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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-04-16 16:48:09
Primary Accession Number DB00921
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00670
Name Buprenorphine
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Illicit
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. Buprenophine
  2. Buprenorfina [INN-Spanish]
  3. Buprenorphine Hcl
  4. Buprenorphinum [INN-Latin]
  5. buprenorphine
Brand Names
  1. Buprel
  2. Buprenex
  3. Probuphine
  4. Subutex
  5. Temgesic
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name Not Available
Chemical Formula C29H41NO4
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 52485-79-7
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C29H41NO4/c1-25(2,3)26(4,32)20-15-27-10-11-29(20,33-5)24-28(27)12-13-30(16-17-6-7-17)21(27)14-18-8-9-19(31)23(34-24)22(18)28/h8-9,17,20-21,24,31-32H,6-7,10-16H2,1-5H3/t20-,21-,24?,26?,27-,28+,29+/m1/s1
InChI Key RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-BHKLSUIZBY
KEGG Drug Not Available
KEGG Compound C08007 Link Image
PubChem Compound 40400 Link Image
PubChem Substance 181274 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA448685 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] Not Available
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/suboxone.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 467.6401
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 467.3036
State Solid
Melting Point Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.68e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 3.8 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 4.53 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -4.44 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point 8.31
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CO[C@@]12CC[C@@]3(C[C@@H]1C(C)(O)C(C)(C)C)[C@H]1CC4=C5C(OC2[C@@]35CCN1CC1CC1)=C(O)C=C4
Canonical SMILES COC12CCC3(CC1C(C)(O)C(C)(C)C)C1CC4=C5C(OC2C35CCN1CC1CC1)=C(O)C=C4
Drug Category
  • Analgesics, Opioid
  • Narcotic Antagonists
  • Narcotics
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes Not Available
Indication For the treatment of moderate to severe pain, peri-operative analgesia, and opioid dependence.
Pharmacology Buprenorphine is a synthetic opioid analgesic and thebaine derivative, with a longer duration of action than morphine. Buprenorphine interacts predominately with the opioid mu-receptor. These mu-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. In clinical settings, buprenorphine exerts its principal pharmacologic effects on the central nervous system. Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Buprenorphine may increase the patient's tolerance for pain and decrease the perception of suffering, although the presence of the pain itself may still be recognized. In addition to analgesia, alterations in mood, euphoria and dysphoria, and drowsiness commonly occur. Buprenorphine depresses the respiratory centers, depresses the cough reflex, and constricts the pupils.
Mechanism of Action Buprenorphine's analgesic effect is due to partial agonist activity at mu-opioid receptors. Buprenorphine is also a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist. The partial agonist activity means that opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., an antidote such as naloxone) only partially reverse the effects of buprenorphine. The binding to the mu and kappa receptors results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability.
Absorption 31% bioavailability (sublingual)
Toxicity Manifestations of acute overdose include pinpoint pupils, sedation, hypotension, respiratory depression and death.
Protein Binding 96%
Biotransformation Hepatic. Buprenorphine undergoes both N-dealkylation to norbuprenorphine and glucuronidation. The N-dealkylation pathway is mediated by cytochrome P-450 3A4 isozyme. Norbuprenorphine, an active metabolite, can further undergo glucuronidation.
Half Life 37 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Sublingual
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Huang P, Kehner GB, Cowan A, Liu-Chen LY: Comparison of pharmacological activities of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine: norbuprenorphine is a potent opioid agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 May;297(2):688-95. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Bodkin JA, Zornberg GL, Lukas SE, Cole JO: Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995 Feb;15(1):49-57. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Drugs.com Link Image
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
  5. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
  2. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Targets
  1. Kappa-type opioid receptor
  2. Mu-type opioid receptor
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP3A4
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P08684 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P08684|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (EC 1.14.13.67) 
ALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFD
MECHKKYGKVWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIA
EDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSM
DVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKLLRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVF
PREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELVAQSII
FIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTVLQMEYLDMVVN
ETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGWVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFSK
KNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGG
LLQPEKPVVLKVESRDGTVSGA
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 Name Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)
Enzyme 2 Gene Name CYP2D6
Enzyme 2 SwissProt ID P10635 Link Image
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >sp|P10635|CP2D6_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2D6 (EC 1.14.14.1) 
MGLEALVPLAVIVAIFLLLVDLMHRRQRWAARYPPGPLPLPGLGNLLHVDFQNTPYCFDQ
LRRRFGDVFSLQLAWTPVVVLNGLAAVREALVTHGEDTADRPPVPITQILGFGPRSQGVF
LARYGPAWREQRRFSVSTLRNLGLGKKSLEQWVTEEAACLCAAFANHSGRPFRPNGLLDK
AVSNVIASLTCGRRFEYDDPRFLRLLDLAQEGLKEESGFLREVLNAVPVLLHIPALAGKV
LRFQKAFLTQLDELLTEHRMTWDPAQPPRDLTEAFLAEMEKAKGNPESSFNDENLRIVVA
DLFSAGMVTTSTTLAWGLLLMILHPDVQRRVQQEIDDVIGQVRRPEMGDQAHMPYTTAVI
HEVQRFGDIVPLGMTHMTSRDIEVQGFRIPKGTTLITNLSSVLKDEAVWEKPFRFHPEHF
LDAQGHFVKPEAFLPFSAGRRACLGEPLARMELFLFFTSLLQHFSFSVPTGQPRPSHHGV
FAFLVSPSPYELCAVPR
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 696
Target 1 Name Kappa-type opioid receptor
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. KOR-1
Target 1 Gene Name OPRK1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Kappa-type opioid receptor 
MDSPIQIFRGEPGPTCAPSACLPPNSSAWFPGWAEPDSNGSAGSEDAQLEPAHISPAIPV
IITAVYSVVFVVGLVGNSLVMFVIIRYTKMKTATNIYIFNLALADALVTTTMPFQSTVYL
MNSWPFGDVLCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLTMMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDFRTPLKAKIINI
CIWLLSSSVGISAIVLGGTKVREDVDVIECSLQFPDDDYSWWDLFMKICVFIFAFVIPVL
IIIVCYTLMILRLKSVRLLSGSREKDRNLRRITRLVLVVVAVFVVCWTPIHIFILVEALG
STSHSTAALSSYYFCIALGYTNSSLNPILYAFLDENFKRCFRDFCFPLKMRMERQSTSRV
RNTVQDPAYLRDIDGMNKPV
Target 1 Number of Residues 386
Target 1 Molecular Weight 42646
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.79
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
peptide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
opioid receptor activity
kappa-opioid receptor activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for dynorphins. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 59-85
  • 96-117
  • 133-154
  • 174-196
  • 223-247
  • 276-299
  • 312-333
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 532060 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P41145 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name OPRK_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1143 bp 
ATGGAATCCCCGATTCAGATCTTCCGCGGGGAGCCTGGCCCTACCTGCGCCCCGAGCGCC
TGCCTGCCCCCCAACAGCAGCGCCTGGTTTCCCGGCTGGGCCGAGCCCGACAGCAACGGC
AGCGCCGGCTCGGAGGACGCGCAGCTGGAGCCCGCGCACATCTCCCCGGCCATCCCGGTC
ATCATCACGGCGGTCTACTCCGTAGTGTTCGTCGTGGGCTTGGTGGGCAACTCGCTGGTC
ATGTTCGTGATCATCCGATACACAAAGATGAAGACAGCAACCAACATTTACATATTTAAC
CTGGCTTTGGCAGATGCTTTAGTTACTACAACCATGCCCTTTCAGAGTACGGTCTACTTG
ATGAATTCCTGGCCTTTTGGGGATGTGCTGTGCAAGATAGTAATTTCCATTGATTACTAC
AACATGTTCACCAGCATCTTCACCTTGACCATGATGAGCGTGGACCGCTACATTGCCGTG
TGCCACCCCGTGAAGGCTTTGGACTTCCGCACACCCTTGAAGGCAAAGATCATCAATATC
TGCATCTGGCTGCTGTCGTCATCTGTTGGCATCTCTGCAATAGTCCTTGGAGGCACCAAA
GTCAGGGAAGACGTCGATGTCATTGAGTGCTCCTTGCAGTTCCCAGATGATGACTACTCC
TGGTGGGACCTCTTCATGAAGATCTGCGTCTTCATCTTTGCCTTCGTGATCCCTGTCCTC
ATCATCATCGTCTGCTACACCCTGATGATCCTGCGTCTCAAGAGCGTCCGGCTCCTTTCT
GGCTCCCGAGAGAAAGATCGCAACCTGCGTAGGATCACCAGACTGGTCCTGGTGGTGGTG
GCGGTTTTCGTCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATATTCATCCTGGTGGAGGCTCTGGGG
AGCACCTCCCACAGCACAGCTGCTCTCTCCAGCTATTACTTCTGCATCGCCTTAGGCTAT
ACCAACAGTAGCCTGAATCCCATTCTCTACGCCTTTCTTGATGAAAACTTCAAGCGGTGT
TTCCGGGACTTCTGCTTTCCACTGAAGATGAGGATGGAGCGGCAGAGCACTAGCAGAGTC
CGAAATACAGTTCAGGATCCTGCTTACCTGAGGGACATCGATGGGATGAATAAACCAGTA
TGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID OPRK1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID OPRK1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:8154 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 8
Target 1 Locus 8q11.2
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Li JG, Chen C, Liu-Chen LY: Ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein-50/Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (EBP50/NHERF) blocks U50,488H-induced down-regulation of the human kappa opioid receptor by enhancing its recycling rate. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 26;277(30):27545-52. Epub 2002 May 9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Simonin F, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Befort K, Matthes H, Lannes B, Micheletti G, Mattei MG, Charron G, Bloch B, Kieffer B: kappa-Opioid receptor in humans: cDNA and genomic cloning, chromosomal assignment, functional expression, pharmacology, and expression pattern in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 18;92(15):7006-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Zhu J, Chen C, Xue JC, Kunapuli S, DeRiel JK, Liu-Chen LY: Cloning of a human kappa opioid receptor from the brain. Life Sci. 1995;56(9):PL201-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wang JB, Johnson PS, Wu JM, Wang WF, Uhl GR: Human kappa opiate receptor second extracellular loop elevates dynorphin's affinity for human mu/kappa chimeras. J Biol Chem. 1994 Oct 21;269(42):25966-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Mansson E, Bare L, Yang D: Isolation of a human kappa opioid receptor cDNA from placenta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Aug 15;202(3):1431-7. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Robinson SE: Buprenorphine-containing treatments: place in the management of opioid addiction. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(9):697-712. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Boothby LA, Doering PL: Buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Feb 1;64(3):266-72. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 847
Target 2 Name Mu-type opioid receptor
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. MOR-1
Target 2 Gene Name OPRM1
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Mu-type opioid receptor 
MDSSAAPTNASNCTDALAYSSCSPAPSPGSWVNLSHLDGNLSDPCGPNRTDLGGRDSLCP
PTGSPSMITAITIMALYSIVCVVGLFGNFLVMYVIVRYTKMKTATNIYIFNLALADALAT
STLPFQSVNYLMGTWPFGTILCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLCTMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDF
RTPRNAKIINVCNWILSSAIGLPVMFMATTKYRQGSIDCTLTFSHPTWYWENLLKICVFI
FAFIMPVLIITVCYGLMILRLKSVRMLSGSKEKDRNLRRITRMVLVVVAVFIVCWTPIHI
YVIIKALVTIPETTFQTVSWHFCIALGYTNSCLNPVLYAFLDENFKRCFREFCIPTSSNI
EQQNSTRIRQNTRDHPSTANTVDRTNHQLENLEAETAPLP
Target 2 Number of Residues 406
Target 2 Molecular Weight 44780
Target 2 Theoretical pI 8.29
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
peptide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
opioid receptor activity
mu-opioid receptor activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Target 2 Specific Function Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for beta-endorphin
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 67-96
  • 106-123
  • 146-165
  • 196-211
  • 237-259
  • 283-305
  • 314-330
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 452073 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35372 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name OPRM_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1203 bp 
ATGGACAGCAGCGCTGCCCCCACGAACGCCAGCAATTGCACTGATGCCTTGGCGTACTCA
AGTTGCTCCCCAGCACCCAGCCCCGGTTCCTGGGTCAACTTGTCCCACTTAGATGGCAAC
CTGTCCGACCCATGCGGTCCGAACCGCACCAACCTGGGCGGGAGAGACAGCCTGTGCCCT
CCGACCGGCAGTCCCTCCATGATCACGGCCATCACGATCATGGCCCTCTACTCCATCGTG
TGCGTGGTGGGGCTCTTCGGAAACTTCCTGGTCATGTATGTGATTGTCAGATACACCAAG
ATGAAGACTGCCACCAACATCTACATTTTCAACCTTGCTCTGGCAGATGCCTTAGCCACC
AGTACCCTGCCCTTCCAGAGTGTGAATTACCTAATGGGAACATGGCCATTTGGAACCATC
CTTTGCAAGATAGTGATCTCCATAGATTACTATAACATGTTCACCAGCATATTCACCCTC
TGCACCATGAGTGTTGATCGATACATTGCAGTCTGCCACCCTGTCAAGGCCTTAGATTTC
CGTACTCCCCGAAATGCCAAAATTATCAATGTCTGCAACTGGATCCTCTCTTCAGCCATT
GGTCTTCCTGTAATGTTCATGGCTACAACAAAATACAGGCAAGGTTCCATAGATTGTACA
CTAACATTCTCTCATCCAACCTGGTACTGGGAAAACCTCGTGAAGATCTGTGTTTTCATC
TTCGCCTTCATTATGCCAGTGCTCATCATTACCGTGTGCTATGGACTGATGATCTTGCGC
CTCAAGAGTGTCCGCATGCTCTCTGGCTCCAAAGAAAAGGACAGGAATCTTCGAAGGATC
ACCAGGATGGTGCTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGTGTTCATCGTCTGCTGGACTCCCATTCACATT
TACGTCATCATTAAAGCCTTGGTTACAATCCCAGAAACTACGTTCCAGACTGTTTCTTGG
CACTTCTGCATTGCTCTAGGTTACACAAACAGCTGCCTCAACCCAGTCCTTTATGCATTT
CTGGATGAAAACTTCAAACGATGCTTCAGAGAGTTCTGTATCCCAACCTCTTCCAACATT
GAGCAACAAAACTCCACTCGAATTCGTCAGAACACTAGAGACCACCCCTCCACGGCCAAT
ACAGTGGATAGAACTAATCATCAGCTAGAAAATCTGGAAGCAGAAACTGCTCCGTTGCCC
TAA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID OPRM1 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID OPRM1 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:8156 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 6
Target 2 Locus 6q24-q25
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Uhl GR, Sora I, Wang Z: The mu opiate receptor as a candidate gene for pain: polymorphisms, variations in expression, nociception, and opiate responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):7752-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Chuang TK, Killam KF Jr, Chuang LF, Kung HF, Sheng WS, Chao CC, Yu L, Chuang RY: Mu opioid receptor gene expression in immune cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Nov 22;216(3):922-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Mestek A, Hurley JH, Bye LS, Campbell AD, Chen Y, Tian M, Liu J, Schulman H, Yu L: The human mu opioid receptor: modulation of functional desensitization by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C. J Neurosci. 1995 Mar;15(3 Pt 2):2396-406. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Wang JB, Johnson PS, Persico AM, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Uhl GR: Human mu opiate receptor. cDNA and genomic clones, pharmacologic characterization and chromosomal assignment. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jan 31;338(2):217-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Bare LA, Mansson E, Yang D: Expression of two variants of the human mu opioid receptor mRNA in SK-N-SH cells and human brain. FEBS Lett. 1994 Nov 7;354(2):213-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Bergen AW, Kokoszka J, Peterson R, Long JC, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, Goldman D: Mu opioid receptor gene variants: lack of association with alcohol dependence. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 Oct-Nov;2(6):490-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M, Melia D, Zhang S, Borg L, Gong J, Schluger J, Strong JA, Leal SM, Tischfield JA, Kreek MJ, Yu L: Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity: possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9608-13. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Kishioka S, Paronis CA, Lewis JW, Woods JH: Buprenorphine and methoclocinnamox: agonist and antagonist effects on respiratory function in rhesus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Mar 17;391(3):289-97. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Zubieta J, Greenwald MK, Lombardi U, Woods JH, Kilbourn MR, Jewett DM, Koeppe RA, Schuster CR, Johanson CE: Buprenorphine-induced changes in mu-opioid receptor availability in male heroin-dependent volunteers: a preliminary study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 Sep;23(3):326-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Sanchez-Blazquez P, Gomez-Serranillos P, Garzon J: Agonists determine the pattern of G-protein activation in mu-opioid receptor-mediated supraspinal analgesia. Brain Res Bull. 2001 Jan 15;54(2):229-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Mizoguchi H, Wu HE, Narita M, Hall FS, Sora I, Uhl GR, Nagase H, Tseng LF: Antagonistic property of buprenorphine for putative epsilon-opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activation by beta-endorphin in pons/medulla of the mu-opioid receptor knockout mouse. Neuroscience. 2002;115(3):715-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Ide S, Minami M, Satoh M, Uhl GR, Sora I, Ikeda K: Buprenorphine antinociception is abolished, but naloxone-sensitive reward is retained, in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Sep;29(9):1656-63. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.