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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:06:15
Primary Accession Number DB01001
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00553
Name Salbutamol
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. Albuterol
  2. Albuterol Sulfate
  3. Albuterol Sulphate
  4. Levalbuterol
  5. Salbutamol Sulfate
  6. Salbutamol Sulphate
Brand Names
  1. Accuneb
  2. Aerolin
  3. Airomir
  4. Asmaven
  5. Asmol
  6. Asthalin
  7. Asthavent
  8. Broncovaleas
  9. Buventol
  10. Cetsim
  11. Cobutolin
  12. Ecovent
  13. Loftan
  14. ProAir
  15. Proventil
  16. Rotahaler
  17. Salamol
  18. Salbulin
  19. Salbutard
  20. Salbutine
  21. Salbuvent
  22. Solbutamol
  23. Sultanol
  24. Venetlin
  25. Ventalin Inhaler
  26. Ventolin
  27. Ventolin Inhaler
  28. Ventolin Rotacaps
  29. Volma
  30. Volmax
  31. Xopenex
Brand Mixtures
  1. Combivent (Ipratropium Bromide + Salbutamol Sulfate)
  2. Gen-Combo Sterinebs (Ipratropium Bromide + Salbutamol Sulfate)
Chemical IUPAC Name 4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
Chemical Formula C13H21NO3
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 18559-94-9
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C13H21NO3/c1-13(2,3)14-7-12(17)9-4-5-11(16)10(6-9)8-15/h4-6,12,14-17H,7-8H2,1-3H3
InChI Key NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYAW
KEGG Drug D02147 Link Image
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 2083 Link Image
PubChem Substance 171517 Link Image
ChEBI ID 2549 Link Image
PharmGKB ID PA448068 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 00790419 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/duoneb.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salbutamol Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Collin et al., J. Med. Chem. 3,644,353 (1968,1972)
Average Molecular Weight 239.3107
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 239.1521
State Solid
Melting Point 157-158oC
Experimental Water Solubility 3 mg/L Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 2.15e+00 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 1.4 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 0.44 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS -1.22 [ADME Research, USCD]
Predicted LogS -2.05 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point 10.3
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CC(C)(C)NC[C@H](O)C1=CC(CO)=C(O)C=C1
Canonical SMILES CC(C)(C)NCC(O)C1=CC(CO)=C(O)C=C1
Drug Category
  • Adrenergic beta-Agonists
  • Bronchodilator Agents
  • Tocolytic Agents
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 12:12.08.12
  • 48:12.04.12
Indication For relief and prevention of bronchospasm due to asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
Pharmacology Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN), a moderately selective beta(2)-receptor agonist similar in structure to terbutaline, is widely used as a bronchodilator to manage asthma and other chronic obstructive airway diseases. The R-isomer, levalbuterol, is responsible for bronchodilation while the S-isomer increases bronchial reactivity. The R-enantiomer is sold in its pure form as Levalbuterol. The manufacturer of levalbuterol, Sepracor, has implied (although not directly claimed) that the presence of only the R-enantiomer produces fewer side-effects.
Mechanism of Action Salbutamol is a beta(2)-adrenergic agonist and thus it stimulates beta(2)-adrenergic receptors. Binding of albuterol to beta(2)-receptors in the lungs results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles. It is believed that salbutamol increases cAMP production by activating adenylate cyclase, and the actions of salbutamol are mediated by cAMP. Increased intracellular cyclic AMP increases the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, which inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular calcium concentrations. A lowered intracellular calcium concentration leads to a smooth muscle relaxation. Increased intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations also cause an inhibition of the release of mediators from mast cells in the airways.
Absorption Systemic absorption is rapid following aerosol administration.
Toxicity LD50=1100 mg/kg (orally in mice)
Protein Binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hydrolyzed by esterases in tissue and blood to the active compound colterol. The drug is also conjugatively metabolized to salbutamol 4'-O-sulfate.
Half Life 1.6 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation)
Liquid Oral
Powder Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution Intramuscular
Solution Intravenous
Solution Oral
Solution Respiratory (inhalation)
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
  2. Interleukin-8
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 766
Target 1 Name Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Beta-2 adrenoceptor
  2. Beta-2 adrenoreceptor
Target 1 Gene Name ADRB2
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Beta-2 adrenergic receptor 
MGQPGNGSAFLLAPNRSHAPDHDVTQQRDEVWVVGMGIVMSLIVLAIVFGNVLVITAIAK
FERLQTVTNYFITSLACADLVMGLAVVPFGAAHILMKMWTFGNFWCEFWTSIDVLCVTAS
IETLCVIAVDRYFAITSPFKYQSLLTKNKARVIILMVWIVSGLTSFLPIQMHWYRATHQE
AINCYANETCCDFFTNQAYAIASSIVSFYVPLVIMVFVYSRVFQEAKRQLQKIDKSEGRF
HVQNLSQVEQDGRTGHGLRRSSKFCLKEHKALKTLGIIMGTFTLCWLPFFIVNIVHVIQD
NLIRKEVYILLNWIGYVNSGFNPLIYCRSPDFRIAFQELLCLRRSSLKAYGNGYSSNGNT
GEQSGYHVEQEKENKLLCEDLPGTEDFVGHQGTVPSDNIDSQGRNCSTNDSLL
Target 1 Number of Residues 419
Target 1 Molecular Weight 46557
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.44
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
adrenoceptor activity
beta-adrenergic receptor activity
beta2-adrenergic receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in beta2-adrenergic receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 35-58
  • 72-95
  • 107-129
  • 151-174
  • 197-220
  • 275-298
  • 306-329
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 29371 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P07550 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADRB2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1242 bp 
ATGGGGCAACCCGGGAACGGCAGCGCCTTCTTGCTGGCACCCAATAGAAGCCATGCGCCG
GACCACGACGTCACGCAGCAAAGGGACGAGGTGTGGGTGGTGGGCATGGGCATCGTCATG
TCTCTCATCGTCCTGGCCATCGTGTTTGGCAATGTGCTGGTCATCACAGCCATTGCCAAG
TTCGAGCGTCTGCAGACGGTCACCAACTACTTCATCACTTCACTGGCCTGTGCTGATCTG
GTCATGGGCCTGGCAGTGGTGCCCTTTGGGGCCGCCCATATTCTTATGAAAATGTGGACT
TTTGGCAACTTCTGGTGCGAGTTTTGGACTTCCATTGATGTGCTGTGCGTCACGGCCAGC
ATTGAGACCCTGTGCGTGATCGCAGTGGATCGCTACTTTGCCATTACTTCACCTTTCAAG
TACCAGAGCCTGCTGACCAAGAATAAGGCCCGGGTGATCATTCTGATGGTGTGGATTGTG
TCAGGCCTTACCTCCTTCTTGCCCATTCAGATGCACTGGTACCGGGCCACCCACCAGGAA
GCCATCAACTGCTATGCCAATGAGACCTGCTGTGACTTCTTCACGAACCAAGCCTATGCC
ATTGCCTCTTCCATCGTGTCCTTCTACGTTCCCCTGGTGATCATGGTCTTCGTCTACTCC
AGGGTCTTTCAGGAGGCCAAAAGGCAGCTCCAGAAGATTGACAAATCTGAGGGCCGCTTC
CATGTCCAGAACCTTAGCCAGGTGGAGCAGGATGGGCGGACGGGGCATGGACTCCGCAGA
TCTTCCAAGTTCTGCTTGAAGGAGCACAAAGCCCTCAAGACGTTAGGCATCATCATGGGC
ACTTTCACCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTCTTCATCGTTAACATTGTGCATGTGATCCAGGAT
AACCTCATCCGTAAGGAAGTTTACATCCTCCTAAATTGGATAGGCTATGTCAATTCTGGT
TTCAATCCCCTTATCTACTGCCGGAGCCCAGATTTCAGGATTGCCTTCCAGGAGCTTCTG
TGCCTGCGCAGGTCTTCTTTGAAGGCCTATGGGAATGGCTACTCCAGCAACGGCAACACA
GGGGAGCAGAGTGGATATCACGTGGAACAGGAGAAAGAAAATAAACTGCTGTGTGAAGAC
CTCCCAGGCACGGAAGACTTTGTGGGCCATCAAGGTACTGTGCCTAGCGATAACATTGAT
TCACAAGGGAGGAATTGTAGTACAAATGACTCACTGCTGTAA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID ADRB2 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID ADRB2 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:286 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 5
Target 1 Locus 5q31-q32
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Cao TT, Deacon HW, Reczek D, Bretscher A, von Zastrow M: A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Nature. 1999 Sep 16;401(6750):286-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Moffett S, Rousseau G, Lagace M, Bouvier M: The palmitoylation state of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor regulates the synergistic action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase involved in its phosphorylation and desensitization. J Neurochem. 2001 Jan;76(1):269-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. O'Dowd BF, Hnatowich M, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Bouvier M: Palmitoylation of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Mutation of Cys341 in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpalmitoylated form of the receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7564-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Delavier-Klutchko C, Kaveri SV, Durieu-Trautmann O, Strosberg AD: Structure of the gene for human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: expression and promoter characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):6995-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Chung FZ, Wang CD, Potter PC, Venter JC, Fraser CM: Site-directed mutagenesis and continuous expression of human beta-adrenergic receptors. Identification of a conserved aspartate residue involved in agonist binding and receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 25;263(9):4052-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kobilka BK, Dixon RA, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Sigal IS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: cDNA for the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains and encoded by a gene whose chromosomal location is shared with that of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jan;84(1):46-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chung FZ, Lentes KU, Gocayne J, Fitzgerald M, Robinson D, Kerlavage AR, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain beta-adrenergic receptor. Evolutionary relationship to rodent and avian beta-receptors and porcine muscarinic receptors. FEBS Lett. 1987 Jan 26;211(2):200-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Schofield PR, Rhee LM, Peralta EG: Primary structure of the human beta-adrenergic receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 24;15(8):3636. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Kobilka BK, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Dixon RA, Keller P, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Delineation of the intronless nature of the genes for the human and hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor and their putative promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 25;262(15):7321-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Turki J, Pak J, Green SA, Martin RJ, Liggett SB: Genetic polymorphisms of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in nocturnal and nonnocturnal asthma. Evidence that Gly16 correlates with the nocturnal phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1635-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 7915137 Green SA, Turki J, Innis M, Liggett SB: Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. 1994 Aug 16;33(32):9414-9.
  12. 8383511 Reihsaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Liggett SB: Mutations in the gene encoding for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993 Mar;8(3):334-9.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Brichetto L, Milanese M, Song P, Patrone M, Crimi E, Rehder K, Brusasco V: Beclomethasone rapidly ablates allergen-induced beta 2-adrenoceptor pathway dysfunction in human isolated bronchi. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jan;284(1):L133-9. Epub 2002 Aug 16. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Chong LK, Suvarna K, Chess-Williams R, Peachell PT: Desensitization of beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses by short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists in human lung mast cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;138(3):512-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Yamanishi T, Chapple CR, Yasuda K, Yoshida K, Chess-Williams R: Role of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in mediating relaxation of the pig bladder trigonal muscle in vitro. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22(4):338-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Brouri F, Hanoun N, Mediani O, Saurini F, Hamon M, Vanhoutte PM, Lechat P: Blockade of beta 1- and desensitization of beta 2-adrenoceptors reduce isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Feb 6;485(1-3):227-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Choudhry S, Ung N, Avila PC, Ziv E, Nazario S, Casal J, Torres A, Gorman JD, Salari K, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Toscano M, Sylvia JS, Alioto M, Castro RA, Salazar M, Gomez I, Fagan JK, Salas J, Clark S, Lilly C, Matallana H, Selman M, Chapela R, Sheppard D, Weiss ST, Ford JG, Boushey HA, Drazen JM, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Silverman EK, Burchard EG: Pharmacogenetic differences in response to albuterol between Puerto Ricans and Mexicans with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 15;171(6):563-70. Epub 2004 Nov 19. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 1303
Target 2 Name Interleukin-8
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. CXCL8
  2. Emoctakin
  3. GCP-1
  4. Granulocyte chemotactic protein 1
  5. IL-8
  6. Interleukin-8 precursor
  7. MDNCF
  8. MONAP
  9. Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor
  10. Monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide
  11. NAP-1
  12. Neutrophil- activating protein 1
  13. Protein 3-10C
  14. T-cell chemotactic factor
Target 2 Gene Name IL8
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Interleukin-8 precursor 
MTSKLAVALLAAFLISAALCEGAVLPRSAKELRCQCIKTYSKPFHPKFIKELRVIESGPH
CANTEIIVKLSDGRELCLDPKENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENS
Target 2 Number of Residues 100
Target 2 Molecular Weight 11098
Target 2 Theoretical pI 9.09
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
chemokine activity
signal transducer activity
receptor binding
cytokine activity
Process
response to stimulus
response to biotic stimulus
defense response
immune response
Component
extracellular region
Target 2 General Function Involved in cytokine activity
Target 2 Specific Function IL-8 is a chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells, but not monocytes. It is also involved in neutrophil activation. It is released from several cell types in response to an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8(6-77) has a 5-10-fold higher activity on neutrophil activation, IL-8(5-77) has increased activity on neutrophil activation and IL-8(7-77) has a higher affinity to receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 as compared to IL-8(1-77), respectively
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-20
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 34519 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P10145 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name IL8_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID 1ILQ Link Image
Target 2 PDB File Show
Target 2 3D Structure
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >300 bp 
ATGACTTCCAAGCTGGCCGTGGCTCTCTTGGCAGCCTTCCTGATTTCTGCAGCTCTGTGT
GAAGGTGCAGTTTTGCCAAGGAGTGCTAAAGAACTTAGATGTCAGTGCATAAAGACATAC
TCCAAACCTTTCCACCCCAAATTTATCAAAGAACTGAGAGTGATTGAGAGTGGACCACAC
TGCGCCAACACAGAAATTATTGTAAAGCTTTCTGATGGAAGAGAGCTCTGTCTGGACCCC
AAGGAAAACTGGGTGCAGAGGGTTGTGGAGAAGTTTTTGAAGAGGGCTGAGAATTCATAA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID IL8 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID IL8 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:6025 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 4
Target 2 Locus 4q13-q21
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Skelton NJ, Quan C, Reilly D, Lowman H: Structure of a CXC chemokine-receptor fragment in complex with interleukin-8. Structure. 1999 Feb 15;7(2):157-68. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gerber N, Lowman H, Artis DR, Eigenbrot C: Receptor-binding conformation of the "ELR" motif of IL-8: X-ray structure of the L5C/H33C variant at 2.35 A resolution. Proteins. 2000 Mar 1;38(4):361-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Van den Steen PE, Proost P, Wuyts A, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G: Neutrophil gelatinase B potentiates interleukin-8 tenfold by aminoterminal processing, whereas it degrades CTAP-III, PF-4, and GRO-alpha and leaves RANTES and MCP-2 intact. Blood. 2000 Oct 15;96(8):2673-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Baggiolini M, Clark-Lewis I: Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine. FEBS Lett. 1992 Jul 27;307(1):97-101. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Baldwin ET, Weber IT, St Charles R, Xuan JC, Appella E, Yamada M, Matsushima K, Edwards BF, Clore GM, Gronenborn AM, et al.: Crystal structure of interleukin 8: symbiosis of NMR and crystallography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 15;88(2):502-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Clore GM, Gronenborn AM: Comparison of the solution nuclear magnetic resonance and crystal structures of interleukin-8. Possible implications for the mechanism of receptor binding. J Mol Biol. 1991 Feb 20;217(4):611-20. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Clark-Lewis I, Moser B, Walz A, Baggiolini M, Scott GJ, Aebersold R: Chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of two inflammatory proteins, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (interleukin-8) and neutrophil activating peptide. Biochemistry. 1991 Mar 26;30(12):3128-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Van Damme J, Rampart M, Conings R, Decock B, Van Osselaer N, Willems J, Billiau A: The neutrophil-activating proteins interleukin 8 and beta-thromboglobulin: in vitro and in vivo comparison of NH2-terminally processed forms. Eur J Immunol. 1990 Sep;20(9):2113-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Baldwin ET, Franklin KA, Appella E, Yamada M, Matsushima K, Wlodawer A, Weber IT: Crystallization of human interleukin-8. A protein chemotactic for neutrophils and T-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 25;265(12):6851-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Clore GM, Appella E, Yamada M, Matsushima K, Gronenborn AM: Three-dimensional structure of interleukin 8 in solution. Biochemistry. 1990 Feb 20;29(7):1689-96. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 2212672 Hebert CA, Luscinskas FW, Kiely JM, Luis EA, Darbonne WC, Bennett GL, Liu CC, Obin MS, Gimbrone MA Jr, Baker JB: Endothelial and leukocyte forms of IL-8. Conversion by thrombin and interactions with neutrophils. J Immunol. 1990 Nov 1;145(9):3033-40.
  12. 2523801 Van Damme J, Van Beeumen J, Conings R, Decock B, Billiau A: Purification of granulocyte chemotactic peptide/interleukin-8 reveals N-terminal sequence heterogeneity similar to that of beta-thromboglobulin. Eur J Biochem. 1989 May 1;181(2):337-44.
  13. 2648135 Yoshimura T, Robinson EA, Appella E, Matsushima K, Showalter SD, Skeel A, Leonard EJ: Three forms of monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) distinguished by different lengths of the amino-terminal sequence. Mol Immunol. 1989 Jan;26(1):87-93.
  14. 2655583 Golds EE, Mason P, Nyirkos P: Inflammatory cytokines induce synthesis and secretion of gro protein and a neutrophil chemotactic factor but not beta 2-microglobulin in human synovial cells and fibroblasts. Biochem J. 1989 Apr 15;259(2):585-8.
  15. 2659722 Suzuki K, Miyasaka H, Ota H, Yamakawa Y, Tagawa M, Kuramoto A, Mizuno S: Purification and partial primary sequence of a chemotactic protein for polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from human lung giant cell carcinoma LU65C cells. J Exp Med. 1989 Jun 1;169(6):1895-901.
  16. 2663993 Mukaida N, Shiroo M, Matsushima K: Genomic structure of the human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor IL-8. J Immunol. 1989 Aug 15;143(4):1366-71.
  17. 2664463 Kowalski J, Denhardt DT: Regulation of the mRNA for monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide in differentiating HL60 promyelocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 May;9(5):1946-57.
  18. 2681204 Clore GM, Appella E, Yamada M, Matsushima K, Gronenborn AM: Determination of the secondary structure of interleukin-8 by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Biol Chem. 1989 Nov 15;264(32):18907-11.
  19. 2953813 Schmid J, Weissmann C: Induction of mRNA for a serine protease and a beta-thromboglobulin-like protein in mitogen-stimulated human leukocytes. J Immunol. 1987 Jul 1;139(1):250-6.
  20. 3260265 Matsushima K, Morishita K, Yoshimura T, Lavu S, Kobayashi Y, Lew W, Appella E, Kung HF, Leonard EJ, Oppenheim JJ: Molecular cloning of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF) and the induction of MDNCF mRNA by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med. 1988 Jun 1;167(6):1883-93.
  21. 3279957 Gregory H, Young J, Schroder JM, Mrowietz U, Christophers E: Structure determination of a human lymphocyte derived neutrophil activating peptide (LYNAP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Mar 15;151(2):883-90.
  22. 3322281 Walz A, Peveri P, Aschauer H, Baggiolini M: Purification and amino acid sequencing of NAF, a novel neutrophil-activating factor produced by monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Dec 16;149(2):755-61.
  23. 3480540 Yoshimura T, Matsushima K, Tanaka S, Robinson EA, Appella E, Oppenheim JJ, Leonard EJ: Purification of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor that has peptide sequence similarity to other host defense cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(24):9233-7.
  24. 8631339 Sticht H, Auer M, Schmitt B, Besemer J, Horcher M, Kirsch T, Lindley IJ, Rosch P: Structure and activity of a chimeric interleukin-8-melanoma-growth-stimulatory-activity protein. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jan 15;235(1-2):26-35.
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Gordon JR, Swystun VA, Li F, Zhang X, Davis BE, Hull P, Cockcroft DW: Regular salbutamol use increases CXCL8 responses in asthma: relationship to the eosinophil response. Eur Respir J. 2003 Jul;22(1):118-26. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Profita M, Gagliardo R, Di Giorgi R, Pompeo F, Gjomarkaj M, Nicolini G, Bousquet J, Vignola AM: Biochemical interaction between effects of beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol or formoterol in sputum cells from mild to moderate asthmatics. Allergy. 2005 Mar;60(3):323-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sadowska AM, Manuel-y-Keenoy B, De Backer WA: Inhibition of in vitro neutrophil migration through a bilayer of endothelial and epithelial cells using beta2-agonists: concomitant effects on IL-8 and elastase secretion and impact of glucocorticosteroids. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18(5):354-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wettey FR, Xue L, Pettipher R: Salbutamol inhibits trypsin-mediated production of CXCL8 by keratinocytes. Cytokine. 2006 Oct;36(1-2):29-34. Epub 2006 Dec 11. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.