biol Chem. 1986 Nov 15;261(32):15045-8.
  15. 3801671 Inomoto T, Shirakami A, Kawauchi S, Shigekiyo T, Saito S, Miyoshi K, Morita T, Iwanaga S: Prothrombin Tokushima: characterization of dysfunctional thrombin derived from a variant of human prothrombin. Blood. 1987 Feb;69(2):565-9.
  16. 6305407 Degen SJ, MacGillivray RT, Davie EW: Characterization of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid and gene coding for human prothrombin. Biochemistry. 1983 Apr 26;22(9):2087-97.
  17. 6405779 Board PG, Shaw DC: Determination of the amino acid substitution in human prothrombin type 3 (157 Glu leads to Lys) and the localization of a third thrombin cleavage site. Br J Haematol. 1983 Jun;54(2):245-54.
  18. 7792730 Degen SJ, McDowell SA, Sparks LM, Scharrer I: Prothrombin Frankfurt: a dysfunctional prothrombin characterized by substitution of Glu-466 by Ala. Thromb Haemost. 1995 Feb;73(2):203-9.
  19. 7865694 James HL, Kim DJ, Zheng DQ, Girolami A: Prothrombin Padua I: incomplete activation due to an amino acid substitution at a factor Xa cleavage site. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1994 Oct;5(5):841-4.
  20. 8071320 Rydel TJ, Yin M, Padmanabhan KP, Blankenship DT, Cardin AD, Correa PE, Fenton JW 2nd, Tulinsky A: Crystallographic structure of human gamma-thrombin. J Biol Chem. 1994 Sep 2;269(35):22000-6.
  21. 873923 Butkowski RJ, Elion J, Downing MR, Mann KG: Primary structure of human prethrombin 2 and alpha-thrombin. J Biol Chem. 1977 Jul 25;252(14):4942-57.
  22. 9214615 van de Locht A, Bode W, Huber R, Le Bonniec BF, Stone SR, Esmon CT, Stubbs MT: The thrombin E192Q-BPTI complex reveals gross structural rearrangements: implications for the interaction with antithrombin and thrombomodulin. EMBO J. 1997 Jun 2;16(11):2977-84.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Jelenska MM, Szmidt J, Bojakowski K, Grzela T, Palester-Chlebowczyk M: Compensated activation of coagulation in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm: effects of heparin treatment prior to elective surgery. Thromb Haemost. 2004 Nov;92(5):997-1002. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Parmar N, Berry LR, Paredes N, Chan AK: Effect of heparins on thrombin generation in hemophilic plasma supplemented with FVIII, FVIIa, or FEIBA. Clin Lab. 2005;51(3-4):157-66. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Mafrici A: [How to administer antithrombotic therapy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: guidelines and clinical practice] Ital Heart J. 2005 May;6 Suppl 3:24S-27S. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Ilveskero S, Juvela S, Siironen J, Lassila R: D-dimer predicts outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: no effect of thromboprophylaxis on coagulation activity. Neurosurgery. 2005 Jul;57(1):16-24; discussion 16-24. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Bazargani F, Albrektsson A, Yahyapour N, Braide M: Low molecular weight heparin improves peritoneal ultrafiltration and blocks complement and coagulation. Perit Dial Int. 2005 Jul-Aug;25(4):394-404. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 239
Target 2 Name Coagulation factor X
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Coagulation factor X precursor
  2. EC 3.4.21.6
  3. Stuart factor
  4. Stuart- Prower factor
Target 2 Gene Name F10
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Coagulation factor X precursor 
MGRPLHLVLLSASLAGLLLLGESLFIRREQANNILARVTRANSFLEEMKKGHLERECMEE
TCSYEEAREVFEDSDKTNEFWNKYKDGDQCETSPCQNQGKCKDGLGEYTCTCLEGFEGKN
CELFTRKLCSLDNGDCDQFCHEEQNSVVCSCARGYTLADNGKACIPTGPYPCGKQTLERR
KRSVAQATSSSGEAPDSITWKPYDAADLDPTENPFDLLDFNQTQPERGDNNLTRIVGGQE
CKDGECPWQALLINEENEGFCGGTILSEFYILTAAHCLYQAKRFKVRVGDRNTEQEEGGE
AVHEVEVVIKHNRFTKETYDFDIAVLRLKTPITFRMNVAPACLPERDWAESTLMTQKTGI
VSGFGRTHEKGRQSTRLKMLEVPYVDRNSCKLSSSFIITQNMFCAGYDTKQEDACQGDSG
GPHVTRFKDTYFVTGIVSWGEGCARKGKYGIYTKVTAFLKWIDRSMKTRGLPKAKSHAPE
VITSSPLK
Target 2 Number of Residues 496
Target 2 Molecular Weight 54732
Target 2 Theoretical pI 5.74
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
endopeptidase activity
serine-type endopeptidase activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
calcium ion binding
Process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis
physiological process
organismal physiological process
regulation of body fluids
hemostasis
blood coagulation
Component
extracellular region
Target 2 General Function Involved in calcium ion binding
Target 2 Specific Function Factor Xa is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein that converts prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of factor Va, calcium and phospholipid during blood clotting
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions
  • Selective cleavage of Arg!Thr and then Arg!Ile bonds in prothrombin to form thrombin
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-31
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 7-26
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 182841 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P00742 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name FA10_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID 1P0S Link Image
Target 2 PDB File Show
Target 2 3D Structure
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasmic
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1433 bp 
CCTCCCTGGCTGGCCTCCTGCTGCTCGGGGAAAGTCTGTTCATCCGCAGGGAGCAGGCCA
ACAACATCCTGGCGAGGGTCACGAGGGCCAATTCCTTTCTTGAAGAGATGAAGAAAGGAC
ACCTCGAAAGAGAGTGCATGGAAGAGACCTGCTCATACGAAGAGGCCCGCGAGGTCTTTG
AGGACAGCGACAAGACGAATGAATTCTGGAATAAATACAAAGATGGCGACCAGTGTGAGA
CCAGTCCTTGCCAGAACCAGGGCAAATGTAAAGACGGCCTCGGGGAATACACCTGCACCT
GTTTAGAAGGATTCGAAGGCAAAAACTGTGAATTATTCACACGGAAGCTCTGCAGCCTGG
ACAACGGGGACTGTGACCAGTTCTGCCACGAGGAACAGAACTCTGTGGTGTGCTCCTGCG
CCCGCGGGTACACCCTGGCTGACAACGGCAAGGCCTGCATTCCCACAGGGCCCTACCCCT
GTGGGAAACAGACCCTGGAACGCAGGAAGAGGTCAGTGGCCCAGGCCACCAGCAGCAGCG
GGGAGGCCCCTGACAGCATCACATGGAAGCCATATGATGCAGCCGACCTGGACCCCACCG
AGAACCCCTTCGACCTGCTTGACTTCAACCAGACGCAGCCTGAGAGGGGCGACAACAACC
TCACCAGGATCGTGGGAGGCCAGGAATGCAAGGACGGGGAGTGTCCCTGGCAGGCCCTGC
TCATCAATGAGGAAAACGAGGGTTTCTGTGGTGGAACTATTCTGAGCGAGTTCTACATCC
TAACGGCAGCCCACTGTCTCTACCAAGCCAAGAGATTCAAGGTGAGGGTAGGGGACCGGA
ACACGGAGCAGGAGGAGGGCGGTGAGGCGGTGCACGAGGTGGAGGTGGTCATCAAGCACA
ACCGGTTCACAAAGGAGACCTATGACTTCGACATCGCCGTGCTCCGGCTCAAGACCCCCA
TCACCTTCCGCATGAACGTGGCGCCTGCCTGCCTCCCCGAGCGTGACTGGGCCGAGTCCA
CGCTGATGACGCAGAAGACGGGGATTGTGAGCGGCTTCGGGCGCACCCACGAGAAGGGCC
GGCAGTCCACCAGGCTCAAGATGCTGGAGGTGCCCTACGTGGACCGCAACAGCTGCAAGC
TGTCCAGCAGCTTCATCATCACCCAGAACATGTTCTGTGCCGGCTACGACACCAAGCAGG
AGGATGCCTGCCAGGGGGACAGCGGGGGCCCGCACGTCACCCGCTTCAAGGACACCTACT
TCGTGACAGGCATCGTCAGCTGGGGAGAGAGCTGTGCCCGTAAGGGGAAGTACGGGATCT
ACACCAAGGTCACCGCCTTCCTCAAGTGGATCGACAGGTCCATGAAAACCAGGGGCTTGC
CCAAGGCCAAGAGCCATGCCCCGGAGGTCATAACGTCCTCTCCATTAAAGTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID F10 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID F10 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:3528 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 13
Target 2 Locus 13q34
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Messier TL, Pittman DD, Long GL, Kaufman RJ, Church WR: Cloning and expression in COS-1 cells of a full-length cDNA encoding human coagulation factor X. Gene. 1991 Mar 15;99(2):291-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Fung MR, Hay CW, MacGillivray RT: Characterization of an almost full-length cDNA coding for human blood coagulation factor X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3591-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Jagadeeswaran P, Reddy SV, Rao KJ, Hamsabhushanam K, Lyman G: Cloning and characterization of the 5' end (exon 1) of the gene encoding human factor X. Gene. 1989 Dec 14;84(2):517-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Kaul RK, Hildebrand B, Roberts S, Jagadeeswaran P: Isolation and characterization of human blood-coagulation factor X cDNA. Gene. 1986;41(2-3):311-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Leytus SP, Foster DC, Kurachi K, Davie EW: Gene for human factor X: a blood coagulation factor whose gene organization is essentially identical with that of factor IX and protein C. Biochemistry. 1986 Sep 9;25(18):5098-102. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Leytus SP, Chung DW, Kisiel W, Kurachi K, Davie EW: Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(12):3699-702. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Kisiel W, Sasagawa T, Howald WN, Kwa EY, Weinstein B: Complete amino acid sequence of the light chain of human blood coagulation factor X: evidence for identification of residue 63 as beta-hydroxyaspartic acid. Biochemistry. 1983 Jun 7;22(12):2875-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Inoue K, Morita T: Identification of O-linked oligosaccharide chains in the activation peptides of blood coagulation factor X. The role of the carbohydrate moieties in the activation of factor X. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Nov 15;218(1):153-63. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Padmanabhan K, Padmanabhan KP, Tulinsky A, Park CH, Bode W, Huber R, Blankenship DT, Cardin AD, Kisiel W: Structure of human des(1-45) factor Xa at 2.2 A resolution. J Mol Biol. 1993 Aug 5;232(3):947-66. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 9618463 Kamata K, Kawamoto H, Honma T, Iwama T, Kim SH: Structural basis for chemical inhibition of human blood coagulation factor Xa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 9;95(12):6630-5.
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Dalmora SL, Junior LB, Schmidt CA, Vaccari SF, Oliveira PR, Codevilla CF: Validation of the anti-factor Xa assay for the potency assessment of enoxaparin in pharmaceutical formulations. J AOAC Int. 2004 Nov-Dec;87(6):1305-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sanchez-Pena P, Hulot JS, Urien S, Ankri A, Collet JP, Choussat R, Lechat P, Montalescot G: Anti-factor Xa kinetics after intravenous enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a population model analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;60(4):364-73. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Graff J, Picard-Willems B, Harder S: Monitoring effects of direct FXa-inhibitors with a new one-step prothrombinase-induced clotting time (PiCT) assay: comparative in vitro investigation with heparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux and DX 9065a. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Apr;45(4):237-43. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Berges A, Laporte S, Epinat M, Zufferey P, Alamartine E, Tranchand B, Decousus H, Mismetti P: Anti-factor Xa activity of enoxaparin administered at prophylactic dosage to patients over 75 years old. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;64(4):428-38. Epub 2007 May 17. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Paige JT, Gouda BP, Gaitor-Stampley V, Scalia PG, Klainer TE, Raum WJ, Martin LF: No correlation between anti-factor Xa levels, low-molecular-weight heparin, and bleeding after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007 Jul-Aug;3(4):469-75. Epub 2007 Jun 12. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 309
Target 3 Name Antithrombin-III
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. ATIII
  2. Antithrombin-III precursor
Target 3 Gene Name SERPINC1
Target 3 Protein Sequence >Antithrombin-III precursor 
MYSNVIGTVTSGKRKVYLLSLLLIGFWDCVTCHGSPVDICTAKPRDIPMNPMCIYRSPEK
KATEDEGSEQKIPEATNRRVWELSKANSRFATTFYQHLADSKNDNDNIFLSPLSISTAFA
MTKLGACNDTLQQLMEVFKFDTISEKTSDQIHFFFAKLNCRLYRKANKSSKLVSANRLFG
DKSLTFNETYQDISELVYGAKLQPLDFKENAEQSRAAINKWVSNKTEGRITDVIPSEAIN
ELTVLVLVNTIYFKGLWKSKFSPENTRKELFYKADGESCSASMMYQEGKFRYRRVAEGTQ
VLELPFKGDDITMVLILPKPEKSLAKVEKELTPEVLQEWLDELEEMMLVVHMPRFRIEDG
FSLKEQLQDMGLVDLFSPEKSKLPGIVAEGRDDLYVSDAFHKAFLEVNEEGSEAAASTAV
VIAGRSLNPNRVTFKANRPFLVFIREVPLNTIIFMGRVANPCVK
Target 3 Number of Residues 471
Target 3 Molecular Weight 52603
Target 3 Theoretical pI 6.68
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
enzyme regulator activity
enzyme inhibitor activity
protease inhibitor activity
endopeptidase inhibitor activity
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Process
Not Available
Component
Not Available
Target 3 General Function Involved in serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Target 3 Specific Function Most important serine protease inhibitor in plasma that regulates the blood coagulation cascade. AT-III inhibits thrombin as well as factors IXa, Xa and XIa. Its inhibitory activity is greatly enhanced in the presence of heparin
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • 1-32
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 3 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein 179161 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P01008 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ANT3_HUMAN Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID 1JVQ Link Image
Target 3 PDB File Show
Target 3 3D Structure
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
  • extracellular space
Target 3 Gene Sequence >1395 bp 
ATGTATTCCAATGTGATAGGAACTGTAACCTCTGGAAAAAGGAAGGTTTATCTTTTGTCC
TTGCTGCTCATTGGCTTCTGGGACTGCGTGACCTGTCACGGGAGCCCTGTGGACATCTGC
ACAGCCAAGCCGCGGGACATTCCCATGAATCCCATGTGCATTTACCGCTCCCCGGAGAAG
AAGGCAACTGAGGATGAGGGCTCAGAACAGAAGATCCCGGAGGCCACCAACCGGCGTGTC
TGGGAACTGTCCAAGGCCAATTCCCGCTTTGCTACCACTTTCTATCAGCACCTGGCAGAT
TCCAAGAATGACAATGATAACATTTTCCTGTCACCCCTGAGTATCTCCACGGCTTTTGCT
ATGACCAAGCTGGGTGCCTGTAATGACACCCTCCAGCAACTGATGGAGGTATTTAAGTTT
GACACCATATCTGAGAAAACATCTGATCAGATCCACTTCTTCTTTGCCAAACTGAACTGC
CGACTCTATCGAAAAGCCAACAAATCCTCCAAGTTAGTATCAGCCAATCGCCTTTTTGGA
GACAAATCCCTTACCTTCAATGAGACCTACCAGGACATCAGTGAGTTGGTATATGGAGCC
AAGCTCCAGCCCCTGGACTTCAAGGAAAATGCAGAGCAATCCAGAGCGGCCATCAACAAA
TGGGTGTCCAATAAGACCGAAGGCCGAATCACCGATGTCATTCCCTCGGAAGCCATCAAT
GAGCTCACTGTTCTGGTGCTGGTTAACACCATTTACTTCAAGGGCCTGTGGAAGTCAAAG
TTCAGCCCTGAGAACACAAGGAAGGAACTGTTCTACAAGGCTGATGGAGAGTCGTGTTCA
GCATCTATGATGTACCAGGAAGGCAAGTTCCGTTATCGGCGCGTGGCTGAAGGCACCCAG
GTGCTTGAGTTGCCCTTCAAAGGTGATGACATCACCATGGTCCTCATCTTGCCCAAGCCT
GAGAAGAGCCTGGCCAAGGTGGAGAAGGAACTCACCCCAGAGGTGCTGCAGGAGTGGCTG
GATGAATTGGAGGAGATGATGCTGGTGGTCCACATGCCCCGCTTCCGCATTGAGGACGGC
TTCAGTTTGAAGGAGCAGCTGCAAGACATGGGCCTTGTCGATCTGTTCAGCCCTGAAAAG
TCCAAACTCCCAGGTATTGTTGCAGAAGGCCGAGATGACCTCTATGTCTCAGATGCATTC
CATAAGGCATTTCTTGAGGTAAATGAAGAAGGCAGTGAAGCAGCTGCAAGTACCGCTGTT
GTGATTGCTGGCCGTTCGCTAAACCCCAACAGGGTGACTTTCAAGGCCAACAGGCTTTTC
CTGGTTTTTATAAGAGAAGTTCCTCTGAACACTATTATCTTCATGGGCAGAGTAGCCAAC
CCTTGTGTTAAGTAA
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID SERPINC1 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID SERPINC1 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:775 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location 1
Target 3 Locus 1q23-q25.1
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 General References
  1. Bayston TA, Tripodi A, Mannucci PM, Thompson E, Ireland H, Fitches AC, Hananeia L, Olds RJ, Lane DA: Familial overexpression of beta antithrombin caused by an Asn135Thr substitution. Blood. 1999 Jun 15;93(12):4242-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Niiya K, Kiguchi T, Dansako H, Fujimura K, Fujimoto T, Iijima K, Tanimoto M, Harada M: Two novel gene mutations in type I antithrombin deficiency. Int J Hematol. 2001 Dec;74(4):469-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Blajchman MA, Fernandez-Rachubinski F, Sheffield WP, Austin RC, Schulman S: Antithrombin-III-Stockholm: a codon 392 (Gly----Asp) mutation with normal heparin binding and impaired serine protease reactivity. Blood. 1992 Mar 15;79(6):1428-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Olds RJ, Lane DA, Boisclair M, Sas G, Bock SC, Thein SL: Antithrombin Budapest 3. An antithrombin variant with reduced heparin affinity resulting from the substitution L99F. FEBS Lett. 1992 Apr 6;300(3):241-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Perry DJ, Daly M, Harper PL, Tait RC, Price J, Walker ID, Carrell RW: Antithrombin Cambridge II, 384 Ala to Ser. Further evidence of the role of the reactive centre loop in the inhibitory function of the serpins. FEBS Lett. 1991 Jul 22;285(2):248-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Daly M, Bruce D, Perry DJ, Price J, Harper PL, O'Meara A, Carrell RW: Antithrombin Dublin (-3 Val----Glu): an N-terminal variant which has an aberrant signal peptidase cleavage site. FEBS Lett. 1990 Oct 29;273(1-2):87-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Austin RC, Rachubinski RA, Blajchman MA: Site-directed mutagenesis of alanine-382 of human antithrombin III. FEBS Lett. 1991 Mar 25;280(2):254-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Mourey L, Samama JP, Delarue M, Choay J, Lormeau JC, Petitou M, Moras D: Antithrombin III: structural and functional aspects. Biochimie. 1990 Aug;72(8):599-608. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Gandrille S, Aiach M, Lane DA, Vidaud D, Molho-Sabatier P, Caso R, de Moerloose P, Fiessinger JN, Clauser E: Important role of arginine 129 in heparin-binding site of antithrombin III. Identification of a novel mutation arginine 129 to glutamine. J Biol Chem. 1990 Nov 5;265(31):18997-9001. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Borg JY, Brennan SO, Carrell RW, George P, Perry DJ, Shaw J: Antithrombin Rouen-IV 24 Arg----Cys. The amino-terminal contribution to heparin binding. FEBS Lett. 1990 Jun 18;266(1-2):163-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 2781509 Erdjument H, Lane DA, Panico M, Di Marzo V, Morris HR, Bauer K, Rosenberg RD: Antithrombin Chicago, amino acid substitution of arginine 393 to histidine. Thromb Res. 1989 Jun 15;54(6):613-9.
  12. 3080419 Chang JY, Tran TH: Antithrombin III Basel. Identification of a Pro-Leu substitution in a hereditary abnormal antithrombin with impaired heparin cofactor activity. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 25;261(3):1174-6.
  13. 3162733 Erdjument H, Lane DA, Panico M, Di Marzo V, Morris HR: Single amino acid substitutions in the reactive site of antithrombin leading to thrombosis. Congenital substitution of arginine 393 to cysteine in antithrombin Northwick Park and to histidine in antithrombin Glasgow. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5589-93.
  14. 3179438 Devraj-Kizuk R, Chui DH, Prochownik EV, Carter CJ, Ofosu FA, Blajchman MA: Antithrombin-III-Hamilton: a gene with a point mutation (guanine to adenine) in codon 382 causing impaired serine protease reactivity. Blood. 1988 Nov;72(5):1518-23.
  15. 3191114 Bock SC, Marrinan JA, Radziejewska E: Antithrombin III Utah: proline-407 to leucine mutation in a highly conserved region near the inhibitor reactive site. Biochemistry. 1988 Aug 9;27(16):6171-8.
  16. 3805013 Stephens AW, Thalley BS, Hirs CH: Antithrombin-III Denver, a reactive site variant. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jan 25;262(3):1044-8.
  17. 6298709 Bock SC, Wion KL, Vehar GA, Lawn RM: Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human antithrombin III. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Dec 20;10(24):8113-25.
  18. 6305982 Prochownik EV, Markham AF, Orkin SH: Isolation of a cDNA clone for human antithrombin III. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jul 10;258(13):8389-94.
  19. 6572945 Chandra T, Stackhouse R, Kidd VJ, Woo SL: Isolation and sequence characterization of a cDNA clone of human antithrombin III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(7):1845-8.
  20. 6582486 Koide T, Odani S, Takahashi K, Ono T, Sakuragawa N: Antithrombin III Toyama: replacement of arginine-47 by cysteine in hereditary abnormal antithrombin III that lacks heparin-binding ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(2):289-93.
  21. 6693405 Blackburn MN, Smith RL, Carson J, Sibley CC: The heparin-binding site of antithrombin III. Identification of a critical tryptophan in the amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jan 25;259(2):939-41.
  22. 7238875 Bjork I, Danielsson A, Fenton JW, Jornvall: The site in human antithrombin for functional proteolytic cleavage by human thrombin. FEBS Lett. 1981 Apr 20;126(2):257-60.
  23. 7656006 Schreuder HA, de Boer B, Dijkema R, Mulders J, Theunissen HJ, Grootenhuis PD, Hol WG: The intact and cleaved human antithrombin III complex as a model for serpin-proteinase interactions. Nat Struct Biol. 1994 Jan;1(1):48-54.
  24. 7749926 Stein PE, Carrell RW: What do dysfunctional serpins tell us about molecular mobility and disease? Nat Struct Biol. 1995 Feb;2(2):96-113.
  25. 7832187 Okajima K, Abe H, Wagatsuma M, Okabe H, Takatsuki K: Antithrombin III Kumamoto II; a single mutation at Arg393-His increased the affinity of antithrombin III for heparin. Am J Hematol. 1995 Jan;48(1):12-8.
  26. 7878627 Emmerich J, Chadeuf G, Alhenc-Gelas M, Gouault-Heilman M, Toulon P, Fiessinger JN, Aiach M: Molecular basis of antithrombin type I deficiency: the first large in-frame deletion and two novel mutations in exon 6. Thromb Haemost. 1994 Oct;72(4):534-9.
  27. 7959685 Millar DS, Wacey AI, Ribando J, Melissari E, Laursen B, Woods P, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN: Three novel missense mutations in the antithrombin III (AT3) gene causing recurrent venous thrombosis. Hum Genet. 1994 Nov;94(5):509-12.
  28. 7989582 Bruce D, Perry DJ, Borg JY, Carrell RW, Wardell MR: Thromboembolic disease due to thermolabile conformational changes of antithrombin Rouen-VI (187 Asn-->Asp) J Clin Invest. 1994 Dec;94(6):2265-74.
  29. 7994035 van Boven HH, Olds RJ, Thein SL, Reitsma PH, Lane DA, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Rosendaal FR: Hereditary antithrombin deficiency: heterogeneity of the molecular basis and mortality in Dutch families. Blood. 1994 Dec 15;84(12):4209-13.
  30. 8087553 Carrell RW, Stein PE, Fermi G, Wardell MR: Biological implications of a 3 A structure of dimeric antithrombin. Structure. 1994 Apr 15;2(4):257-70.
  31. 8236149 Lane DA, Olds RJ, Boisclair M, Chowdhury V, Thein SL, Cooper DN, Blajchman M, Perry D, Emmerich J, Aiach M: Antithrombin III mutation database: first update. For the Thrombin and its Inhibitors Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Aug 2;70(2):361-9.
  32. 8274732 Jochmans K, Lissens W, Vervoort R, Peeters S, De Waele M, Liebaers I: Antithrombin-Gly 424 Arg: a novel point mutation responsible for type 1 antithrombin deficiency and neonatal thrombosis. Blood. 1994 Jan 1;83(1):146-51.
  33. 8443391 Okajima K, Abe H, Maeda S, Motomura M, Tsujihata M, Nagataki S, Okabe H, Takatsuki K: Antithrombin III Nagasaki (Ser116-Pro): a heterozygous variant with defective heparin binding associated with thrombosis. Blood. 1993 Mar 1;81(5):1300-5.
  34. 8476848 Olds RJ, Lane DA, Chowdhury V, De Stefano V, Leone G, Thein SL: Complete nucleotide sequence of the antithrombin gene: evidence for homologous recombination causing thrombophilia. Biochemistry. 1993 Apr 27;32(16):4216-24.
  35. 8486379 Olds RJ, Lane DA, Beresford CH, Abildgaard U, Hughes PM, Thein SL: A recurrent deletion in the antithrombin gene, AT106-108(-6 bp), identified by DNA heteroduplex detection. Genomics. 1993 Apr;16(1):298-9.
  36. 8664906 Perry DJ, Carrell RW: Molecular genetics of human antithrombin deficiency. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(1):7-22.
  37. 9067613 Skinner R, Abrahams JP, Whisstock JC, Lesk AM, Carrell RW, Wardell MR: The 2.6 A structure of antithrombin indicates a conformational change at the heparin binding site. J Mol Biol. 1997 Feb 28;266(3):601-9.
  38. 9761669 Skinner R, Chang WS, Jin L, Pei X, Huntington JA, Abrahams JP, Carrell RW, Lomas DA: Implications for function and therapy of a 2.9 A structure of binary-complexed antithrombin. J Mol Biol. 1998;283(1):9-14.
  39. 9845533 Fitches AC, Appleby R, Lane DA, De Stefano V, Leone G, Olds RJ: Impaired cotranslational processing as a mechanism for type I antithrombin deficiency. Blood. 1998 Dec 15;92(12):4671-6.
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Yamaguchi N, Chae BS, Zhang L, Kiick KL, Furst EM: Rheological characterization of polysaccharide-poly(ethylene glycol) star copolymer hydrogels. Biomacromolecules. 2005 Jul-Aug;6(4):1931-40. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Peng K, Wang C, Pang BS, Yang YH: [Effects of thrombolysis and anticoagulation on the functions of vascular endothelial cells and coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism] Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2005 Sep;28(9):596-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lee S, Gibson CM: Enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2007 May;5(3):387-99. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.