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Showing drug card for Ticlopidine (DB00208)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:06:28
Primary Accession Number DB00208
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD01257
Name Ticlopidine
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. Ticlopidine HCL
  2. Ticlopidine Hydrochloride
Brand Names
  1. Ticlid
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 5-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyridine
Chemical Formula C14H14ClNS
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 55142-85-3
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C14H14ClNS/c15-13-4-2-1-3-11(13)9-16-7-5-14-12(10-16)6-8-17-14/h1-4,6,8H,5,7,9-10H2
InChI Key PHWBOXQYWZNQIN-UHFFFAOYAY
KEGG Drug Not Available
KEGG Compound C07140 Link Image
PubChem Compound 5472 Link Image
PubChem Substance 9349 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA451686 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02239744 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ticlop.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticlopidine Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 263.7860
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 263.0535
State Solid
Melting Point Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility Freely soluble Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 2.19e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 2.9 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 4.25 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -4.08 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES ClC1=CC=CC=C1CN1CCC2=C(C1)C=CS2
Canonical SMILES ClC1=CC=CC=C1CN1CCC2=C(C1)C=CS2
Drug Category
  • Fibrinolytic Agents
  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 20:12.18
Indication Used to reduce the risk of thrombotic stroke (fatal or nonfatal) in patients who have experienced stroke precursors, and in patients who have had a completed thrombotic stroke.
Pharmacology Ticlopidine is a platelet aggregation inhibitor structurally and pharmacologically similar to clopidogrel. When taken orally, ticlopidine causes a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of both platelet aggregation and release of platelet granule constituents, as well as a prolongation of bleeding time. The intact drug has no significant in vitro activity at the concentrations attained in vivo; and, although analysis of urine and plasma indicates at least 20 metabolites, no metabolite which accounts for the activity of ticlopidine has been isolated.
Mechanism of Action The active metabolite of ticlopidine prevents binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor, impairing the ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex. It is proposed that the inhibition involves a defect in the mobilization from the storage sites of the platelet granules to the outer membrane. No direct interference occurs with the GPIIb/IIIa receptor. As the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex is the major receptor for fibrinogen, its impaired activation prevents fibrinogen binding to platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation. By blocking the amplification of platelet activation by released ADP, platelet aggregation induced by agonists other than ADP is also inhibited by the active metabolite of ticlopidine.
Absorption Absorption is greater than 80%. Food increases absorption.
Toxicity Single oral doses of ticlopidine at 1600 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were lethal to rats and mice, respectively. Symptoms of acute toxicity were GI hemorrhage, convulsions, hypothermia, dyspnea, loss of equilibrium and abnormal gait.
Protein Binding Binds reversibly (98%) to plasma proteins, mainly to serum albumin and lipoproteins. The binding to albumin and lipoproteins is nonsaturable over a wide concentration range. Ticlopidine also binds to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. At concentrations attained with the recommended dose, only 15% or less ticlopidine in plasma is bound to this protein.
Biotransformation Metabolized extensively by the liver; only trace amounts of intact drug are detected in the urine. At least 20 metabolites have been identified. It has been proposed that 1 or more active metabolites may account for ticlopidine's activity, because ticlopidine itself is an extremely weak platelet aggregation inhibitor in vitro at the concentrations achieved in vivo. However, no active metabolite has been identified.
Half Life Half-life following a single 250-mg dose is approximately 7.9 hours in subjects 20 to 43 years of age and 12.6 hours in subjects 65 to 76 years of age. With repeated dosing (250 mg twice a day), half-life is about 4 days in subjects 20 to 43 years of age and about 5 days in subjects 65 to 76 years of age.
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Alteplase Increased bleeding risk. Monitor for signs of bleeding.
Aminophylline Ticlopidine increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Aspirin Increased effect of ticlopidine
Bortezomib Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Bortezomib. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Bortezomib if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Carbamazepine Ticlopidine increases the effect of carbamazepine
Carisoprodol Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Carisoprodol. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Carisoprodol if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Cilostazol Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Cilostazol. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Cilostazol if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Cimetidine Cimetidine may increase Ticlopidine levels. Avoid concomitant therapy.
Citalopram Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Citalopram. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Citalopram if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Clobazam Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Clobazam. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Clobazam if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Clomipramine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Clomipramine. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Clomipramine if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Cyclosporine Ticlopidine decreases the effect of cyclosporine
Diazepam Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Diazepam. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Diazepam if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Digoxin Ticlopidine may decrease Digoxin levels. Monitor for Digoxin levels with Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Dyphylline Ticlopidine increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Escitalopram Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Escitalopram. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Ambrisentan if Escitalopram is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Ethotoin Ticlopidine increases the effect of hydantoin
Fosphenytoin Ticlopidine increases the effect of hydantoin
Fosphenytoin Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Fosphenytoin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Fosphenytoin if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Heparin Increased bleeding risk. Monitor aPTT.
Ifosfamide Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Ifosfamide. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Ifosfamide if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Imipramine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Imipramine. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Imipramine if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Mephenytoin Ticlopidine increases the effect of hydantoin
Methsuximide Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Methsuximide. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Methsuximide if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Moclobemide Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Moclobemide. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Moclobemide if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Nilutamide Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Nilutamide. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Nilutamide if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Oxtriphylline Ticlopidine increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Pentamidine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Pentamidine. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Pentamidine if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Phenobarbital Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Phenobarbital. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Phenobarbital if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Phenytoin Ticlopidine increases the effect of hydantoin
Phenytoin Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Phenytoin. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Phenytoin if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Reteplase Increased bleeding risk. Monitor for signs of bleeding.
Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate may decrease Ticlopidine levels. Administer agents 1 to 2 hours apart.
Streptokinase Increased bleeding risk. Monitor for signs of bleeding.
Tamoxifen Ticlopidine may decrease the efficacy of Tamoxifen by decreasing the production of active metabolites. Alternate therapy should be considered.
Tenecteplase Increased bleeding risk. Monitor for signs of bleeding.
Theophylline Ticlopidine increases the effect and toxicity of theophylline
Thioridazine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism of Thioridazine. Concomitant therapy is contraindicated.
Trimipramine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Trimipramine if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Warfarin Increased bleeding risk. Monitor INR.
ambrisentan Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Ambrisentan. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Ambrisentan if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Ticlopidine Pathway SMP00261 Link Image
General References
  1. Wikipedia Link Image
  2. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
  2. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
  3. Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)
Targets
  1. P2Y purinoceptor 12
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP2C19
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P33261 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P33261|CP2CJ_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C19 (EC 1.14.13.80) 
MDPFVVLVLCLSCLLLLSIWRQSSGRGKLPPGPTPLPVIGNILQIDIKDVSKSLTNLSKI
YGPVFTLYFGLERMVVLHGYEVVKEALIDLGEEFSGRGHFPLAERANRGFGIVFSNGKRW
KEIRRFSLMTLRNFGMGKRSIEDRVQEEARCLVEELRKTKASPCDPTFILGCAPCNVICS
IIFQKRFDYKDQQFLNLMEKLNENIRIVSTPWIQICNNFPTIIDYFPGTHNKLLKNLAFM
ESDILEKVKEHQESMDINNPRDFIDCFLIKMEKEKQNQQSEFTIENLVITAADLLGAGTE
TTSTTLRYALLLLLKHPEVTAKVQEEIERVVGRNRSPCMQDRGHMPYTDAVVHEVQRYID
LIPTSLPHAVTCDVKFRNYLIPKGTTILTSLTSVLHDNKEFPNPEMFDPRHFLDEGGNFK
KSNYFMPFSAGKRICVGEGLARMELFLFLTFILQNFNLKSLIDPKDLDTTPVVNGFASVP
PFYQLCFIPV
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 Name Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Enzyme 2 Gene Name CYP3A4
Enzyme 2 SwissProt ID P08684 Link Image
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >sp|P08684|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (EC 1.14.13.67) 
ALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFD
MECHKKYGKVWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIA
EDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSM
DVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKLLRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVF
PREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELVAQSII
FIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTVLQMEYLDMVVN
ETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGWVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFSK
KNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGG
LLQPEKPVVLKVESRDGTVSGA
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 Name Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)
Enzyme 3 Gene Name CYP2B6
Enzyme 3 SwissProt ID P20813 Link Image
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >sp|P20813|CP2B6_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2B6 (EC 1.14.14.1) 
MELSVLLFLALLTGLLLLLVQRHPNTHDRLPPGPRPLPLLGNLLQMDRRGLLKSFLRFRE
KYGDVFTVHLGPRPVVMLCGVEAIREALVDKAEAFSGRGKIAMVDPFFRGYGVIFANGNR
WKVLRRFSVTTMRDFGMGKRSVEERIQEEAQCLIEELRKSKGALMDPTFLFQSITANIIC
SIVFGKRFHYQDQEFLKMLNLFYQTFSLISSVFGQLFELFSGFLKYFPGAHRQVYKNLQE
INAYIGHSVEKHRETLDPSAPKDLIDTYLLHMEKEKSNAHSEFSHQNLNLNTLSLFFAGT
ETTSTTLRYGFLLMLKYPHVAERVYREIEQVIGPHRPPELHDRAKMPYTEAVIYEIQRFS
DLLPMGVPHIVTQHTSFRGYIIPKDTEVFLILSTALHDPHYFEKPDAFNPDHFLDANGAL
KKTEAFIPFSLGKRICLGEGIARAELFLFFTTILQNFSMASPVAPEDIDLTPQECGVGKI
PPTYQIRFLPR
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 122
Target 1 Name P2Y purinoceptor 12
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. ADP-glucose receptor
  2. ADPG-R
  3. P2T(AC)
  4. P2Y(AC)
  5. P2Y(ADP)
  6. P2Y(cyc)
  7. P2Y12
  8. P2Y12 platelet ADP receptor
  9. SP1999
Target 1 Gene Name P2RY12
Target 1 Protein Sequence >P2Y purinoceptor 12 
MQAVDNLTSAPGNTSLCTRDYKITQVLFPLLYTVLFFVGLITNGLAMRIFFQIRSKSNFI
IFLKNTVISDLLMILTFPFKILSDAKLGTGPLRTFVCQVTSVIFYFTMYISISFLGLITI
DRYQKTTRPFKTSNPKNLLGAKILSVVIWAFMFLLSLPNMILTNRQPRDKNVKKCSFLKS
EFGLVWHEIVNYICQVIFWINFLIVIVCYTLITKELYRSYVRTRGVGKVPRKKVNVKVFI
IIAVFFICFVPFHFARIPYTLSQTRDVFDCTAENTLFYVKESTLWLTSLNACLDPFIYFF
LCKSFRNSLISMLKCPNSATSLSQDNRKKEQDGGDPNEETPM
Target 1 Number of Residues 347
Target 1 Molecular Weight 39439
Target 1 Theoretical pI 9.99
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
nucleotide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
purinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in rhodopsin-like receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function Receptor for ADP and ATP coupled to G-proteins that inhibit the adenylyl cyclase second messenger system. Not activated by UDP and UTP. Involved in platelets aggregation
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 26-46
  • 59-79
  • 100-120
  • 143-163
  • 192-212
  • 234-254
  • 282-302
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 12083902 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q9H244 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name P2Y12_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1029 bp 
ATGCAAGCCGTCGACAACCTCACCTCTGCGCCTGGGAACACCAGTCTGTGCACCAGAGAC
TACAAAATCACCCAGGTCCTCTTCCCACTGCTCTACACTGTCCTGTTTTTTGTTGGACTT
ATCACAAATGGCCTGGCGATGAGGATTTTCTTTCAAATCCGGAGTAAATCAAACTTTATT
ATTTTTCTTAAGAACACAGTCATTTCTGATCTTCTCATGATTCTGACTTTTCCATTCAAA
ATTCTTAGTGATGCCAAACTGGGAACAGGACCACTGAGAACTTTTGTGTGTCAAGTTACC
TCCGTCATATTTTATTTCACAATGTATATCAGTATTTCATTCCTGGGACTGATAACTATC
GATCGCTACCAGAAGACCACCAGGCCATTTAAAACATCCAACCCCAAAAATCTCTTGGGG
GCTAAGATTCTCTCTGTTGTCATCTGGGCATTCATGTTCTTACTCTCTTTGCCTAACATG
ATTCTGACCAACAGGCAGCCGAGAGACAAGAATGTGAAGAAATGCTCTTTCCTTAAATCA
GAGTTCGGTCTAGTCTGGCATGAAATAGTAAATTACATCTGTCAAGTCATTTTCTGGATT
AATTTCTTAATTGTTATTGTATGTTATACACTCATTACAAAAGAACTGTACCGGTCATAC
GTAAGAACGAGGGGTGTAGGTAAAGTCCCCAGGAAAAAGGTGAACGTCAAAGTTTTCATT
ATCATTGCTGTATTCTTTATTTGTTTTGTTCCTTTCCATTTTGCCCGAATTCCTTACACC
CTGAGCCAAACCCGGGATGTCTTTGACTGCACTGCTGAAAATACTCTGTTCTATGTGAAA
GAGAGCACTCTGTGGTTAACTTCCTTAAATGCATGCCTGGATCCGTTCATCTATTTTTTC
CTTTGCAAGTCCTTCAGAAATTCCTTGATAAGTATGCTGAAGTGCCCCAATTCTGCAACA
TCTCTGTCCCAGGACAATAGGAAAAAAGAACAGGATGGTGGTGACCCAAATGAAGAGACT
CCAATGTAA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID P2RY12 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID P2RY12 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:18124 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 3
Target 1 Locus 3q24-q25
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Zhang FL, Luo L, Gustafson E, Lachowicz J, Smith M, Qiao X, Liu YH, Chen G, Pramanik B, Laz TM, Palmer K, Bayne M, Monsma FJ Jr: ADP is the cognate ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor SP1999. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 16;276(11):8608-15. Epub 2000 Dec 4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hollopeter G, Jantzen HM, Vincent D, Li G, England L, Ramakrishnan V, Yang RB, Nurden P, Nurden A, Julius D, Conley PB: Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature. 2001 Jan 11;409(6817):202-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Takasaki J, Kamohara M, Saito T, Matsumoto M, Matsumoto S, Ohishi T, Soga T, Matsushime H, Furuichi K: Molecular cloning of the platelet P2T(AC) ADP receptor: pharmacological comparison with another ADP receptor, the P2Y(1) receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Sep;60(3):432-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Takeda S, Kadowaki S, Haga T, Takaesu H, Mitaku S: Identification of G protein-coupled receptor genes from the human genome sequence. FEBS Lett. 2002 Jun 5;520(1-3):97-101. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Storey RF: The P2Y12 receptor as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Platelets. 2001 Jun;12(4):197-209. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Boeynaems JM, van Giezen H, Savi P, Herbert JM: P2Y receptor antagonists in thrombosis. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Mar;6(3):275-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Gachet C: The platelet P2 receptors as molecular targets for old and new antiplatelet drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Nov;108(2):180-92. Epub 2005 Jun 13. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Zhan C, Yang J, Dong XC, Wang YL: Molecular modeling of purinergic receptor P2Y12 and interaction with its antagonists. J Mol Graph Model. 2007 Jul;26(1):20-31. Epub 2006 Sep 26. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.