Showing drug card for L-Glutamic Acid (DB00142)

• NUTR00027

• Approved
• Nutraceutical
• Small Molecule

1. (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
2. (S)-(+)-Glutamic acid
3. (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
4. (S)-Glutamic acid
5. 1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
6. 2-Aminoglutaric acid
7. 2-Aminopentanedioic acid
8. Glutamic acid
9. Glutaminic acid
10. L-(+)-Glutamic acid
11. L-Glutamate
12. L-Glutaminic acid
13. L-a-Aminoglutaric acid
14. a-Aminoglutaric acid
15. a-Glutamic acid

1. Aciglut
2. Glusate
3. Glutacid
4. Glutamicol
5. Glutamidex
6. Glutaminol
7. Glutaton

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• Dietary supplement
• Micronutrient
• Non-Essential Amino Acids

• A09AB01

• 40:04.00

1. Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Stoll B, Jahoor F: Intestinal glutamate metabolism. J Nutr. 2000 Apr;130(4S Suppl):978S-82S. [PubMed ]
2. Smith QR: Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood-brain barrier. J Nutr. 2000 Apr;130(4S Suppl):1016S-22S. [PubMed ]
3. Okumoto S, Looger LL, Micheva KD, Reimer RJ, Smith SJ, Frommer WB: Detection of glutamate release from neurons by genetically encoded surface-displayed FRET nanosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 14;102(24):8740-5. Epub 2005 Jun 6. [PubMed ]
4. Augustin H, Grosjean Y, Chen K, Sheng Q, Featherstone DE: Nonvesicular release of glutamate by glial xCT transporters suppresses glutamate receptor clustering in vivo. J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 3;27(1):111-23. [PubMed ]
5. Corrie JE, DeSantis A, Katayama Y, Khodakhah K, Messenger JB, Ogden DC, Trentham DR: Postsynaptic activation at the squid giant synapse by photolytic release of L-glutamate from a 'caged' L-glutamate. J Physiol. 1993 Jun;465:1-8. [PubMed ]
6. Wikipedia

• Humans and other mammals

1. Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial
2. Cystine/glutamate transporter
3. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial
4. Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
5. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
6. Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase
7. Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
8. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
9. Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
10. GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
11. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1
12. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1
13. Glutamate decarboxylase 1
14. Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
15. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4
16. Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase
17. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2
18. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3
19. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
20. Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic
21. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B
22. Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2
23. Glutamate decarboxylase 2
24. Phosphoserine aminotransferase
25. Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit
26. Glutamate receptor 1
27. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A
28. Alanine aminotransferase 1
29. Tyrosine aminotransferase
30. Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial
31. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial
32. Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial
33. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial
34. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1
35. Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase
36. Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase
37. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1
38. Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial
39. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2
40. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 4
41. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5
42. Glutamate receptor 2
43. Glutamate receptor 4
44. Glutamate receptor 3
45. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3
46. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4
47. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
48. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8
49. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2
50. Excitatory amino acid transporter 3
51. Excitatory amino acid transporter 1
52. Growth-inhibiting protein 18
53. Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3
54. Alanine aminotransferase 2
55. Aspartate aminotransferase 2 variant
56. Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
57. Probable glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial
58. Glutamine synthetase
59. Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
60. Excitatory amino acid transporter 5
61. 5-oxoprolinase
62. Glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit
63. Excitatory amino acid transporter 4
64. Glutamyl aminopeptidase
65. Probable glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial
66. Glutamate--ammonia ligase domain-containing protein 1
67. N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial
68. Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2
69. Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1
70. Aspartyl aminopeptidase
71. Glutamate receptor delta-1 subunit
72. Blood plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase

1. EC 3.5.1.2
2. GLS
3. Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial precursor
4. L-glutaminase
5. L-glutamine amidohydrolase

MRSMKALQKALSRAGSHCGRGGWGHPSRSPLLGGGVRHHLSEAAAQGRETPHSHQPQHQD
HDSSESGMLSRLGDLLFYTIAEGQERTPIHKFTTALKATGLQTSDPRLRDCMSEMHRVVQ
ESSSGGLLDRDLFRKCVSSSIVLLTQAFRKKFVIPDFEEFTGHVDRIFEDVKELTGGKVA
AYIPQLAKSNPDLWGVSLCTVDGQRHSVGHTKIPFCLQSCVKPLTYAISISTLGTDYVHK
FVGKEPSGLRYNKLSLDEEGIPHNPMVNAGAIVVSSLIKMDCNKAEKFDFVLQYLNKMAG
NEYMGFSNATFQSEKETGDRNYAIGYYHEEKKCFPKGVDMMAALDLYFQLCSVEVTCESG
SVMAATLANGGICPITGESVLSAEAVRNTLSLMHSCGMYDFSGQFAFHVGLPAKSAVSGA
ILLVVPNVMGMMCLSPPLDKLGNSHRGTSFCQKLVSLFNFHNYDNLRHCARKLDPRREGA
EIRNKTVVNLLFAAYSGDVSALRRFALSAMDMEQKDYDSRTALHVAAAEGHIEVVKFLIE
ACKVNPFAKDRWGNIPLDDAVQFNHLEVVKLLQDYQDSYTLSETQAEAAAEALSKENLES
MV

• L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3

• Ank (PF00023 )
• Glutaminase (PF04960 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion

ATGCGCTCCATGAAGGCTCTGCAGAAGGCCCTGAGCCGGGCTGGCAGTCACTGCGGGCGA
GGAGGCTGGGGTCACCCGAGCCGGAGCCCCCTCCTTGGCGGGGGCGTCCGGCACCACCTC
AGTGAGGCCGCGGCGCAGGGCAGAGAGACGCCACACAGCCACCAGCCGCAGCACCAGGAT
CATGATTCATCAGAAAGTGGCATGCTGTCCCGCCTGGGTGATTTGCTCTTTTACACTATT
GCTGAAGGACAGGAACGAACCCCTATCCACAAGTTCACCACTGCACTAAAGGCCACTGGA
CTGCAGACATCAGATCCTCGGCTCCGAGACTGCATGAGCGAGATGCACCGCGTGGTCCAA
GAGTCCAGTAGTGGTGGCCTCTTGGACCGAGATCTCTTCCGAAAGTGTGTGAGCAGCAGC
ATTGTGCTCCTGACCCAGGCATTCCGAAAGAAGTTTGTCATTCCTGATTTTGAGGAGTTC
ACGGGCCATGTGGATCGCATCTTTGAGGATGTCAAAGAGCTCACTGGAGGCAAAGTGGCA
GCCTACATCCCTCAGCTGGCCAAGTCAAACCCAGACCTGTGGGGTGTCTCCCTGTGCACT
GTGGATGGTCAACGGCACTCTGTGGGCCACACAAAGATCCCCTTCTGCCTGCAGTCCTGT
GTGAAGCCCCTCACCTATGCCATCTCCATAAGCACCCTAGGCACTGACTACGTGCACAAG
TTTGTGGGCAAAGAGCCAAGTGGCCTGCGCTACAACAAGCTCTCCCTCGATGAGGAAGGA
ATCCCCCATAACCCCATGGTCAATGCTGGTGCCATTGTTGTCAGCTCCCTGATCAAGATG
GACTGTAACAAAGCAGAGAAGTTTGATTTTGTGTTGCAGTATCTCAACAAAATGGCTGGG
AATGAATACATGGGTTTCAGCAATGCCACATTCCAGTCAGAGAAGGAAACAGGGGATCGG
AATTATGCCATCGGCTATTATCACGAGGAAAAGAAGTGCTTTCCTAAGGGGGTGGACATG
ATGGCTGCCCTTGATCTCTACTTCCAGCTGTGTTCTGTGGAGGTCACTTGTGAATCAGGC
AGTGTCATGGCAGCCACCCTCGCCAACGGTGGGATTTGCCCCATCACAGGCGAGAGTGTG
CTGAGTGCTGAAGCAGTGCGCAACACCCTCAGCCTCATGCATTCCTGCGGCATGTATGAC
TTCTCTGGCCAGTTTGCCTTCCACGTGGGCCTGCCAGCCAAGTCAGCTGTATCAGGAGCC
ATCCTCCTGGTGGTACCCAATGTCATGGGAATGATGTGCCTGTCACCCCCATTGGACAAG
CTGGGGAACAGCCATAGGGGGACCAGCTTCTGCCAGAAGTTGGTGTCTCTCTTCAATTTC
CACAACTATGACAACCTGAGGCACTGTGCTCGGAAGTTAGACCCACGGCGTGAAGGGGCA
GAAATTCGGAACAAGACTGTGGTCAACCTGTTATTTGCTGCCTATAGTGGCGATGTCTCA
GCTCTTCGAAGGTTTGCCTTGTCAGCCATGGATATGGAACAGAAAGACTATGACTCGCGC
ACAGCTCTGCATGTTGCTGCAGCTGAAGGACACATCGAAGTTGTTAAATTCCTGATCGAG
GCTTGCAAAGTGAATCCTTTTGCCAAGGACAGGTGGGGCAACATTCCCCTGGATGATGCT
GTGCAGTTCAACCATCTGGAGGTGGTCAAACTGCTTCAAGATTACCAGGACTCCTACACA
CTCTCTGAAACTCAGGCTGAGGCAGCAGCTGAGGCCCTGTCCAAAGAGAACTTAGAAAGC
ATGGTATGA

1. Gomez-Fabre PM, Aledo JC, Del Castillo-Olivares A, Alonso FJ, Nunez De Castro I, Campos JA, Marquez J: Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression studies of the human breast cancer cell glutaminase. Biochem J. 2000 Jan 15;345 Pt 2:365-75. [PubMed ]
2. Olalla L, Aledo JC, Bannenberg G, Marquez J: The C-terminus of human glutaminase L mediates association with PDZ domain-containing proteins. FEBS Lett. 2001 Jan 19;488(3):116-22. [PubMed ]

1. Yoshimune K, Shirakihara Y, Shiratori A, Wakayama M, Chantawannakul P, Moriguchi M: Crystal structure of a major fragment of the salt-tolerant glutaminase from Micrococcus luteus K-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Aug 11;346(4):1118-24. Epub 2006 Jun 6. [PubMed ]
2. Kita K, Suzuki T, Ochi T: Down-regulation of glutaminase C in human hepatocarcinoma cell by diphenylarsinic acid, a degradation product of chemical warfare agents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 May 1;220(3):262-70. Epub 2007 Jan 24. [PubMed ]
3. Dossena L, Curti B, Vanoni MA: Activation and coupling of the glutaminase and synthase reaction of glutamate synthase is mediated by E1013 of the ferredoxin-dependent enzyme, belonging to loop 4 of the synthase domain. Biochemistry. 2007 Apr 17;46(15):4473-85. Epub 2007 Mar 21. [PubMed ]

1. Amino acid transport system xc-
2. Calcium channel blocker resistance protein CCBR1
3. xCT

MVRKPVVSTISKGGYLQGNVNGRLPSLGNKEPPGQEKVQLKRKVTLLRGVSIIIGTIIGA
GIFISPKGVLQNTGSVGMSLTIWTVCGVLSLFGALSYAELGTTIKKSGGHYTYILEVFGP
LPAFVRVWVELLIIRPAATAVISLAFGRYILEPFFIQCEIPELAIKLITAVGITVVMVLN
SMSVSWSARIQIFLTFCKLTAILIIIVPGVMQLIKGQTQNFKDAFSGRDSSITRLPLAFY
YGMYAYAGWFYLNFVTEEVENPEKTIPLAICISMAIVTIGYVLTNVAYFTTINAEELLLS
NAVAVTFSERLLGNFSLAVPIFVALSCFGSMNGGVFAVSRLFYVASREGHLPEILSMIHV
RKHTPLPAVIVLHPLTMIMLFSGDLDSLLNFLSFARWLFIGLAVAGLIYLRYKCPDMHRP
FKVPLFIPALFSFTCLFMVALSLYSDPFSTGIGFVITLTGVPAYYLFIIWDKKPRWFRIM
SEKITRTLQIILEVVPEEDKL

• AA_permease (PF00324 )

• None

• 44-64
• 76-96
• 136-156
• 159-179
• 190-210
• 235-255
• 266-286
• 318-338
• 365-385
• 388-408
• 423-443
• 450-470

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein (Probable)

ATGGTCAGAAAGCCTGTTGTGTCCACCATCTCCAAAGGAGGTTACCTGCAGGGAAATGTT
AACGGGAGGCTGCCTTCCCTGGGCAACAAGGAGCCACCTGGGCAGGAGAAAGTGCAGCTG
AAGAGGAAAGTCACTTTACTGAGGGGAGTCTCCATTATCATTGGCACCATCATTGGAGCA
GGAATCTTCATCTCTCCTAAGGGCGTGCTCCAGAACACGGGCAGCGTGGGCATGTCTCTG
ACCATCTGGACGGTGTGTGGGGTCCTGTCACTATTTGGAGCTTTGTCTTATGCTGAATTG
GGAACAACTATAAAGAAATCTGGAGGTCATTACACATATATTTTGGAAGTCTTTGGTCCA
TTACCAGCTTTTGTACGAGTCTGGGTGGAACTCCTCATAATACGCCCTGCAGCTACTGCT
GTGATATCCCTGGCATTTGGACGCTACATTCTGGAACCATTTTTTATTCAATGTGAAATC
CCTGAACTTGCGATCAAGCTCATTACAGCTGTGGGCATAACTGTAGTGATGGTCCTAAAT
AGCATGAGTGTCAGCTGGAGCGCCCGGATCCAGATTTTCTTAACCTTTTGCAAGCTCACA
GCAATTCTGATAATTATAGTCCCTGGAGTTATGCAGCTAATTAAAGGTCAAACGCAGAAC
TTTAAAGACGCGTTTTCAGGAAGAGATTCAAGTATTACGCGGTTGCCACTGGCTTTTTAT
TATGGAATGTATGCATATGCTGGCTGGTTTTACCTCAACTTTGTTACTGAAGAAGTAGAA
AACCCTGAAAAAACCATTCCCCTTGCAATATGTATATCCATGGCCATTGTCACCATTGGC
TATGTGCTGACAAATGTGGCCTACTTTACGACCATTAATGCTGAGGAGCTGCTGCTTTCA
AATGCAGTGGCAGTGACCTTTTCTGAGCGGCTACTGGGAAATTTCTCATTAGCAGTTCCG
ATCTTTGTTGCCCTCTCCTGCTTTGGCTCCATGAACGGTGGTGTGTTTGCTGTCTCCAGG
TTATTCTATGTTGCGTCTCGAGAGGGTCACCTTCCAGAAATCCTCTCCATGATTCATGTC
CGCAAGCACACTCCTCTACCAGCTGTTATTGTTTTGCACCCTTTGACAATGATAATGCTC
TTCTCTGGAGACCTCGACAGTCTTTTGAATTTCCTCAGTTTTGCCAGGTGGCTTTTTATT
GGGCTGGCAGTTGCTGGGCTGATTTATCTTCGATACAAATGCCCAGATATGCATCGTCCT
TTCAAGGTGCCACTGTTCATCCCAGCTTTGTTTTCCTTCACATGCCTCTTCATGGTTGCC
CTTTCCCTCTATTCGGACCCATTTAGTACAGGGATTGGCTTCGTCATCACTCTGACTGGA
GTCCCTGCGTATTATCTCTTTATTATATGGGACAAGAAACCCAGGTGGTTTAGAATAATG
TCAGAGAAAATAACCAGAACATTACAAATAATACTGGAAGTTGTACCAGAAGAAGATAAG
TTATGA

1. Sato H, Tamba M, Kuriyama-Matsumura K, Okuno S, Bannai S: Molecular cloning and expression of human xCT, the light chain of amino acid transport system xc-. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2000 Winter;2(4):665-71. [PubMed ]

1. Natale NR, Magnusson KR, Nelson JK: Can selective ligands for glutamate binding proteins be rationally designed? Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(8):823-47. [PubMed ]

1. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial precursor
2. EC 1.5.1.8
3. EC 1.5.1.9
4. LKR
5. LKR/SDH
6. LOR
7. Saccharopine dehydrogenase

MLQVHRTGLGRLGVSLSKGLHHKAVLAVRREDVNAWERRAPLAPKHIKGITNLGYKVLIQ
PSNRRAIHDKDYVKAGGILQEDISEACLILGVKRPPEEKLMSRKTYAFFSHTIKAQEANM
GLLDEILKQEIRLIDYEKMVDHRGVRVVAFGQWAGVAGMINILHGMGLRLLALGHHTPFM
HIGMAHNYRNSSQAVQAVRDAGYEISLGLMPKSIGPLTFVFTGTGNVSKGAQAIFNELPC
EYVEPHELKEVSQTGDLRKVYGTVLSRHHHLVRKTDAVYDPAEYDKHPERYISRFNTDIA
PYTTCLINGIYWEQNTPRLLTRQDAQSLLAPGKFSPAGVEGCPALPHKLVAICDISADTG
GSIEFMTECTTIEHPFCMYDADQHIIHDSVEGSGILMCSIDNLPAQLPIEATECFGDMLY
PYVEEMILSDATQPLESQNFSPVVRDAVITSNGTLPDKYKYIQTLRESRERAQSLSMGTR
RKVLVLGSGYISEPVLEYLSRDGNIEITVGSDMKNQIEQLGKKYNINPVSMDICKQEEKL
GFLVAKQDLVISLLPYVLHPLVAKACITNKVNMVTASYITPALKELEKSVEDAGITIIGE
LGLDPGLDHMLAMETIDKAKEVGATIESYISYCGGLPAPEHSNNPLRYKFSWSPVGVLMN
VMQSATYLLDGKVVNVAGGISFLDAVTSMDFFPGLNLEGYPNRDSTKYAEIYGISSAHTL
LRGTLRYKGYMKALNGFVKLGLINREALPAFRPEANPLTWKQLLCDLVGISPSSEHDVLK
EAVLKKLGGDNTQLEAAEWLGLLGDEQVPQAESILDALSKHLVMKLSYGPEEKDMIVMRD
SFGIRHPSGHLEHKTIDLVAYGDINGFSAMAKTVGLPTAMAAKMLLDGEIGAKGLMGPFS
KEIYGPILERIKAEGIIYTTQSTIKP

• N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NADP+ + H2O = L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H+

• AlaDh_PNT_C (PF01262 )
• Saccharop_dh (PF03435 )
• AlaDh_PNT_N (PF05222 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion

ATGCTGCAAGTACATAGGACTGGACTGGGCAGGCTGGGGGTCAGCCTCTCCAAGGGTCTT
CACCACAAAGCTGTGTTGGCCGTCCGGAGGGAGGATGTGAACGCCTGGGAGAGAAGGGCC
CCGCTAGCTCCCAAGCACATCAAAGGCATCACCAATCTGGGATACAAGGTCTTGATACAG
CCTTCGAATCGGCGGGCCATTCATGATAAGGACTATGTCAAAGCTGGTGGCATTCTTCAG
GAGGATATTTCTGAAGCTTGTCTAATTTTAGGAGTTAAAAGACCTCCAGAGGAAAAATTA
ATGTCCAGGAAGACTTATGCATTTTTCTCCCACACAATAAAAGCTCAGGAGGCCAATATG
GGCTTGTTGGATGAGATTCTAAAACAGGAAATTCGCCTTATTGATTATGAGAAAATGGTG
GATCATAGAGGAGTACGGGTAGTGGCATTTGGACAGTGGGCTGGTGTGGCAGGAATGATC
AACATTTTACATGGAATGGGTTTAAGGCTCCTTGCTTTGGGACATCACACACCTTTTATG
CACATTGGCATGGCTCATAACTACAGGAATAGCAGTCAGGCTGTGCAAGCTGTCCGTGAT
GCTGGCTATGAAATATCTTTGGGTTTGATGCCTAAGTCAATAGGACCCTTAACATTTGTG
TTCACAGGAACTGGTAATGTTTCTAAGGGAGCCCAAGCAATCTTTAATGAGCTACCTTGT
GAATATGTGGAGCCCCATGAATTAAAAGAAGTTTCCCAAACTGGAGACCTCAGAAAAGTG
TATGGGACGGTGTTAAGTCGTCATCATCATCTTGTCAGGAAAACAGATGCTGTGTATGAT
CCTGCAGAGTATGACAAACATCCGGAGCGCTACATAAGTCGTTTTAATACTGATATTGCA
CCCTATACAACTTGCTTAATTAATGGAATCTACTGGGAACAAAACACTCCTCGCCTCCTA
ACCCGCCAAGATGCTCAGAGTCTCCTGGCTCCGGGCAAGTTCTCACCTGCTGGTGTGGAA
GGCTGCCCTGCATTACCACACAAACTCGTGGCAATATGTGACATTTCAGCTGACACAGGA
GGGTCTATAGAGTTTATGACTGAGTGTACAACAATAGAGCATCCCTTTTGCATGTATGAT
GCAGACCAGCATATTATTCATGACAGTGTTGAAGGCTCGGGGATCCTGATGTGTTCCATT
GACAATTTGCCGGCACAGCTCCCAATTGAAGCTACAGAATGCTTTGGAGACATGCTTTAC
CCTTATGTTGAAGAAATGATATTATCAGACGCGACACAGCCTCTTGAAAGTCAGAATTTT
TCTCCTGTGGTGAGAGATGCAGTGATTACATCCAACGGTACATTACCTGATAAATATAAA
TATATCCAGACACTCCGGGAGAGCAGGGAACGTGCTCAGTCACTTTCAATGGGCACCAGG
AGAAAGGTTTTGGTTCTTGGATCTGGCTACATATCTGAGCCTGTATTAGAATATTTATCA
AGAGATGGCAATATAGAAATAACAGTAGGATCTGACATGAAGAATCAAATTGAACAGTTA
GGCAAGAAATATAATATTAATCCTGTTAGCATGGACATTTGTAAACAAGAAGAGAAGCTG
GGCTTCTTGGTGGCAAAACAGGATCTTGTCATCAGCTTGTTGCCTTATGTATTGCACCCT
CTTGTGGCCAAGGCCTGCATCACAAACAAAGTTAACATGGTCACTGCAAGCTACATCACA
CCAGCACTAAAAGAATTGGAAAAGAGTGTGGAAGATGCTGGCATCACAATCATTGGTGAA
TTGGGATTGGACCCTGGTCTGGATCACATGTTAGCAATGGAAACAATAGATAAAGCCAAG
GAAGTGGGAGCCACGATTGAATCATATATTTCCTACTGTGGTGGGCTTCCAGCCCCTGAA
CATTCAAACAATCCATTGAGATATAAATTTAGCTGGAGTCCAGTGGGAGTTTTGATGAAT
GTAATGCAGTCTGCCACCTATCTGCTCGATGGAAAGGTTGTGAATGTTGCAGGAGGCATC
TCCTTTCTTGATGCCGTTACGTCCATGGATTTTTTTCCAGGATTAAATTTGGAAGGCTAT
CCTAACAGAGACAGTACGAAATATGCTGAGATTTATGGCATTTCTTCTGCTCACACTTTG
TTGCGGGGGACACTGAGATATAAGGGATATATGAAAGCTTTGAATGGATTTGTAAAATTA
GGTCTTATAAACAGAGAAGCGCTTCCTGCCTTTAGACCTGAGGCCAACCCTCTCACCTGG
AAACAACTCCTCTGTGACCTAGTTGGGATTTCACCCTCCTCTGAGCATGATGTGTTGAAG
GAAGCTGTTCTTAAGAAACTAGGAGGAGACAATACCCAGTTGGAGGCTGCTGAATGGTTG
GGCTTACTTGGGGATGAACAAGTTCCTCAGGCAGAGTCCATTCTGGATGCCCTCTCCAAG
CATTTGGTCATGAAGCTTTCCTATGGTCCTGAAGAAAAAGATATGATTGTGATGAGAGAC
AGCTTTGGAATCAGACATCCTTCTGGACATTTAGAACATAAAACGATTGATCTTGTGGCT
TATGGGGACATCAATGGCTTTTCAGCCATGGCTAAAACCGTGGGGTTACCCACCGCCATG
GCAGCCAAAATGTTGCTTGATGGTGAAATTGGAGCCAAAGGCCTAATGGGGCCCTTTTCA
AAGGAGATCTATGGACCAATATTGGAGCGAATTAAAGCAGAAGGCATTATATATACTACA
CAGAGTACAATTAAACCATAA

1. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed ]

1. Goncalves-Butruille M, Szajner P, Torigoi E, Leite A, Arruda P: Purification and Characterization of the Bifunctional Enzyme Lysine-Ketoglutarate Reductase-Saccharopine Dehydrogenase from Maize. Plant Physiol. 1996 Mar;110(3):765-771. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
4. Noda C, Ichihara A: Purification and properties of L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Aug 7;525(2):307-13. [PubMed ]
5. Gaziola SA, Teixeira CM, Lugli J, Sodek L, Azevedo RA: The enzymology of lysine catabolism in rice seeds--isolation, characterization, and regulatory properties of a lysine 2-oxoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional polypeptide. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Jul 1;247(1):364-71. [PubMed ]

1. EC 6.3.2.2
2. GCS heavy chain
3. Gamma- glutamylcysteine synthetase
4. Gamma-ECS

GLLSQGSPLSWEETKRHADHVRRHGILQFLHIYHAVKDRHKDVLKWGDEVEYMLVSFDHE
NKKVRLVLSGEKVLETLQEKGERTNPNHPTLWRPEYGSYMIEGTPGQPYGGTMSEFNTVE
ANMRKRRKEATSILEENQALCTITSFPRLGCPGFTLPEVKPNPVEGGASKSLFFPDEAIN
KHPRFSTLTRNIRHRRGEKVVINVPIFKDKNTPSPFIETFTEDDEASRASKPDHIYMDAM
GFGMGNCCLQVTFQACSISEARYLYDQLATICPIVMALSAASPFYRGYVSDIDCRWGVIS
ASVDDRTREERGLEPLKNNNYRISKSRYDSIDSYLSKCGEKYNDIDLTIDKEIYEQLLQE
GIDHLLAQHVAHLFIRDPLTLFEEKIHLDDANESDHFENIQSTNWQTMRFKPPPPNSDIG
WRVEFRPMEVQLTDFENSAYVVFVVLLTRVILSYKLDFLIPLSKVDENMKVAQKRDAVLQ
GMFYFRKDICKGGNAVVDGCGKAQNSTELAAEEYTLMSIDTIINGKEGVFPGLIPILNSY
LENMEVDVDTRCSILNYLKLIKKRASGELMTVARWMREFIANHPDYKQDSVITDEMNYSL
ILKCNQIANELCECPELLGSAFRKVKYSGSKTDSSN

• ATP + L-glutamate + L-cysteine = ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

• GCS (PF03074 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasmic

ATGGGGCTGCTGTCCCAGGGCTCGCCGCTGAGCTGGGAGGAAACCAAGCGCCATGCCGAC
CACGTGCGGCGGCACGGGATCCTCCAGTTCCTGCACATCTACCACGCCGTCAAGGACCGG
CACAAGGACGTTCTCAAGTGGGGCGATGAGGTGGAATACATGTTGGTATCTTTTGATCAT
GAAAATAAAAAAGTCCGGTTGGTCCTGTCTGGGGAGAAAGTTCTTGAAACTCTGCAAGAG
AAGGGGGAAAGGACAAACCCAAACCATCCTACCCTTTGGAGACCAGAGTATGGGAGTTAC
ATGATTGAAGGGACACCAGGACAGCCCTACGGAGGAACAATGTCCGAGTTCAATACAGTT
GAGGCCAACATGCGAAAACGCCGGAAGGAGGCTACTTCTATATTAGAAGAAAATCAGGCT
CTTTGCACAATAACTTCATTTCCCAGATTAGGCTGTCCTGGGTTCACACTGCCCGAGGTC
AAACCCAACCCAGTGGAAGGAGGAGCTTCCAAGTCCCTCTTCTTTCCAGATGAAGCAATA
AACAAGCACCCTCGCTTCAGTACCTTAACAAGAAATATCCGACATAGGAGAGGAGAAAAG
GTTGTCATCAATGTACCAATATTTAAGGACAAGAATACACCATCTCCATTTATAGAAACA
TTTACTGAGGATGATGAAGCTTCAAGGGCTTCTAAGCCGGATCATATTTACATGGATGCC
ATGGGATTTGGAATGGGCAATTGCTGTCTCCAGGTGACATTCCAAGCCTGCAGTATATCT
GAGGCCAGATACCTTTATGATCAGTTGGCTACTATCTGTCCAATTGTTATGGCTTTGAGT
GCTGCATCTCCCTTTTACCGAGGCTATGTGTCAGACATTGATTGTCGCTGGGGAGTGATT
TCTGCATCTGTAGATGATAGAACTCGGGAGGAGCGAGGACTGGAGCCATTGAAGAACAAT
AACTATAGGATCAGTAAATCCCGATATGACTCAATAGACAGCTATTTATCTAAGTGTGGT
GAGAAATATAATGACATCGACTTGACGATAGATAAAGAGATCTACGAACAGCTGTTGCAG
GAAGGCATTGATCATCTCCTGGCCCAGCATGTTGCTCATCTCTTTATTAGAGACCCACTG
ACACTGTTTGAAGAGAAAATACACCTGGATGATGCTAATGAGTCTGACCATTTTGAGAAT
ATTCAGTCCACAAATTGGCAGACAATGAGATTTAAGCCCCCTCCTCCAAACTCAGACATT
GGATGGAGAGTAGAATTTCGACCCATGGAGGTGCAATTAACAGACTTTGAGAACTCTGCC
TATGTGGTGTTTGTGGTACTGCTCACCAGAGTGATCCTTTCCTACAAATTGGATTTTCTC
ATTCCACTGTCAAAGGTTGATGAGAACATGAAGGTAGCACAGAAAAGAGATGCTGTCTTG
CAGGGAATGTTTTATTTCAGGAAAGATATTTGCAAAGGTGGCAATGCAGTGGTGGATGGT
TGTGGCAAGGCCCAGAACAGCACGGAGCTCGCTGCAGAGGAGTACACCCTCATGAGCATA
GACACCATCATCAATGGGAAGGAAGGTGTGTTTCCTGGACTGATCCCAATTCTGAACTCT
TACCTTGAAAACATGGAAGTGGATGTGGACACCAGATGTAGTATTCTGAACTACCTAAAG
CTAATTAAGAAGAGAGCATCTGGAGAACTAATGACAGTTGCCAGATGGATGAGGGAGTTT
ATCGCAAACCATCCTGACTACAAGCAAGACAGTGTCATAACTGATGAAATGAATTATAGC
CTTATTTTGAAGTGTAACCAAATTGCAAATGAATTATGTGAATGCCCAGAGTTACTTGGA
TCAGCATTTAGGAAAGTAAAATATAGTGGAAGTAAAACTGACTCATCCAACTAG

1. Beutler E, Gelbart T, Kondo T, Matsunaga AT: The molecular basis of a case of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency. Blood. 1999 Oct 15;94(8):2890-4. [PubMed ]
2. Ristoff E, Augustson C, Geissler J, de Rijk T, Carlsson K, Luo JL, Andersson K, Weening RS, van Zwieten R, Larsson A, Roos D: A missense mutation in the heavy subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene causes hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2000 Apr 1;95(7):2193-6. [PubMed ]
3. Gipp JJ, Chang C, Mulcahy RT: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for human liver gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 May 29;185(1):29-35. [PubMed ]
4. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed ]
5. Mulcahy RT, Gipp JJ: Identification of a putative antioxidant response element in the 5'-flanking region of the human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Apr 6;209(1):227-33. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 1.4.1.3
2. GDH
3. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial precursor

MYRYLGEALLLSRAGPAALGSASADSAALLGWARGQPAAAPQPGLALAARRHYSEAVADR
EDDPNFFKMVEGFFDRGASIVEDKLVEDLRTRESEEQKRNRVRGILRIIKPCNHVLSLSF
PIRRDDGSWEVIEGYRAQHSQHRTPCKGGIRYSTDVSVDEVKALASLMTYKCAVVDVPFG
GAKAGVKINPKNYTDNELEKITRRFTMELAKKGFIGPGIDVPAPDMSTGEREMSWIADTY
ASTIGHYDINAHACVTGKPISQGGIHGRISATGRGVFHGIENFINEASYMSILGMTPGFG
DKTFVVQGFGNVGLHSMRYLHRFGAKCIAVGESDGSIWNPDGIDPKELEDFKLQHGSILG
FPKAKPYEGSILEADCDILIPAASEKQLTKSNAPRVKAKIIAEGANGPTTPEADKIFLER
NIMVIPDLYLNAGGVTVSYFEWLKNLNHVSYGRLTFKYERDSNYHLLMSVQESLERKFGK
HGGTIPIVPTAEFQDRISGASEKDIVHSGLAYTMERSARQIMRTAMKYNLGLDLRTAAYV
NAIEKVFKVYNEAGVTFT

• L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+

• ELFV_dehydrog (PF00208 )
• ELFV_dehydrog_N (PF02812 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion
• mitochondrial matrix

ATGTACCGCTACCTGGGCGAAGCGCTGTTGCTGTCCCGGGCCGGGCCCGCTGCCCTGGGC
TCGGCGTCCGCCGACTCGGCCGCGTTGCTGGGCTGGGCCCGGGGACAGCCCGCCGCCGCC
CCGCAGCCGGGGCTGGCATTGGCCGCCCGGCGCCACTACAGCGAGGCGGTGGCCGACCGC
GAGGACGACCCCAACTTCTTCAAGATGGTGGAGGGCTTCTTCGATCGCGGCGCCAGCATC
GTGGAGGACAAGCTGGTGGAGGACCTGAGGACCCGGGAGAGCGAGGAGCAGAAGCGGAAC
CGGGTGCGCGGCATCCTGCGGATCATCAAGCCCTGCAACCATGTGCTGAGTCTCTCCTTC
CCCATCCGGCGCGACGACGGCTCCTGGGAGGTCATCGAAGGCTACCGGGCCCAGCACAGC
CAGCACCGCACGCCCTGCAAGGGAGGTATCCGTTACAGCACTGATGTGAGTGTAGATGAA
GTAAAAGCTTTGGCTTCTCTGATGACATACAAGTGTGCAGTGGTTGATGTGCCGTTTGGG
GGTGCTAAAGCTGGTGTTAAGATCAATCCCAAGAACTATACTGATAATGAATTGGAAAAG
ATCACAAGGAGGTTCACCATGGAGCTAGCAAAAAAGGGCTTTATTGGTCCTGGCATTGAT
GTGCCTGCTCCAGACATGAGCACAGGTGAGCGGGAGATGTCCTGGATCGCTGATACCTAT
GCCAGCACCATAGGGCACTATGATATTAATGCACACGCCTGTGTTACTGGTAAACCCATC
AGCCAAGGGGGAATCCATGGACGCATCTCTGCTACTGGCCGTGGTGTCTTCCATGGGATT
GAAAATTTCATCAATGAAGCTTCTTACATGAGCATTTTAGGAATGACACCAGGGTTTGGA
GATAAAACATTTGTTGTTCAGGGATTTGGTAATGTGGGCCTACACTCTATGAGATATTTA
CATCGTTTTGGTGCTAAATGTATTGCTGTTGGTGAGTCTGATGGGAGTATATGGAATCCA
GATGGTATTGACCCAAAGGAACTGGAAGACTTCAAATTGCAACATGGGTCCATTCTGGGC
TTCCCCAAGGCAAAGCCCTATGAAGGAAGCATCTTGGAGGCCGACTGTGACATACTGATC
CCAGCTGCCAGTGAGAAGCAGTTGACCAAATCCAACGCACCCAGAGTCAAAGCCAAGATC
ATTGCTGAAGGTGCCAATGGGCCAACAACTCCAGAAGCTGACAAGATCTTCCTGGAGAGA
AACATTATGGTTATTCCAGATCTCTACTTGAATGCTGGAGGAGTGACAGTATCTTACTTT
GAGTGGCTGAAGAATCTAAATCATGTCAGCTATGGCCGTTTGACCTTCAAATATGAAAGG
GATTCTAACTACCACTTGCTCATGTCTGTTCAAGAGAGTTTAGAAAGAAAATTTGGAAAG
CATGGTGGAACTATTCCCATTGTACCCACGGCAGAGTTCCAAGACAGGATATCGGGTGCA
TCTGAGAAAGACATCGTGCACTCTGGCTTGGCATACACAATGGAGCGTTCTGCCAGGCAA
ATTATGCGCACAGCCATGAAGTATAACCTGGGATTGGACCTGAGAACAGCTGCCTATGTT
AATGCCATTGAGAAAGTCTTCAAAGTGTACAATGAAGCTGGTGTGACCTTCACATAG

1. Meissner T, Beinbrech B, Mayatepek E: Congenital hyperinsulinism: molecular basis of a heterogeneous disease. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(5):351-61. [PubMed ]
2. Miki Y, Taki T, Ohura T, Kato H, Yanagisawa M, Hayashi Y: Novel missense mutations in the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in the congenital hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome. J Pediatr. 2000 Jan;136(1):69-72. [PubMed ]
3. Santer R, Kinner M, Passarge M, Superti-Furga A, Mayatepek E, Meissner T, Schneppenheim R, Schaub J: Novel missense mutations outside the allosteric domain of glutamate dehydrogenase are prevalent in European patients with the congenital hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome. Hum Genet. 2001 Jan;108(1):66-71. [PubMed ]
4. Smith TJ, Peterson PE, Schmidt T, Fang J, Stanley CA: Structures of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase complexes elucidate the mechanism of purine regulation. J Mol Biol. 2001 Mar 23;307(2):707-20. [PubMed ]
5. MacMullen C, Fang J, Hsu BY, Kelly A, de Lonlay-Debeney P, Saudubray JM, Ganguly A, Smith TJ, Stanley CA: Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome in children with regulatory mutations in the inhibitory guanosine triphosphate-binding domain of glutamate dehydrogenase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1782-7. [PubMed ]
6. Fang J, Hsu BY, MacMullen CM, Poncz M, Smith TJ, Stanley CA: Expression, purification and characterization of human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) allosteric regulatory mutations. Biochem J. 2002 Apr 1;363(Pt 1):81-7. [PubMed ]
7. Smith TJ, Schmidt T, Fang J, Wu J, Siuzdak G, Stanley CA: The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery. J Mol Biol. 2002 May 3;318(3):765-77. [PubMed ]
8. Banerjee S, Schmidt T, Fang J, Stanley CA, Smith TJ: Structural studies on ADP activation of mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase and the evolution of regulation. Biochemistry. 2003 Apr 1;42(12):3446-56. [PubMed ]
9. Hochstrasser DF, Frutiger S, Paquet N, Bairoch A, Ravier F, Pasquali C, Sanchez JC, Tissot JD, Bjellqvist B, Vargas R, et al.: Human liver protein map: a reference database established by microsequencing and gel comparison. Electrophoresis. 1992 Dec;13(12):992-1001. [PubMed ]
10. Mavrothalassitis G, Tzimagiorgis G, Mitsialis A, Zannis V, Plaitakis A, Papamatheakis J, Moschonas N: Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding human liver glutamate dehydrogenase: evidence for a small gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(10):3494-8. [PubMed ]
11. 3377777 Amuro N, Yamaura M, Goto Y, Okazaki T: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for human liver glutamate dehydrogenase precursor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 May 16;152(3):1395-400.
12. 3399399 Nakatani Y, Schneider M, Banner C, Freese E: Complete nucleotide sequence of human glutamate dehydrogenase cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 11;16(13):6237.
13. 3426581 Nakatani Y, Banner C, von Herrath M, Schneider ME, Smith HH, Freese E: Comparison of human brain and liver glutamate dehydrogenase cDNAS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Dec 16;149(2):405-10.
14. 3585334 Banner C, Silverman S, Thomas JW, Lampel KA, Vitkovic L, Huie D, Wenthold RJ: Isolation of a human brain cDNA for glutamate dehydrogenase. J Neurochem. 1987 Jul;49(1):246-52.
15. 429360 Julliard JH, Smith EL: Partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase of human liver and a revision of the sequence of the bovine enzyme. J Biol Chem. 1979 May 10;254(9):3427-38.
16. 8314555 Tzimagiorgis G, Leversha MA, Chroniary K, Goulielmos G, Sargent CA, Ferguson-Smith M, Moschonas NK: Structure and expression analysis of a member of the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) gene family mapped to chromosome 10p11.2. Hum Genet. 1993 Jun;91(5):433-8.
17. 8486350 Michaelidis TM, Tzimagiorgis G, Moschonas NK, Papamatheakis J: The human glutamate dehydrogenase gene family: gene organization and structural characterization. Genomics. 1993 Apr;16(1):150-60.
18. 9571255 Stanley CA, Lieu YK, Hsu BY, Burlina AB, Greenberg CR, Hopwood NJ, Perlman K, Rich BH, Zammarchi E, Poncz M: Hyperinsulinism and hyperammonemia in infants with regulatory mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. N Engl J Med. 1998 May 7;338(19):1352-7.

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
3. Anagnou NP, Seuanez H, Modi W, O'Brien SJ, Papamatheakis J, Moschonas NK: Chromosomal mapping of two members of the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) gene family to chromosomes 10q22.3-q23 and Xq22-q23. Hum Hered. 1993 Nov-Dec;43(6):351-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 6.1.1.15
2. EC 6.1.1.17
3. Glutamate--tRNA ligase
4. Prolyl-tRNA synthetase

MEHTEIDHWLEFSATKLSSCDSFTSTINELNHCLSLRTYLVGNSLSLADLCVWATLKGNA
AWQEQLKQKKAPVHVKRWFGFLEAQQAFQSVGTKWDVSTTKARVAPEKKQDVGKFVELPG
AEMGKVTVRFPPEASGYLHIGHAKAALLNQHYQVNFKGKLIMRFDDTNPEKEKEDFEKVI
LEDVAMLHIKPDQFTYTSDHFETIMKYAEKLIQEGKAYVDDTPAEQMKAEREQRIESKHR
KNPIEKNLQMWEEMKKGSQFGHSCCLRAKIDMSSNNGCMRDPTLYRCKIQPHPRTGNKYN
VYPTYDFACPIVDSIEGVTHALRTTEYHDRDEQFYWIIEALGIRKPYIWEYSRLNLNNTV
LSKRKLTWFVNEGLVDGWDDPRFPTVRGVLRRGMTVEGLKQFIAAQGSSRSVVNMEWDKI
WAFNKKVIDPVAPRYVALLKKEVIPVNVPEAQEEMKEVAKHPKNPEVGLKPVWYSPKVFI
EGADAETFSEGEMVTFINWGNLNITKIHKNADGKIISLDAKFNLENKDYKKTTKVTWLAE
TTHALPIPVICVTYEHLITKPVLGKDEDFKQYVNKNSKHEELMLGDPCLKDLKKGDIIQL
QRRGFFICDQPYEPVSPYSCKEAPCVLIYIPDGHTKEMPTSGSKEKTKVEATKNETSAPF
KERPTPSLNNNCTTSEDSLVLYNRVAVQGDVVRELKAKKAPKEDVDAAVKQLLSLKAEYK
EKTGQEYKPGNPPAEIGQNISSNSSASILESKSLYDEVAAQGEVVRKLKAEKSPKAKINE
AVECLLSLKAQYKEKTGKEYIPGQPPLSQSSDSSPTRNSEPAGLETPEAKVLFDKVASQG
EVVRKLKTEKAPKDQVDIAVQELLQLKAQYKSLIGVEYKPVSATGAEDKDKKKKEKENKS
EKQNKPQKQNDGQRKDPSKNQGGGLSSSGAGEGQGPKKQTRLGLEAKKEENLADWYSQVI
TKSEMIEYHDISGCYILRPWAYAIWEAIKDFFDAEIKKLGVENCYFPMFVSQSALEKEKT
HVADFAPEVAWVTRSGKTELAEPIAIRPTSETVMYPAYAKWVQSHRDLPIKLNQWCNVVR
WEFKHPQPFLRTREFLWQEGHSAFATMEEAAEEVLQILDLYAQVYEELLAIPVVKGRKTE
KEKFAGGDYTTTIEAFISASGRAIQGGTSHHLGQNFSKMFEIVFEDPKIPGEKQFAYQNS
WGLTTRTIGVMTMVHGDNMGLVLPPRVACVQVVIIPCGITNALSEEDKEALIAKCNDYRR
RLLSVNIRVRADLRDNYSPGWKFNHWELKGVPIRLEVGPRDMKSCQFVAVRRDTGEKLTV
AENEAETKLQAILEDIQVTLFTRASEDLKTHMVVANTMEDFQKILDSGKIVQIPFCGEID
CEDWIKKTTARDQDLEPGAPSMGAKSLCIPFKPLCELQPGAKCVCGKNPAKYYTLFGRSY

• ATP + L-proline + tRNAPro = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNAPro

• WHEP-TRS (PF00458 )
• tRNA-synt_2b (PF00587 )
• tRNA-synt_1c (PF00749 )
• HGTP_anticodon (PF03129 )
• tRNA-synt_1c_C (PF03950 )

• None

• None

ATGGAACATACTGAGATTGATCACTGGTTGGAGTTCAGTGCTACAAAATTATCTTCATGT
GATTCCTTTACTTCTACAATTAATGAACTCAATCATTGCCTGTCTCTGAGAACATACTTA
GTTGGAAACTCCTTGAGTTTAGCAGATTTATGTGTTTGGGCCACCCTAAAAGGAAATGCT
GCCTGGCAAGAACAGTTGAAACAGAAGAAAGCTCCAGTTCATGTAAAACGTTGGTTTGGC
TTTCTTGAAGCCCAGCAGGCCTTCCAGTCAGTAGGTACCAAGTGGGATGTTTCAACAACC
AAAGCTCGAGTGGCACCTGAGAAAAAGCAAGATGTTGGGAAATTTGTTGAGCTTCCAGGT
GCGGAGATGGGAAAGGTTACCGTCAGATTTCCTCCAGAGGCCAGTGGTTACTTACACATT
GGGCATGCAAAAGCTGCTCTTCTGAACCAGCACTACCAGGTTAACTTTAAAGGGAAACTG
ATCATGAGATTTGATGACACAAATCCTGAAAAAGAAAAGGAAGATTTTGAGAAGGTTATC
TTGGAAGATGTTGCAATGTTGCATATCAAACCAGATCAATTTACTTATACTTCGGATCAT
TTTGAAACTATAATGAAGTATGCAGAGAAGCTAATTCAAGAAGGGAAGGCTTATGTGGAT
GATACTCCTGCTGAACAGATGAAAGCAGAACGTGAGCAGAGGATAGAATCTAAACATAGA
AAAAACCCTATTGAGAAGAATCTACAAATGTGGGAAGAAATGAAAAAAGGGAGCCAGTTT
GGTCACTCCTGTTGTTTGCGAGCAAAAATTGACATGAGTAGTAACAATGGATGCATGAGA
GATCCAACCCTTTATCGCTGCAAAATTCAACCACATCCAAGAACTGGAAATAAATACAAT
GTTTATCCAACATATGATTTTGCCTGCCCCATAGTTGACAGCATCGAAGGTGTTACACAT
GCCCTGAGAACAACAGAATACCATGACAGAGATGAGCAGTTTTACTGGATTATTGAAGCT
TTAGGCATAAGAAAACCATATATTTGGGAATATAGTCGGCTAAATCTCAACAACACAGTG
CTATCCAAAAGAAAACTCACATGGTTTGTCAATGAAGGACTAGTAGATGGATGGGATGAC
CCAAGATTTCCTACGGTTCGTGGTGTACTGAGAAGAGGGATGACAGTTGAAGGACTGAAA
CAGTTTATTGCTGCTCAGGGCTCCTCACGTTCAGTCGTGAACATGGAGTGGGACAAAATC
TGGGCGTTTAACAAAAAGGTTATTGACCCAGTGGCTCCACGATATGTTGCATTACTGAAG
AAAGAAGTGATCCCAGTGAATGTACCTGAAGCTCAGGAGGAGATGAAAGAAGTAGCCAAA
CACCCAAAGAATCCTGAGGTTGGCTTGAAGCCTGTGTGGTATAGTCCCAAAGTTTTCATT
GAAGGTGCTGATGCAGAGACTTTTTCGGAGGGTGAGATGGTTACATTTATAAATTGGGGC
AACCTCAACATTACAAAAATACACAAAAATGCAGATGGAAAAATCATATCTCTTGATGCA
AAGTTTAATTTGGAAAACAAAGACTACAAGAAAACCACTAAGGTCACTTGGCTTGCAGAG
ACTACACATGCTCTTCCTATTCCAGTAATCTGTGTCACTTATGAGCACTTGATCACAAAG
CCAGTGCTAGGAAAAGACGAGGACTTTAAGCAGTATGTCAACAAGAACAGTAAGCATGAA
GAGCTAATGCTAGGGGATCCCTGCCTTAAGGATTTGAAAAAAGGAGATATTATACAACTC
CAGAGAAGAGGATTCTTCATATGTGATCAACCTTATGAACCTGTTAGCCCATATAGTTGC
AAGGAAGCCCCGTGTGTTTTGATATACATTCCTGATGGGCACACAAAGGAAATGCCAACA
TCAGGGTCAAAGGAAAAGACCAAAGTAGAAGCCACAAAAAATGAGACCTCTGCTCCTTTT
AAGGAAAGACCAACACCTTCTCTGAATAATAATTGTACTACATCTGAGGATTCCTTGGTC
CTTTACAATAGAGTGGCTGTTCAAGGAGATGTGGTTCGTGAATTAAAAGCCAAGAAAGCA
CCAAAGGAAGATGTAGATGCAGCTGTAAAACAGCTTTTGTCTTTGAAAGCTGAATATAAG
GAGAAAACTGGCCAGGAATATAAACCTGGAAACCCTCCTGCTGAAATAGGACAGAATATT
TCTTCTAATTCCTCAGCAAGTATTCTGGAAAGTAAATCTCTGTATGATGAAGTTGCTGCA
CAAGGGGAGGTGGTTCGTAAGCTAAAAGCTGAAAAATCCCCTAAGGCTAAAATAAATGAA
GCTGTAGAATGCTTACTGTCCCTGAAGGCTCAGTATAAAGAAAAAACTGGGAAGGAGTAC
ATACCTGGTCAGCCCCCATTATCTCAAAGTTCGGATTCAAGCCCAACCAGAAATTCTGAA
CCTGCTGGTTTAGAAACACCAGAAGCGAAAGTACTTTTTGACAAAGTAGCTTCTCAAGGG
GAAGTAGTTCGGAAACTTAAAACTGAAAAAGCCCCTAAGGATCAAGTAGATATAGCTGTT
CAAGAACTCCTTCAGCTAAAGGCACAGTACAAGTCTTTGATAGGAGTAGAGTATAAGCCT
GTGTCGGCCACTGGAGCTGAGGACAAAGATAAGAAGAAGAAAGAAAAAGAAAATAAATCT
GAAAAGCAGAATAAGCCTCAGAAACAAAATGATGGCCAAAGGAAAGACCCTTCTAAAAAC
CAAGGAGGTGGGCTCTCATCAAGTGGAGCAGGAGAAGGGCAGGGGCCTAAGAAACAGACC
AGGTTGGGTCTTGAGGCAAAAAAAGAAGAAAATCTTGCTGATTGGTATTCTCAGGTCATC
ACAAAGTCAGAAATGATTGAATACCATGACATAAGTGGCTGTTATATTCTTCGTCCCTGG
GCCTATGCCATTTGGGAAGCCATCAAGGACTTTTTTGATGCTGAGATCAAGAAACTTGGT
GTTGAAAACTGCTACTTCCCCATGTTTGTGTCTCAAAGTGCATTAGAGAAAGAGAAGACT
CATGTTGCTGACTTTGCCCCAGAGGTTGCTTGGGTTACAAGATCTGGCAAAACCGAGCTG
GCAGAACCAATTGCCATTCGTCCTACTAGTGAAACAGTAATGTATCCTGCATATGCAAAA
TGGGTACAATCACACAGAGACCTGCCCATCAAGCTCAATCAGTGGTGCAATGTGGTGCGT
TGGGAATTCAAGCATCCTCAGCCTTTCCTACGTACTCGTGAATTTCTTTGGCAGGAAGGG
CACAGTGCTTTTGCTACCATGGAAGAGGCAGCGGAAGAGGTCTTGCAGATACTTGACTTA
TATGCTCAGGTATATGAAGAACTCCTGGCAATTCCTGTTGTTAAAGGAAGAAAGACGGAA
AAGGAAAAATTTGCAGGAGGAGACTATACAACTACAATAGAAGCATTTATATCTGCTAGT
GGAAGAGCTATCCAGGGAGGAACATCACATCATTTAGGGCAGAATTTTTCCAAAATGTTT
GAAATCGTTTTTGAAGATCCAAAGATACCAGGAGAGAAGCAATTTGCCTATCAAAACTCC
TGGGGCCTGACAACTCGAACTATTGGTGTTATGACCATGGTTCATGGGGACAACATGGGT
TTAGTATTACCACCCCGTGTAGCATGTGTTCAGGTGGTGATTATTCCTTGTGGCATTACC
AATGCACTTTCTGAAGAAGACAAAGAAGCGCTGATTGCAAAATGCAATGATTATCGAAGG
CGATTACTCAGTGTTAACATCCGCGTTAGAGCTGATTTACGAGATAATTATTCTCCAGGT
TGGAAATTCAATCACTGGGAGCTCAAGGGAGTTCCCATTAGACTTGAAGTTGGGCCACGT
GATATGAAGAGCTGTCAGTTTGTAGCCGTCAGACGAGATACTGGAGAAAAGCTGACAGTT
GCTGAAAATGAGGCAGAGACTAAACTTCAAGCTATTTTGGAAGACATCCAGGTCACCCTT
TTCACAAGGGCTTCTGAAGACCTTAAGACTCATATGGTTGTGGCTAATACAATGGAAGAC
TTTCAGAAGATACTAGATTCTGGAAAGATTGTTCAGATTCCATTCTGTGGGGAAATTGAC
TGTGAGGACTGGATCAAAAAGACCACTGCCAGGGATCAAGATCTTGAACCTGGTGCTCCA
TCCATGGGAGCTAAAAGCCTTTGCATCCCCTTCAAACCACTCTGTGAACTGCAGCCTGGA
GCCAAATGTGTCTGTGGCAAGAACCCTGCCAAGTACTACACCTTATTTGGTCGCAGCTAC
TGA

1. Jeong EJ, Hwang GS, Kim KH, Kim MJ, Kim S, Kim KS: Structural analysis of multifunctional peptide motifs in human bifunctional tRNA synthetase: identification of RNA-binding residues and functional implications for tandem repeats. Biochemistry. 2000 Dec 26;39(51):15775-82. [PubMed ]
2. Kaiser E, Eberhard D, Knippers R: Exons encoding the highly conserved part of human glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. J Mol Evol. 1992 Jan;34(1):45-53. [PubMed ]
3. Cerini C, Kerjan P, Astier M, Gratecos D, Mirande M, Semeriva M: A component of the multisynthetase complex is a multifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(13):4267-77. [PubMed ]
4. Fett R, Knippers R: The primary structure of human glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. A highly conserved core, amino acid repeat regions, and homologies with translation elongation factors. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 25;266(3):1448-55. [PubMed ]
5. Thommes P, Fett R, Schray B, Kunze N, Knippers R: The core region of human glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase homologies with the Escherichia coli and yeast enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jun 24;16(12):5391-406. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
3. Ting SM, Dignam JD: Post-transcriptional regulation of glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase in rat salivary gland. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 25;269(12):8993-8. [PubMed ]
4. Cerini C, Semeriva M, Gratecos D: Evolution of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and the organization of the Drosophila glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase gene. Intron/exon structure of the gene, control of expression of the two mRNAs, selective advantage of the multienzyme complex. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Feb 15;244(1):176-85. [PubMed ]

1. Cell cycle control protein TS11
2. EC 6.3.5.4
3. Glutamine- dependent asparagine synthetase

CGIWALFGSDDCLSVQCLSAMKIAHRGPDAFRFENVNGYTNCCFGFHRLAVVDPLFGMQP
IRVKKYPYLWLCYNGEIYNHKKMQQHFEFEYQTKVDGEIILHLYDKGGIEQTICMLDGVF
AFVLLDTANKKVFLGRDTYGVRPLFKAMTEDGFLAVCSEAKGLVTLKHSATPFLKVEPFL
PGHYEVLDLKPNGKVASVEMVKYHHCRDVPLHALYDNVEKLFPGFEIETVKNNLRILFNN
AVKKRLMTDRRIGCLLSGGLDSSLVAATLLKQLKEAQVQYPLQTFAIGMEDSPDLLAARK
VADHIGSEHYEVLFNSEEGIQALDEVIFSLETYDITTVRASVGMYLISKYIRKNTDSVVI
FSGEGSDELTQGYIYFHKAPSPEKAEEESERLLRELYLFDVLRADRTTAAHGLELRVPFL
DHRFSSYYLSLPPEMRIPKNGIEKHLLRETFEDSNLIPKEILWRPKEAFSDGITSVKNSW
FKILQEYVEHQVDDAMMANAAQKFPFNTPKTKEGYYYRQVFERHYPGRADWLSHYWMPKW
INATDPSARTLTHYKSAVKA

• (1) ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate

• GATase_2 (PF00310 )
• Asn_synthase (PF00733 )

• None

• None

ATGTGTGGCATTTGGGCGCTGTTTGGCAGTGATGATTGCCTTTCTGTTCAGTGTCTGAGT
GCTATGAAGATTGCACACAGAGGTCCAGATGCATTCCGTTTTGAGAATGTCAATGGATAC
ACCAACTGCTGCTTTGGATTTCACCGGTTGGCGGTAGTTGACCCGCTGTTTGGAATGCAG
CCAATTCGAGTGAAGAAATATCCGTATTTGTGGCTCTGTTACAATGGTGAAATCTACAAC
CATAAGAAGATGCAACAGCATTTTGAATTTGAATACCAGACCAAAGTGGATGGTGAGATA
ATCCTTCATCTTTATGACAAAGGAGGAATTGAGCAAACAATTTGTATGTTGGATGGTGTG
TTTGCATTTGTTTTACTGGATACTGCCAATAAGAAAGTGTTCCTGGGTAGAGATACATAT
GGAGTCAGACCTTTGTTTAAAGCAATGACAGAAGATGGATTTTTGGCTGTATGTTCAGAA
GCTAAAGGTCTTGTTACATTGAAGCACTCCGCGACTCCCTTTTTAAAAGTGGAGCCTTTT
CTTCCTGGACACTATGAAGTTTTGGATTTAAAGCCAAATGGCAAAGTTGCATCCGTGGAA
ATGGTTAAATATCATCACTGTCGGGATGTACCCCTGCACGCCCTCTATGACAATGTGGAG
AAACTCTTTCCAGGTTTTGAGATAGAAACTGTGAAGAACAACCTCAGGATCCTTTTTAAT
AATGCTGTAAAGAAACGTTTGATGACAGACAGAAGGATTGGCTGCCTTTTATCAGGGGGC
TTGGACTCCAGCTTGGTTGCTGCCACTCTGTTGAAGCAGCTGAAAGAAGCCCAAGTACAG
TATCCTCTCCAGACATTTGCAATTGGCATGGAAGACAGCCCCGATTTACTGGCTGCTAGA
AAGGTGGCAGATCATATTGGAAGTGAACATTATGAAGTCCTTTTTAACTCTGAGGAAGGC
ATTCAGGCTCTGGATGAAGTCATATTTTCCTTGGAAACTTATGACATTACAACAGTTCGT
GCTTCAGTAGGTATGTATTTAATTTCCAAGTATATTCGGAAGAACACAGATAGCGTGGTG
ATCTTCTCTGGAGAAGGATCAGATGAACTTACGCAGGGTTACATATATTTTCACAAGGCT
CCTTCTCCTGAAAAAGCCGAGGAGGAGAGTGAGAGGCTTCTGAGGGAACTCTATTTGTTT
GATGTTCTCCGCGCAGATCGAACTACTGCTGCCCATGGTCTTGAACTGAGAGTCCCATTT
CTAGATCATCGATTTTTTTCCTATTACTTGTCTCTGCCACCAGAAATGAGAATTCCAAAG
AATGGGATAGAAAAACATCTCCTGAGAGAGACGTTTGAGGATTCCAATCTGATACCCAAA
GAGATTCTCTGGCGACCAAAAGAAGCCTTCAGTGATGGAATAACTTCAGTTAAGAATTCC
TGGTTTAAGATTTTACAGGAATACGTTGAACATCAGGTTGATGATGCAATGATGGCAAAT
GCAGCCCAGAAATTTCCCTTCAATACTCCTAAAACCAAAGAAGGATATTACTACCGTCAA
GTCTTTGAACGCCATTACCCAGGCCGGGCTGACTGGCTGAGCCATTACTGGATGCCCAAG
TGGATCAATGCCACTGACCCTTCTGCCCGCACGCTGACCCACTACAAGTCAGCTGTCAAA
GCTTAG

1. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, Graves TA, Pepin KH, Wagner-McPherson C, Layman D, Maas J, Jaeger S, Walker R, Wylie K, Sekhon M, Becker MC, O'Laughlin MD, Schaller ME, Fewell GA, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Nash WE, Cordes M, Du H, Sun H, Edwards J, Bradshaw-Cordum H, Ali J, Andrews S, Isak A, Vanbrunt A, Nguyen C, Du F, Lamar B, Courtney L, Kalicki J, Ozersky P, Bielicki L, Scott K, Holmes A, Harkins R, Harris A, Strong CM, Hou S, Tomlinson C, Dauphin-Kohlberg S, Kozlowicz-Reilly A, Leonard S, Rohlfing T, Rock SM, Tin-Wollam AM, Abbott A, Minx P, Maupin R, Strowmatt C, Latreille P, Miller N, Johnson D, Murray J, Woessner JP, Wendl MC, Yang SP, Schultz BR, Wallis JW, Spieth J, Bieri TA, Nelson JO, Berkowicz N, Wohldmann PE, Cook LL, Hickenbotham MT, Eldred J, Williams D, Bedell JA, Mardis ER, Clifton SW, Chissoe SL, Marra MA, Raymond C, Haugen E, Gillett W, Zhou Y, James R, Phelps K, Iadanoto S, Bubb K, Simms E, Levy R, Clendenning J, Kaul R, Kent WJ, Furey TS, Baertsch RA, Brent MR, Keibler E, Flicek P, Bork P, Suyama M, Bailey JA, Portnoy ME, Torrents D, Chinwalla AT, Gish WR, Eddy SR, McPherson JD, Olson MV, Eichler EE, Green ED, Waterston RH, Wilson RK: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. Nature. 2003 Jul 10;424(6945):157-64. [PubMed ]
2. Van Heeke G, Schuster SM: Expression of human asparagine synthetase in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 5;264(10):5503-9. [PubMed ]
3. Zhang YP, Lambert MA, Cairney AE, Wills D, Ray PN, Andrulis IL: Molecular structure of the human asparagine synthetase gene. Genomics. 1989 Apr;4(3):259-65. [PubMed ]
4. Greco A, Gong SS, Ittmann M, Basilico C: Organization and expression of the cell cycle gene, ts11, that encodes asparagine synthetase. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jun;9(6):2350-9. [PubMed ]
5. Van Heeke G, Schuster SM: The N-terminal cysteine of human asparagine synthetase is essential for glutamine-dependent activity. J Biol Chem. 1989 Nov 25;264(33):19475-7. [PubMed ]
6. Andrulis IL, Chen J, Ray PN: Isolation of human cDNAs for asparagine synthetase and expression in Jensen rat sarcoma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2435-43. [PubMed ]
7. Greco A, Ittmann M, Basilico C: Molecular cloning of a gene that is necessary for G1 progression in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Mar;84(6):1565-9. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase
2. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
3. EC 2.6.1.19
4. EC 2.6.1.22
5. GABA aminotransferase
6. GABA transaminase
7. GABA-AT
8. GABA-T
9. Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase
10. L-AIBAT

MASMLLAQRLACSFQHSYRLLVPGSRHISQAAAKVDVEFDYDGPLMKTEVPGPRSQELMK
QLNIIQNAEAVHFFCNYEESRGNYLVDVDGNRMLDLYSQISSVPIGYSHPALLKLIQQPQ
NASMFVNRPALGILPPENFVEKLRQSLLSVAPKGMSQLITMACGSCSNENALKTIFMWYR
SKERGQRGFSQEELETCMINQAPGCPDYSILSFMGAFHGRTMGCLATTHSKAIHKIDIPS
FDWPIAPFPRLKYPLEEFVKENQQEEARCLEEVEDLIVKYRKKKKTVAGIIVEPIQSEGG
DNHASDDFFRKLRDIARKHGCAFLVDEVQTGGGCTGKFWAHEHWGLDDPADVMTFSKKMM
TGGFFHKEEFRPNAPYRIFNTWLGDPSKNLLLAEVINIIKREDLLNNAAHAGKALLTGLL
DLQARYPQFISRVRGRGTFCSFDTPDDSIRNKLILIARNKGVVLGGCGDKSIRFRPTLVF
RDHHAHLFLNIFSDILADFK

• 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_3 (PF00202 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion
• mitochondrial matrix

ATGGCCTCCATGTTGCTCGCCCAGCGGCTGGCCTGCAGCTTCCAGCACACGTACCGCCTG
CTGGTGCCTGGATCCAGACACATTAGTCAAGCTGCAGCCAAAGTCGACGTTGAATTTGAT
TATGATGGGCCTCTGATGAAGACGGAAGTCCCAGGGCCTAGATCTCAGGAGTTAATGAAA
CAGCTGAATATAATTCAGAATGCAGAGGCTGTGCATTTTTTCTGCAATTACGAAGAGAGC
CGAGGCAATTACCTGGTTGATGTGGACGGCAACCGAATGCTGGATCTTTATTCCCAGATC
TCCTCTGTTCCCATAGGTTACAGCGACCCGGCCCTCGTGAAACTCATCCAACAGCCACAA
AATGCGAGCATGTTTGTCAACAGACCCGCCCTCGAAATCCTGCCTCCGGAGAACTTTGTG
GAGAAGCTCCGGCAGTCCTTGCTCTCGGTGGCTCCCAAAGGGATGTCCCAGCTCATCACC
ATGGCCTGCGGCTCCTGCTCCAATGAAAACGCCTTAAAGACCATCTTCATGTGGTACCGG
AGCAAGGAAAGAGGGCAGAGGGGATTCTCCAAAGAGGAGCTGGAGACGTGCATGATTAAC
CAGGCCCCCTGGTGCCCCGACTACAGCATCCTCTCCTTCATGGGTTCCTTCCATGGGAGG
ACCATGGGTTGCTTAGCGACCACGCACTCTAAAGCCATTCACAAGATCGATATCCCTTCC
TTTGACTGGCCCATCGCACCGTTCCCACGGCTGAAATACCCTCTGGAAGAGTTTGTGAAA
GAGAACCAACAGGAAGAGGCCGGCTGTCTGGAAGAGGTTGAGGATCTGATTGTGAAATAT
CGAAAAAAGAAGAAGACGGTGGCCGGGATCATCGTGGAGCCCATCCAGTCCGAGGGTGGA
GACAACCATGCATCCGATGACTTCTTTCGGAAGCTGAGAGACATCGCCAGGAAGCACTGC
TGCGCCTTCTTGGTGGACGAGGTCCAGACCGGAGGAGGCTGCACGGGCAAGTTCTGGGCC
CATGAGCACTGGGGCCTGGATGACCCAGCAGACGTGATGACCTTCAGCAAGAAGATGATG
ACTGGGGGCTTCTTCCTCAAGGAGGAGTTCAGGCCTAATGCTCCCTACCGGATCTTCAAC
ACGTGGCTGGGGGACCCGTCCAAGAACCTGTTGCTGGCTGAGGTCATCAACATCATCAAG
CGGGAGGACCTGCTAAATAATGCAGCCCATGCCGGGAAGGCCCTGCTCACAGGACTGCTG
GACCTCCAGGCCCGGTACCCCCAGTTCATCAGCAGGGTGAGAGGACGAGGCACCTTTTGC
TCCTTCGATACTCCCGATGATTCCATACGGAATAAGCTCATTTTAATTGCCAGAAACAAA
GGTGTGGTGTTGGGTGGCTGTGGTGACAAATCCATTCGTTTCCGTCCCACGCTGGTGTTC
AGGGATCACCACGCTCACCTGTTCCTCAATATTTTCAGTGACATCTTAGCAGACTTCAAG
TAA

1. Medina-Kauwe LK, Tobin AJ, De Meirleir L, Jaeken J, Jakobs C, Nyhan WL, Gibson KM: 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-transaminase) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Jun;22(4):414-27. [PubMed ]
2. Osei YD, Churchich JE: Screening and sequence determination of a cDNA encoding the human brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):185-7. [PubMed ]
3. De Biase D, Barra D, Simmaco M, John RA, Bossa F: Primary structure and tissue distribution of human 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jan 15;227(1-2):476-80. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
3. Imai H, Okuno T, Wu JY, Lee TJ: GABAergic innervation in cerebral blood vessels: an immunohistochemical demonstration of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transaminase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991 Jan;11(1):129-34. [PubMed ]
4. Happola O, Paivarinta H, Soinila S, Wu JY, Panula P: Localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA transaminase immunoreactivity in the sympathetic ganglia of the rat. Neuroscience. 1987 Apr;21(1):271-81. [PubMed ]
5. Far SR, Millimoria FR: Levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), gamma amino butyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GLDH) and proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of certain neurological disorders. Indian J Med Sci. 1996 Apr;50(4):99-102. [PubMed ]

1. Conjugase
2. EC 3.4.19.9
3. GH
4. Gamma-Glu-X carboxypeptidase
5. Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase precursor

MASPGCLLCVLGLLLCGAASLELSRPHGDTAKKPIIGILMQKCRNKVMKNYGRYYIAASY
VKYLESAGARVVPVRLDLTEKDYEILFKSINGILFPGGSVDLRRSDYAKVAKIFYNLSIQ
SFDDGDYFPVWGTCLGFEELSLLISGECLLTATDTVDVAMPLNFTGGQLHSRMFQNFPTE
LLLSLAVEPLTANFHKWSLSVKNFTMNEKLKKFFNVLTTNTDGKIEFISTMEGYKYPVYG
VQWHPEKAPYEWKNLDGISHAPNAVKTAFYLAEFFVNEARKNNHHFKSESEEEKALIYQF
SPIYTGNISSFQQCYIFD

• Hydrolysis of a gamma-glutamyl bond ALL_REAC (other) R04242

• Peptidase_C26 (PF07722 )

• 1-24

• None

• Secreted protein
• extracellular space. Lysosome. While its intracellular location is primarily the l

ATGGCCAGTCCGGGCTGCCTGCTGTGCGTGCTGGGCCTGCTACTCTGCGGGGCGGCGAGC
CTCGAGCTGTCTAGACCCCACGGCGACACCGCCAAGAAGCCCATCATCGGAATATTAATG
CAAAAATGCCGTAATAAAGTCATGAAAAACTATGGAAGATACTATATTGCTGCGTCCTAT
GTAAAGTACTTGGAGTCTGCAGGTGCGAGAGTTGTACCAGTAAGGCTGGATCTTACAGAG
AAAGACTATGAAATACTTTTCAAATCTATTAATGGAATCCTTTTCCCTGGAGGAAGTGTT
GACCTCAGACGCTCAGATTATGCTAAAGTGGCCAAAATATTTTATAACTTGTCCATACAG
AGTTTTGATGATGGAGACTATTTTCCTGTGTGGGGCACATGCCTTGGATTTGAAGAGCTT
TCACTGCTGATTAGTGGAGAGTGCTTATTAACTGCCACAGATACTGTTGACGTGGCAATG
CCGCTGAACTTCACTGGAGGTCAATTGCACAGCAGAATGTTCCAGAATTTTCCTACTGAG
TTGTTGCTGTCATTAGCAGTAGAACCTCTGACTGCCAATTTCCATAAGTGGAGCCTCTCC
GTGAAGAATTTTACAATGAATGAAAAGTTAAAGAAGTTTTTCAATGTCTTAACTACAAAT
ACAGATGGCAAGATTGAGTTTATTTCAACAATGGAAGGATATAAGTATCCAGTATATGGT
GTCCAGTGGCATCCAGAGAAAGCACCTTATGAGTGGAAGAATTTGGATGGCATTTCCCAT
GCACCTAATGCTGTGAAAACCGCATTTTATTTAGCAGAGTTTTTTGTTAATGAAGCTCGG
AAAAACAACCATCATTTTAAATCTGAATCTGAAGAGGAGAAAGCATTGATTTATCAGTTC
AGTCCAATTTATACTGGAAATATTTCTTCATTTCAGCAATGTTACATATTTGATTGA

1. Yin D, Chave KJ, Macaluso CR, Galivan J, Yao R: Structural organization of the human gamma-glutamyl hydrolase gene. Gene. 1999 Oct 1;238(2):463-70. [PubMed ]
2. Yao R, Schneider E, Ryan TJ, Galivan J: Human gamma-glutamyl hydrolase: cloning and characterization of the enzyme expressed in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 17;93(19):10134-8. [PubMed ]

1. Chunhachart O, Hanayama T, Hidesaki M, Tanimoto H, Tahara Y: Structure of the hydrolyzed product (F-2) released from gamma-polyglutamic acid by gamma-glutamyl hydrolase YwtD of Bacillus subtilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Sep;70(9):2289-91. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed ]
2. Chunhachart O, Itoh T, Sukchotiratana M, Tanimoto H, Tahara Y: Characterization of gamma-glutamyl hydrolase produced by Bacillus sp. isolated from Thai Thua-nao. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Nov;70(11):2779-82. Epub 2006 Nov 7. [PubMed ]

1. EC 6.3.5.2
2. GMP synthetase
3. Glutamine amidotransferase

MALCNGDSKLENAGGDLKDGHHHYEGAVVILDAGAQYGKVIDRRVRELFVQSEIFPLETP
AFAIKEQGFRAIIISGGPNSVYAEDAPWFDPAIFTIGKPVLGICYGMQMMNKVFGGTVHK
KSVREDGVFNISVDNTCSLFRGLQKEEVVLLTHGDSVDKVADGFKVVARSGNIVAGIANE
SKKLYGAQFHPEVGLTENGKVILKNFLYDIAGCSGTFTVQNRELECIREIKERVGTSKVL
VLLSGGVDSTVCTALLNRALNQEQVIAVHIDNGFMRKRESQSVEEALKKLGIQVKVINAA
HSFYNGTTTLPISDEDRTPRKRISKTLNMTTSPEEKRKIIGDTFVKIANEVIGEMNLKPE
EVFLAQGTLRPDLIESASLVASGKAELIKTHHNDTELIRKLREEGKVIEPLKDFHKDEVR
ILGRELGLPEELVSRHPFPGPGLAIRVICAEEPYICKDFPETNNILKIVADFSASVKKPH
TLLQRVKACTTEEDQEKLMQITSLHSLNAFLLPIKTVGVQGDCRSYSYVCGISSKDEPDW
ESLIFLARLIPRMCHNVNRVVYIFGPPVKEPPTDVTPTFLTTGVLSTLRQADFEAHNILR
ESGYAGKISQMPVILTPLHFDRDPLQKQPSCQRSVVIRTFITSDFMTGIPATPGNEIPVE
VVLKMVTEIKKIPGISRIMYDLTSKPPGTTEWE

• ATP + xanthosine 5'-phosphate + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + L-glutamate

• GATase (PF00117 )
• GMP_synt_C (PF00958 )
• ExsB (PF06508 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGGCTCTGTGCAACGGAGACTCCAAGCTGGAGAATGCTGGAGGAGACCTTAAGGATGGC
CACCACCACTATGAAGGAGCTGTTGTCATTCTGGATGCTGGTGCTCAGTACGGGAAAGTC
ATAGACCGAAGAGTGAGGGAACTGTTCGTGCAGTCTGAAATTTTCCCCTTGGAAACACCA
GCATTTGCTATAAAGGAACAAGGATTCCGTGCTATTATCATCTCTGGAGGACCTAATTCT
GTGTATGCTGAAGATGCTCCCTGGTTTGATCCAGCAATATTCACTATTGGCAAGCCTGTT
CTTGGAATTTGCTATGGTATGCAGATGATGAATAAGGTATTTGGAGGTACTGTGCACAAA
AAAAGTGTCAGAGAAGATGGAGTTTTCAACATTAGTGTGGATAATACATGTTCATTATTC
AGGGGCCTTCAGAAGGAAGAAGTTGTTTTGCTTACACATGGAGATAGTGTAGACAAAGTA
GCTGATGGATTCAAGGTTGTGGCACGTTCTGGAAACATAGTAGCAGGCATAGCAAATGAA
TCTAAAAAGTTATATGGAGCACAGTTCCACCCTGAAGTTGGCCTTACAGAAAATGGAAAA
GTAATACTGAAGAATTTCCTTTATGATATAGCTGGATGCAGTGGAACCTTCACCGTGCAG
AACAGAGAACTTGAGTGTATTCGAGAGATCAAAGAGAGAGTAGGCACGTCAAAAGTTTTG
GTTTTACTCAGTGGTGGAGTAGACTCAACAGTTTGTACAGCTTTGCTAAATCGTGCTTTG
AACCAAGAACAAGTCATTGCTGTGCACATTGATAATGGCTTTATGAGAAAACGAGAAAGC
CAGTCTGTTGAAGAGGCCCTCAAAAAGCTTGGAATTCAGGTCAAAGTGATAAATGCTGCT
CATTCTTTCTACAATGGAACAACAACCCTACCAATATCAGATGAAGATAGAACCCCACGG
AAAAGAATTAGCAAAACGTTAAATATGACCACAAGTCCTGAAGAGAAAAGAAAAATCATT
GGGGATACTTTTGTTAAGATTGCCAATGAAGTAATTGGAGAAATGAACTTGAAACCAGAG
GAGGTTTTCCTTGCCCAAGGTACTTTACGGCCTGATCTAATTGAAAGTGCATCCCTTGTT
GCAAGTGGCAAAGCTGAACTCATCAAAACCCATCACAATGACACAGAGCTCATCAGAAAG
TTGAGAGAGGAGGGAAAAGTAATAGAACCTCTGAAAGATTTTCATAAAGATGAAGTGAGA
ATTTTGGGCAGAGAACTTGGACTTCCAGAAGAGTTAGTTTCCAGGCATCCATTTCCAGGT
CCTGGCCTGGCAATCAGAGTAATATGTGCTGAAGAACCTTATATTTGTAAGGACTTTCCT
GAAACCAACAATATTTTGAAAATAGTAGCTGATTTTTCTGCAAGTGTTAAAAAGCCACAT
ACCCTATTACAGAGAGTCAAAGCCTGCACAACAGAAGAGGATCAGGAGAAGCTGATGCAA
ATTACCAGTCTGCATTCACTGAATGCCTTCTTGCTGCCAATTAAAACTGTAGGTGTGCAG
GGTGACTGTCGTTCCTACAGTTACGTGTGTGGAATCTCCAGTAAAGATGAACCTGACTGG
GAATCACTTATTTTTCTGGCTAGGCTTATACCTCGCATGTGTCACAACGTTAACAGAGTT
GTTTATATATTTGGCCCACCAGTTAAAGAACCTCCTACAGATGTTACTCCCACTTTCTTG
ACAACAGGGGTGCTCAGTACTTTACGCCAAGCTGATTTTGAGGCCCATAACATTCTCAGG
GAGTCTGGGTATGCTGGGAAAATCAGCCAGATGCCGGTGATTTTGACACCATTACATTTT
GATCGGGACCCACTTCAAAAGCAGCCTTCATGCCAGAGATCTGTGGTTATTCGAACCTTT
ATTACTAGTGACTTCATGACTGGTATACCTGCAACACCTGGCAATGAGATCCCTGTAGAG
GTGGTATTAAAGATGGTCACTGAGATTAAGAAGATTCCTGGTATTTCTCGAATTATGTAT
GACTTAACATCAAAGCCCCCAGGAACTACTGAGTGGGAGTAA

1. Hirst M, Haliday E, Nakamura J, Lou L: Human GMP synthetase. Protein purification, cloning, and functional expression of cDNA. J Biol Chem. 1994 Sep 23;269(38):23830-7. [PubMed ]

1. Ravasio S, Dossena L, Martin-Figueroa E, Florencio FJ, Mattevi A, Morandi P, Curti B, Vanoni MA: Properties of the recombinant ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of Synechocystis PCC6803. Comparison with the Azospirillum brasilense NADPH-dependent enzyme and its isolated alpha subunit. Biochemistry. 2002 Jun 25;41(25):8120-33. [PubMed ]
2. Myers RS, Amaro RE, Luthey-Schulten ZA, Davisson VJ: Reaction coupling through interdomain contacts in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase. Biochemistry. 2005 Sep 13;44(36):11974-85. [PubMed ]
3. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
4. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
5. Boehlein SK, Richards NG, Schuster SM: Glutamine-dependent nitrogen transfer in Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Searching for the catalytic triad. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 11;269(10):7450-7. [PubMed ]

1. EAA3
2. Excitatory amino acid receptor 3
3. GluR-5
4. GluR5
5. Glutamate receptor 5
6. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 1 precursor

MEHGTLLAQPGLWTRDTSWALLYFLCYILPQTAPQVLRIGGIFETVENEPVNVEELAFKF
AVTSINRNRTLMPNTTLTYDIQRINLFDSFEASRRACDQLALGVAALFGPSHSSSVSAVQ
SICNALEVPHIQTRWKHPSVDNKDLFYINLYPDYAAISRAILDLVLYYNWKTVTVVYEDS
TGLIRLQELIKAPSRYNIKIKIRQLPSGNKDAKPLLKEMKKGKEFYVIFDCSHETAAEIL
KQILFMGMMTEYYHYFFTTLDLFALDLELYRYSGVNMTGFRLLNIDNPHVSSIIEKWSME
RLQAPPRPETGLLDGMMTTEAALMYDAVYMVAIASHRASQLTVSSLQCHRHKPWRLGPRF
MNLIKEARWDGLTGHITFNKTNGLRKDFDLDIISLKEEGTEKAAGEVSKHLYKVWKKIGI
WNSNSGLNMTDSNKDKSSNITDSLANRTLIVTTILEEPYVMYRKSDKPLYGNDRFEGYCL
DLLKELSNILGFIYDVKLVPDGKYGAQNDKGEWNGMVKELIDHRADLAVAPLTITYVREK
VIDFSKPFMTLGISILYRKPNGTNPGVFSFLNPLSPDIWMYVLLACLGVSCVLFVIARFT
PYEWYNPHPCNPDSDVVENNFTLLNSFWFGVGALMQQGSELMPKALSTRIVGGIWWFFTL
IIISSYTANLAAFLTVERMESPIDSADDLAKQTKIEYGAVRDGSTMTFFKKSKISTYEKM
WAFMSSRQQTALVRNSDEGIQRVLTTDYALLMESTSIEYVTQRNCNLTQIGGLIDSKGYG
VGTPIGSPYRDKITIAILQLQEEGKLHMMKEKWWRGNGCPEEDNKEASALGVENIGGIFI
VLAAGLVLSVFVAIGEFIYKSRKNNDIEQAFCFFYGLQCKQTHPTNSTSGTTLSTDLECG
KLIREERGIRKQSSVHTV

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )
• ANF_receptor (PF01094 )

• 1-30

• 577-597
• 616-636
• 654-674
• 835-855

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGGAGCACGGCACACTCCTCGCCCAGCCCGGGCTCTGGACCAGGGACACCAGCTGGGCA
CTCCTCTATTTCCTCTGCTATATCCTCCCTCAGACCGCCCCGCAAGTACTCAGGATCGGA
GGGATTTTTGAAACAGTGGAAAATGAGCCTGTTAATGTTGAAGAATTAGCTTTCAAGTTT
GCAGTCACCAGCATTAACAGAAACCGAACCCTGATGCCTAACACCACATTAACCTATGAC
ATCCAGAGAATTAACCTTTTTGATAGTTTTGAAGCCTCGCGGAGAGCATGTGACCAGCTG
GCTCTTGGTGTGGCTGCTCTCTTTGGCCCTTCCCATAGCTCCTCCGTCAGTGCTGTGCAG
TCGATTTGCAATGCTCTCGAAGTTCCACACATACAGACCCGCTGGAAACACCCCTCGGTG
GACAACAAAGATTTGTTTTACATCAACCTTTACCCAGATTATGCAGCTATCAGCAGGGCG
ATCCTGGATCTGGTCCTCTATTACAACTGGAAAACAGTGACCGTGGTGTATGAAGACAGC
ACAGGTCTAATTCGTCTACAAGAGCTCATCAAAGCTCCCTCCAGATATAATATTAAAATC
AAAATCCGCCAGCTGCCCTCTGGGAATAAAGATGCCAAGCCTTTACTCAAGGAGATGAAG
AAAGGCAAGGAGTTCTATGTGATATTTGATTGTTCACATGAAACAGCCGCTGAAATCCTT
AAGCAGATTCTGTTCATGGGCATGATGACCGAGTACTATCACTACTTTTTCACAACCCTG
GACTTATTTGCTTTGGATCTGGAACTCTATAGGTACAGTGGCGTAAACATGACCGGGTTT
CGGCTGCTTAACATTGACAACCCTCACGTGTCATCCATCATTGAGAAGTGGTCCATGGAG
AGACTGCAGGCCCCACCCAGGCCCGAGACTGGCCTTTTGGATGGCATGATGACAACTGAA
GCGGCTCTGATGTACGATGCTGTGTACATGGTGGCCATTGCCTCGCACCGGGCATCCCAG
CTGACCGTCAGCTCCCTGCAGTGCCATAGACATAAGCCATGGCGCCTCGGACCCAGATTT
ATGAACCTGATCAAAGAGGCCCGGTGGGATGGCTTGACTGGGCATATCACCTTTAATAAA
ACCAATGGCTTGAGGAAGGATTTTGATCTGGACATTATTAGTCTCAAAGAGGAAGGAACT
GAAAAGGCTGCTGGCGAAGTGTCTAAACACTTGTATAAAGTGTGGAAGAAGATTGGGATT
TGGAATTCCAACAGTGGGCTTAACATGACGGACAGCAACAAAGACAAGTCCAGCAATATC
ACTGATTCATTGGCCAACAGAACACTCATTGTCACCACCATTCTGGAAGAACCCTATGTT
ATGTACAGGAAATCTGATAAGCCTCTATATGGAAATGACAGATTTGAAGGATATTGCCTA
GACCTGTTGAAAGAATTGTCAAACATCCTGGGTTTCATTTATGATGTTAAACTAGTTCCC
GATGGCAAATATGGGGCCCAGAATGACAAAGGGGAGTGGAACGGGATGGTTAAAGAACTC
ATAGATCACAGGGCTGACCTGGCAGTGGCTCCTCTTACCATCACCTACGTGCGGGAGAAA
GTCATTGACTTCTCCAAACCCTTCATGACCCTAGGCATCAGCATTCTCTACCGGAAGCCC
AATGGTACCAATCCAGGCGTTTTCTCCTTCCTCAACCCCCTGTCTCCAGATATTTGGATG
TATGTGCTCTTAGCCTGCTTGGGAGTCAGCTGTGTACTCTTTGTGATTGCAAGGTTTACA
CCCTACGAGTGGTATAACCCCCACCCATGCAACCCTGACTCAGACGTGGTGGAAAACAAT
TTTACTTTACTAAATAGTTTCTGGTTTGGAGTTGGAGCTCTCATGCAGCAAGGATCAGAG
CTGATGCCCAAAGCTCTATCGACCAGAATAGTTGGAGGGATATGGTGGTTTTTCACCCTA
ATCATCATTTCATCCTACACGGCCAATCTGGCTGCCTTCTTGACAGTAGAGAGAATGGAA
TCCCCCATAGATTCGGCAGATGATCTGGCAAAGCAAACCAAGATAGAATATGGGGCGGTT
AGAGATGGATCAACAATGACCTTCTTCAAGAAATCAAAAATCTCCACCTATGAGAAGATG
TGGGCTTTCATGAGCAGCAGGCAGCAGACCGCCCTGGTAAGAAACAGTGATGAGGGGATC
CAGAGAGTGCTCACCACAGACTACGCGCTGCTGATGGAGTCCACCAGCATTGAGTATGTG
ACGCAGAGAAACTGCAACCTCACTCAGATCGGGGGCCTCATTGACTCCAAAGGTTACGGA
GTGGGAACACCTATTGGTTCTCCTTACCGGGATAAAATTACTATTGCTATTCTTCAACTC
CAAGAAGAAGGGAAGCTGCATATGATGAAAGAGAAGTGGTGGCGTGGGAATGGCTGCCCC
GAGGAAGACAACAAAGAAGCCAGTGCCCTGGGAGTGGAAAATATTGGAGGCATCTTCATT
GTTCTGGCTGCCGGACTGGTCCTTTCTGTATTTGTAGCTATTGGAGAATTCATATACAAA
TCACGGAAGAATAATGATATTGAACAGGCTTTTTGTTTCTTTTATGGACTGCAATGTAAG
CAAACCCATCCAACCAACTCCACTTCTGGAACTACTTTATCTACGGATTTAGAATGTGGT
AAATTAATTCGAGAGGAGAGAGGGATTCGAAAACAGTCCTCAGTTCATACTGTGTAA

1. Shibata H, Joo A, Fujii Y, Tani A, Makino C, Hirata N, Kikuta R, Ninomiya H, Tashiro N, Fukumaki Y: Association study of polymorphisms in the GluR5 kainate receptor gene (GRIK1) with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet. 2001 Sep;11(3):139-44. [PubMed ]
2. Nutt SL, Kamboj RK: RNA editing of human kainate receptor subunits. Neuroreport. 1994 Dec 20;5(18):2625-9. [PubMed ]
3. Gregor P, O'Hara BF, Yang X, Uhl GR: Expression and novel subunit isoforms of glutamate receptor genes GluR5 and GluR6. Neuroreport. 1993 Sep 30;4(12):1343-6. [PubMed ]
4. Korczak B, Nutt SL, Fletcher EJ, Hoo KH, Elliott CE, Rampersad V, McWhinnie EA, Kamboj RK: cDNA cloning and functional properties of human glutamate receptor EAA3 (GluR5) in homomeric and heteromeric configuration. Receptors Channels. 1995;3(1):41-9. [PubMed ]

1. Stensbol TB, Borre L, Johansen TN, Egebjerg J, Madsen U, Ebert B, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Resolution, absolute stereochemistry and molecular pharmacology of the enantiomers of ATPA. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 10;380(2-3):153-62. [PubMed ]
2. Valgeirsson J, Christensen JK, Kristensen AS, Pickering DS, Nielsen B, Fischer CH, Brauner-Osborne H, Nielsen EO, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Madsen U: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at AMPA and kainate preferring glutamate receptors of 4-heteroarylmethylidene glutamate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Oct 1;11(20):4341-9. [PubMed ]
3. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
4. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
5. Sahara Y, Noro N, Iida Y, Soma K, Nakamura Y: Glutamate receptor subunits GluR5 and KA-2 are coexpressed in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Neurosci. 1997 Sep 1;17(17):6611-20. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate receptor subunit zeta-1 precursor
2. N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor subunit NR1

MSTMRLLTLALLFSCSVARAACDPKIVNIGAVLSTRKHEQMFREAVNQANKRHGSWKIQL
NATSVTHKPNAIQMALSVCEDLISSQVYAILVSHPPTPNDHFTPTPVSYTAGFYRIPVLG
LTTRMSIYSDKSIHLSFLRTVPPYSHQSSVWFEMMRVYSWNHIILLVSDDHEGRAAQKRL
ETLLEERESKAEKVLQFDPGTKNVTALLMEAKELEARVIILSASEDDAATVYRAAAMLNM
TGSGYVWLVGEREISGNALRYAPDGILGLQLINGKNESAHISDAVGVVAQAVHELLEKEN
ITDPPRGCVGNTNIWKTGPLFKRVLMSSKYADGVTGRVEFNEDGDRKFANYSIMNLQNRK
LVQVGIYNGTHVIPNDRKIIWPGGETEKPRGYQMSTRLKIVTIHQEPFVYVKPTLSDGTC
KEEFTVNGDPVKKVICTGPNDTSPGSPRHTVPQCCYGFCIDLLIKLARTMNFTYEVHLVA
DGKFGTQERVNNSNKKEWNGMMGELLSGQADMIVAPLTINNERAQYIEFSKPFKYQGLTI
LVKKEIPRSTLDSFMQPFQSTLWLLVGLSVHVVAVMLYLLDRFSPFGRFKVNSEEEEEDA
LTLSSAMWFSWGVLLNSGIGEGAPRSFSARILGMVWAGFAMIIVASYTANLAAFLVLDRP
EERITGINDPRLRNPSDKFIYATVKQSSVDIYFRRQVELSTMYRHMEKHNYESAAEAIQA
VRDNKLHAFIWDSAVLEFEASQKCDLVTTGELFFRSGFGIGMRKDSPWKQNVSLSILKSH
ENGFMEDLDKTWVRYQECDSRSNAPATLTFENMAGVFMLVAGGIVAGIFLIFIEIAYKRH
KDARRKQMQLAFAAVNVWRKNLQDRKSGRAEPDPKKKATFRAITSTLASSFKRRRSSKDT
STGGGRGALQNQKDTVLPRRAIEREEGQLQLCSRHRES

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )
• ANF_receptor (PF01094 )

• 1-18

• 560-580
• 637-657
• 813-833

• Cell membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein. Enriched in post-synaptic plasma membrane and post-synap

ATGAGCACCATGCGCCTGCTGACGCTCGCCCTGCTGTTCTCCTGCTCCGTCGCCCGTGCC
GCGTGCGACCCCAAGATCGTCAACATTGGCGCGGTGCTGAGCACGCGGAAGCACGAGCAG
ATGTTCCGCGAGGCCGTGAACCAGGCCAACAAGCGGCACGGCTCCTGGAAGATTCAGCTC
AATGCCACCTCCGTCACGCACAAGCCCAACGCCATCCAGATGGCTCTGTCGGTGTGCGAG
GACCTCATCTCCAGCCAGGTCTACGCCATCCTAGTTAGCCATCCACCTACCCCCAACGAC
CACTTCACTCCCACCCCTGTCTCCTACACAGCCGGCTTCTACCGCATACCCGTGCTGGGG
CTGACCACCCGCATGTCCATCTACTCGGACAAGAGCATCCACCTGAGCTTCCTGCGCACC
GTGCCGCCCTACTCCCACCAGTCCAGCGTGTGGTTTGAGATGATGCGTGTCTACAGCTGG
AACCACATCATCCTGCTGGTCAGCGACGACCACGAGGGCCGGGCGGCTCAGAAACGCCTG
GAGACGCTGCTGGAGGAGCGTGAGTCCAAGGCAGAGAAGGTGCTGCAGTTTGACCCAGGG
ACCAAGAACGTGACGGCCCTGCTGATGGAGGCGAAAGAGCTGGAGGCCCGGGTCATCATC
CTTTCTGCCAGCGAGGACGATGCTGCCACTGTATACCGCGCAGCCGCGATGCTGAACATG
ACGGGCTCCGGGTACGTGTGGCTGGTCGGCGAGCGCGAGATCTCGGGGAACGCCCTGCGC
TACGCCCCAGACGGCATCCTCGGGCTGCAGCTCATCAACGGCAAGAACGAGTCGGCCCAC
ATCAGCGACGCCGTGGGCGTGGTGGCCCAGGCCGTGCACGAGCTCCTCGAGAAGGAGAAC
ATCACCGACCCGCCGCGGGGCTGCGTGGGCAACACCAACATCTGGAAGACCGGGCCGCTC
TTCAAGAGAGTGCTGATGTCTTCCAAGTATGCGGATGGGGTGACTGGTCGCGTGGAGTTC
AATGAGGATGGGGACCGGAAGTTCGCCAACTACAGCATCATGAACCTGCAGAACCGCAAG
CTGGTGCAAGTGGGCATCTACAATGGCACCCACGTCATCCCTAATGACAGGAAGATCATC
TGGCCAGGCGGAGAGACAGAGAAGCCTCGAGGGTACCAGATGTCCACCAGACTGAAGATT
GTGACGATCCACCAGGAGCCCTTCGTGTACGTCAAGCCCACGCTGAGTGATGGGACATGC
AAGGAGGAGTTCACAGTCAACGGCGACCCAGTCAAGAAGGTGATCTGCACCGGGCCCAAC
GACACGTCGCCGGGCAGCCCCCGCCACACGGTGCCTCAGTGTTGCTACGGCTTTTGCATC
GACCTGCTCATCAAGCTGGCACGGACCATGAACTTCACCTACGAGGTGCACCTGGTGGCA
GATGGCAAGTTCGGCACACAGGAGCGGGTGAACAACAGCAACAAGAAGGAGTGGAATGGG
ATGATGGGCGAGCTGCTCAGCGGGCAGGCAGACATGATCGTGGCGCCGCTAACCATAAAC
AACGAGCGCGCGCAGTACATCGAGTTTTCCAAGCCCTTCAAGTACCAGGGCCTGACTATT
CTGGTCAAGAAGGAGATTCCCCGGAGCACGCTGGACTCGTTCATGCAGCCGTTCCAGAGC
ACACTGTGGCTGCTGGTGGGGCTGTCGGTGCACGTGGTGGCCGTGATGCTGTACCTGCTG
GACCGCTTCAGCCCCTTCGGCCGGTTCAAGGTGAACAGCGAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGACGCA
CTGACCCTGTCCTCGGCCATGTGGTTCTCCTGGGGCGTCCTGCTCAACTCCGGCATCGGG
GAAGGCGCCCCCAGAAGCTTCTCAGCGCGCATCCTGGGCATGGTGTGGGCCGGCTTTGCC
ATGATCATCGTGGCCTCCTACACCGCCAACCTGGCGGCCTTCCTGGTGCTGGACCGGCCG
GAGGAGCGCATCACGGGCATCAACGACCCTCGGCTGAGGAACCCCTCGGACAAGTTTATC
TACGCCACGGTGAAGCAGAGCTCCGTGGATATCTACTTCCGGCGCCAGGTGGAGCTGAGC
ACCATGTACCGGCATATGGAGAAGCACAACTACGAGAGTGCGGCGGAGGCCATCCAGGCC
GTGAGAGACAACAAGCTGCATGCCTTCATCTGGGACTCGGCGGTGCTGGAGTTCGAGGCC
TCGCAGAAGTGCGACCTGGTGACGACTGGAGAGCTGTTTTTCCGCTCGGGCTTCGGCATA
GGCATGCGCAAAGACAGCCCCTGGAAGCAGAACGTCTCCCTGTCCATCCTCAAGTCCCAC
GAGAATGGCTTCATGGAAGACCTGGACAAGACGTGGGTTCGGTATCAGGAATGTGACTCG
CGCAGCAACGCCCCTGCGACCCTTACTTTTGAGAACATGGCCGGGGTCTTCATGCTGGTA
GCTGGGGGCATCGTGGCCGGGATCTTCCTGATTTTCATCGAGATTGCCTACAAGCGGCAC
AAGGATGCTCGCCGGAAGCAGATGCAGCTGGCCTTTGCCGCCGTTAACGTGTGGCGGAAG
AACCTGCAGGATAGAAAGAGTGGTAGAGCAGAGCCTGACCCTAAAAAGAAAGCCACATTT
AGGGCTATCACCTCCACCCTGGCTTCCAGCTTCAAGAGGCGTAGGTCCTCCAAAGACACG
AGCACCGGGGGTGGACGCGGCGCTTTGCAAAACCAAAAAGACACAGTGCTGCCGCGACGC
GCTATTGAGAGGGAGGAGGGCCAGCTGCAGCTGTGTTCCCGTCATAGGGAGAGCTGA

1. Karp SJ, Masu M, Eki T, Ozawa K, Nakanishi S: Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the key subunit of the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 15;268(5):3728-33. [PubMed ]
2. Younkin DP, Tang CM, Hardy M, Reddy UR, Shi QY, Pleasure SJ, Lee VM, Pleasure D: Inducible expression of neuronal glutamate receptor channels in the NT2 human cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 15;90(6):2174-8. [PubMed ]
3. Planells-Cases R, Sun W, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Montal M: Molecular cloning, functional expression, and pharmacological characterization of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit from human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 1;90(11):5057-61. [PubMed ]
4. Foldes RL, Rampersad V, Kamboj RK: Cloning and sequence analysis of additional splice variants encoding human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (hNR1) subunits. Gene. 1994 Sep 30;147(2):303-4. [PubMed ]
5. Tingley WG, Roche KW, Thompson AK, Huganir RL: Regulation of NMDA receptor phosphorylation by alternative splicing of the C-terminal domain. Nature. 1993 Jul 1;364(6432):70-3. [PubMed ]
6. Foldes RL, Rampersad V, Kamboj RK: Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding human hippocampus N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits: evidence for alternative RNA splicing. Gene. 1993 Sep 15;131(2):293-8. [PubMed ]

1. Miglio G, Dianzani C, Fallarini S, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G: Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulates Jurkat T cell growth and adhesion to fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 21;361(2):404-9. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [PubMed ]

1. 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase
2. EC 4.1.1.15
3. GAD-67
4. Glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform

MASSTPSSSATSSNAGADPNTTNLRPTTYDTWCGVAHGCTRKLGLKICGFLQRTNSLEEK
SRLVSAFKERQSSKNLLSCENSDRDARFRRTETDFSNLFARDLLPAKNGEEQTVQFLLEV
VDILLNYVRKTFDRSTKVLDFHHPHQLLEGMEGFNLELSDHPESLEQILVDCRDTLKYGV
RTGHPRFFNQLSTGLDIIGLAGEWLTSTANTNMFTYEIAPVFVLMEQITLKKMREIVGWS
SKDGDGIFSPGGAISNMYSIMAARYKYFPEVKTKGMAAVPKLVLFTSEQSHYSIKKAGAA
LGFGTDNVILIKCNERGKIIPADFEAKILEAKQKGYVPFYVNATAGTTVYGAFDPIQEIA
DICEKYNLWLHVDAAWGGGLLMSRKHRHKLNGIERANSVTWNPHKMMGVLLQCSAILVKE
KGILQGCNQMCAGYLFQPDKQYDVSYDTGDKAIQCGRHVDIFKFWLMWKAKGTVGFENQI
NKCLELAEYLYAKIKNREEFEMVFNGEPEHTNVCFWYIPQSLRGVPDSPQRREKLHKVAP
KIKALMMESGTTMVGYQPQGDKANFFRMVISNPAATQSDIDFLIEEIERLGQDL

• L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2

• Pyridoxal_deC (PF00282 )

• None

• None

ATGGCGTCTTCGACCCCATCTTCGTCCGCAACCTCCTCGAACGCGGGAGCGGACCCCAAT
ACCACTAACCTGCGCCCCACAACGTACGATACCTGGTGCGGCGTGGCCCATGGATGCACC
AGAAAACTGGGGCTCAAGATCTGCGGCTTCTTGCAAAGGACCAACAGCCTGGAAGAGAAG
AGTCGCCTTGTGAGTGCCTTCAGGGAGAGGCAATCCTCCAAGAACCTGCTTTCCTGTGAA
AACAGCGACCGGGATGCCCGCTTCCGGCGCACAGAGACTGACTTCTCTAATCTGTTTGCT
AGAGATCTGCTTCCGGCTAAGAACGGTGAGGAGCAAACCGTGCAATTCCTCCTGGAAGTG
GTGGACATACTCCTCAACTATGTCCGCAAGACATTTGATCGCTCCACCAAGGTGCTGGAC
TTTCATCACCCACACCAGTTGCTGGAAGGCATGGAGGGCTTCAACTTGGAGCTCTCTGAC
CACCCCGAGTCCCTGGAGCAGATCCTGGTTGACTGCAGAGACACCTTGAAGTATGGGGTT
CGCACAGGTCATCCTCGATTTTTCAACCAGCTCTCCACTGGATTGGATATTATTGGCCTA
GCTGGAGAATGGCTGACATCAACGGCCAATACCAACATGTTTACATATGAAATTGCACCA
GTGTTTGTCCTCATGGAACAAATAACACTTAAGAAGATGAGAGAGATAGTTGGATGGTCA
AGTAAAGATGGTGATGGGATATTTTCTCCTGGGGGCGCCATATCCAACATGTACAGCATC
ATGGCTGCTCGCTACAAGTACTTCCCGGAAGTTAAGACAAAGGGCATGGCGGCTGTGCCT
AAACTGGTCCTCTTCACCTCAGAACAGAGTCACTATTCCATAAAGAAAGCTGGGGCTGCA
CTTGGCTTTGGAACTGACAATGTGATTTTGATAAAGTGCAATGAAAGGGGGAAAATAATT
CCAGCTGATTTTGAGGCAAAAATTCTTGAAGCCAAACAGAAGGGATATGTTCCCTTTTAT
GTCAATGCAACTGCTGGCACGACTGTTTATGGAGCTTTTGATCCGATACAAGAGATTGCA
GATATATGTGAGAAATATAACCTTTGGTTGCATGTCGATGCTGCCTGGGGAGGTGGGCTG
CTCATGTCCAGGAAGCACCGCCATAAACTCAACGGCATAGAAAGGGCCAACTCAGTCACC
TGGAACCCTCACAAGATGATGGGCGTGCTGTTGCAGTGCTCTGCCATTCTCGTCAAGGAA
AAGGGTATACTCCAAGGATGCAACCAGATGTGTGCAGGATATCTCTTCCAGCCAGACAAG
CAGTATGATGTCTCCTACGACACCGGGGACAAGGCAATTCAGTGTGGCCGCCACGTGGAT
ATCTTCAAGTTCTGGCTGATGTGGAAAGCAAAGGGCACAGTGGGATTTGAAAACCAGATC
AACAAATGCCTGGAACTGGCTGAATACCTCTATGCCAAGATTAAAAACAGAGAAGAATTT
GAGATGGTTTTCAATGGCGAGCCTGAGCACACAAACGTCTGTTTTTGGTATATTCCACAA
AGCCTCAGGGGTGTGCCAGACAGCCCTCAACGACGGGAAAAGCTACACAAGGTGGCTCCA
AAAATCAAAGCCCTGATGATGGAGTCAGGTACGACCATGGTTGGCTACCAGCCCCAAGGG
GACAAGGCCAACTTCTTCCGGATGGTCATCTCCAACCCAGCCGCTACCCAGTCTGACATT
GACTTCCTCATTGAGGAGATAGAAAGACTGGGCCAGGATCTGTAA

1. Chessler SD, Lernmark A: Alternative splicing of GAD67 results in the synthesis of a third form of glutamic-acid decarboxylase in human islets and other non-neural tissues. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 18;275(7):5188-92. [PubMed ]
2. Kelly CD, Edwards Y, Johnstone AP, Harfst E, Nogradi A, Nussey SS, Povey S, Carter ND: Nucleotide sequence and chromosomal assignment of a cDNA encoding the large isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase. Ann Hum Genet. 1992 Jul;56(Pt 3):255-65. [PubMed ]
3. Bu DF, Erlander MG, Hitz BC, Tillakaratne NJ, Kaufman DL, Wagner-McPherson CB, Evans GA, Tobin AJ: Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2115-9. [PubMed ]
4. Persson H, Pelto-Huikko M, Metsis M, Soder O, Brene S, Skog S, Hokfelt T, Ritzen EM: Expression of the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase in male germ cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4701-11. [PubMed ]
5. Cram DS, Barnett LD, Joseph JL, Harrison LC: Cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of human glutamic acid decarboxylase cDNA from brain and pancreatic islets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 May 15;176(3):1239-44. [PubMed ]
6. Bu DF, Tobin AJ: The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD. Genomics. 1994 May 1;21(1):222-8. [PubMed ]
7. Yamashita K, Cram DS, Harrison LC: Molecular cloning of full-length glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 from human pancreas and islets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 May 14;192(3):1347-52. [PubMed ]
8. Kawasaki E, Moriuchi R, Watanabe M, Saitoh K, Brunicardi FC, Watt PC, Yamaguchi T, Mullen Y, Akazawa S, Miyamoto T, et al.: Cloning and expression of large isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from human pancreatic islet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 May 14;192(3):1353-9. [PubMed ]

1. Wang FY, Zhu RM, Maemura K, Hirata I, Katsu K, Watanabe M: Expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid decarboxylases in rat descending colon and their relation to epithelial differentiation. Chin J Dig Dis. 2006;7(2):103-8. [PubMed ]
2. Tueting P, Doueiri MS, Guidotti A, Davis JM, Costa E: Reelin down-regulation in mice and psychosis endophenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(8):1065-77. [PubMed ]
3. Tronci E, Simola N, Borsini F, Schintu N, Frau L, Carminati P, Morelli M: Characterization of the antiparkinsonian effects of the new adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ST1535: acute and subchronic studies in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 2;566(1-3):94-102. Epub 2007 Mar 24. [PubMed ]
4. Akama K, Takaiwa F: C-terminal extension of rice glutamate decarboxylase (OsGAD2) functions as an autoinhibitory domain and overexpression of a truncated mutant results in the accumulation of extremely high levels of GABA in plant cells. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(10):2699-707. Epub 2007 Jun 11. [PubMed ]
5. Manto MU, Laute MA, Aguera M, Rogemond V, Pandolfo M, Honnorat J: Effects of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases. Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun;61(6):544-51. [PubMed ]

1. Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
2. EC 2.6.1.1
3. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2
4. Transaminase A

MALLHSGRVLPGIAAAFHPGLAAAASARASSWWTHVEMGPPDPILGVTEAFKRDTNSKKM
NLGVGAYRDDNGKPYVLPSVRKAEAQIAAKNLDKEYLPIGGLAEFCKASAELALGENSEV
LKSGRFVTVQTISGTGALRIGASFLQRFFKFSRDVFLPKPTWGNHTPIFRDAGMQLQGYR
YYDPKTCGFDFTGAVEDISKIPEQSVLLLHACAHNPTGVDPRPEQWKEIATVVKKRNLFA
FFDMAYQGFASGDGDKDAWAVRHFIEQGINVCLCQSYAKNMGLYGERVGAFTMVCKDADE
AKRVESQLKILIRPMYSNPPLNGARIAAAILNTPDLRKQWLQEVKGMADRIIGMRTQLVS
NLKKEGSTHNWQHITDQIGMFCFTGLKPEQVERLIKEFSIYMTKDGRISVAGVTSSNVGY
LAHAIHQVTK

• L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion
• mitochondrial matrix

ATGGCCCTGCTGCACTCCGGCCGCGTCCTCCCCGGGATCGCCGCCGCCTTCCACCCGGGC
CTCGCCGCCGCGGCCTCTGCCAGAGCCAGCTCCTGGTGGACCCATGTGGAAATGGGACCT
CCAGATCCCATTCTGGGAGTCACTGAAGCCTTTAAGAGGGACACCAATAGCAAAAAGATG
AATCTGGGAGTTGGTGCCTACCGGGATGATAATGGAAAGCCTTACGTTCTGCCTAGCGTC
CGCAAGGCAGAGGCCCAGATTGCCGCAAAAAATTTGGACAAGGAATACCTGCCCATTGGG
GGACTGGCTGAATTTTGCAAGGCATCTGCAGAACTAGCCCTGGGTGAGAACAGCGAAGTC
TTGAAGAGTGGCCGGTTTGTCACTGTGCAGACCATTTCTGGAACTGGAGCCTTAAGGATC
GGAGCCAGTTTTCTGCAAAGATTTTTTAAGTTCAGCCGAGATGTCTTTCTGCCCAAACCA
ACCTGGGGAAACCACACACCCATCTTCAGGGATGCTGGCATGCAGCTACAAGGTTATCGG
TATTATGACCCCAAGACTTGCGGTTTTGACTTCACAGGCGCTGTGGAGGATATTTCAAAA
ATACCAGAGCAGAGTGTTCTTCTTCTGCATGCCTGCGCCCACAATCCCACGGGAGTGGAC
CCGCGTCCGGAACAGTGGAAGGAAATAGCAACAGTGGTGAAGAAAAGGAATCTCTTTGCG
TTCTTTGACATGGCCTACCAAGGCTTTGCCAGTGGTGATGGTGATAAGGATGCCTGGGCT
GTGCGCCACTTCATCGAACAGGGCATTAATGTTTGCCTCTGCCAATCATATGCCAAGAAC
ATGGGCTTATATGGTGAGCGTGTAGGAGCCTTCACTATGGTCTGCAAAGATGCGGATGAA
GCCAAAAGGGTAGAGTCACAGTTGAAGATCTTGATCCGTCCCATGTATTCCAACCCTCCC
CTCAATGGGGCCCGGATTGCTGCTGCCATTCTGAACACCCCAGATTTGCGAAAACAATGG
CTGCAAGAAGTGAAAGGCATGGCTGACCGCATCATTGGCATGCGGACTCAACTGGTCTCC
AACCTCAAGAAGGAGGGTTCCACCCACAATTGGCAACACATCACCGACCAAATTGGCATG
TTCTGTTTCACAGGGCTAAAGCCTGAACAGGTGGAGCGGCTGATCAAGGAGTTCTCCATC
TACATGACAAAAGATGGCCGCATCTCTGTGGCAGGGGTCACCTCCAGCAACGTGGGCTAC
CTTGCCCATGCCATTCACCAGGTCACCAAGTAA

1. Pol S, Bousquet-Lemercier B, Pave-Preux M, Pawlak A, Nalpas B, Berthelot P, Hanoune J, Barouki R: Nucleotide sequence and tissue distribution of the human mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Dec 30;157(3):1309-15. [PubMed ]
2. Martini F, Angelaccio S, Barra D, Pascarella S, Maras B, Doonan S, Bossa F: The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from human heart. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Nov 8;832(1):46-51. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
3. Recasens M, Mandel P: Similarities between cysteinesulphinate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase. Ciba Found Symp. 1979;(72):259-70. [PubMed ]

1. EB11
2. Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-4 precursor
3. N-methyl D- aspartate receptor subtype 2D
4. NMDAR2D
5. NR2D

MRGAGGPRGPRGPAKMLLLLALACASPFPEEAPGPGGAGGPGGGLGGARPLNVALVFSGP
AYAAEAARLGPAVAAAVRSPGLDVRPVALVLNGSDPRSLVLQLCDLLSGLRVHGVVFEDD
SRAPAVAPILDFLSAQTSLPIVAVHGGAALVLTPKEKGSTFLQLGSSTEQQLQVIFEVLE
EYDWTSFVAVTTRAPGHRAFLSYIEVLTDGSLVGWEHRGALTLDPGAGEAVLSAQLRSVS
AQIRLLFCAREEAEPVFRAAEEAGLTGSGYVWFMVGPQLAGGGGSGAPGEPPLLPGGAPL
PAGLFAVRSAGWRDDLARRVAAGVAVVARGAQALLRDYGFLPELGHDCRAQNRTHRGESL
HRYFMNITWDNRDYSFNEDGFLVNPSLVVISLTRDRTWEVVGSWEQQTLRLKYPLWSRYG
RFLQPVDDTQHLTVATLEERPFVIVEPADPISGTCIRDSVPCRSQLNRTHSPPPDAPRPE
KRCCKGFCIDILKRLAHTIGFSYDLYLVTNGKHGKKIDGVWNGMIGEVFYQRADMAIGSL
TINEERSEIVDFSVPFVETGISVMVARSNGTVSPSAFLEPYSPAVWVMMFVMCLTVVAVT
VFIFEYLSPVGYNRSLATGKRPGGSTFTIGKSIWLLWALVFNNSVPVENPRGTTSKIMVL
VWAFFAVIFLASYTANLAAFMIQEEYVDTVSGLSDRKFQRPQEQYPPLKFGTVPNGSTEK
NIRSNYPDMHSYMVRYNQPRVEEALTQLKAGKLDAFIYDAAVLNYMARKDEGCKLVTIGS
GKVFATTGYGIALHKGSRWKRPIDLALLQFLGDDEIEMLERLWLSGICHNDKIEVMSSKL
DIDNMAGVFYMLLVAMGLSLLVFAWEHLVYWRLRHCLGPTHRMDFLLAFSRGMYSCCSAE
AAPPPAKPPPPPQPLPSPAYPAPGPAPGPAPFVPRERASVDRWRRTKGAGPPGGAGLADG
FHRYYGPIEPQGLGLGLGEARAAPRGAAGRPLSPPAAQPPQKPPASYFAIVRDKEPAEPP
AGAFPGFPSPPAPPAAAATAVGPPLCRLAFEDESPPAPARWPRSDPESQPLLGPGAGGAG
GTGGAGGGAPAAPPPCCAAPPPCPYLDLEPSPSDSEDSESLGGASLGGLDPWWFADFPYP
YAERLGPPPGRYWSVDKLGGWRAGSWDYLPPRSGPAAWHCRHCASLELLPPPRHLSCSHD
GLDGGWWAPPPPPWAAGPLPRRRARCGCPRSHPHRPRASHRTPAAAAPHHHRHRRAAGGW
DLPPPAPTSRSLEDLSSCPRAAPARRLTGPSRHARRCPHAAHWGPPLPTASHRRHRGGDL
GTRRGSAHFSSLESEV

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )
• ANF_receptor (PF01094 )

• 1-27

• 584-604
• 627-647
• 657-677
• 845-865

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGCGCGGCGCCGGTGGCCCCCGCGGCCCTCGGGGCCCCGCTAAGATGCTGCTGCTGCTG
GCGCTGGCCTGCGCCAGCCCGTTCCCGGAGGAGGCGCCGGGGCCGGGCGGGGCCGGTGGG
CCCGGCGGCGGCCTCGGCGGGGCGCGGCCGCTCAACGTGGCGCTCGTGTTCTCGGGGCCC
GCGTACGCGGCCGAGGCGGCACGCCTGGGCCCGGCCGTGGCGGCGGCGGTGCGCAGCCCG
GGCCTAGACGTGCGGCCCGTGGCGCTGGTGCTCAACGGCTCGGACCCGCGCAGCCTCGTG
CTGCAGCTCTGCGACCTGCTGTCGGGGTTGCGCGTGCACGGCGTGGTCTTCGAAGACGAC
TCGCGCGCGCCCGCCGTCGCGCCCATCCTCGACTTCCTGTCGGCGCAGACCTCGCTGCCC
ATCGTGGCCGTGCACGGCGGCGCCGCGCTCGTGCTCACGCCCAAGGAGAAGGGCTCCACC
TTCCTGCAGCTGGGCTCTTCCACCGAGCAACAGCTTCAGGTCATCTTTGAGGTGCTGGAG
GAGTATGACTGGACGTCCTTTGTAGCCGTGACCACTCGTGCCCCTGGCCACCGGGCCTTC
CTGTCCTACATTGAGGTGCTGACTGACGGTAGTCTGGTGGGCTGGGAGCACCGCGGAGCG
CTGACGCTGGACCCTGGGGCGGGCGAGGCCGTGCTCAGTGCCCAGCTCCGCAGTGTCAGC
GCGCAGATCCGCCTGCTCTTCTGCGCCCGAGAGGAGGCCGAGCCCGTGTTCCGCGCAGCT
GAGGAGGCTGGCCTCACTGGATCTGGCTACGTCTGGTTCATGGTGGGGCCCCAGCTGGCT
GGAGGCGGGGGCTCTGGGGCCCCTGGTGAGCCCCCTCTTCTGCCAGGAGGCGCCCCCCTG
CCTGCCGGGCTGTTTGCAGTGCGCTCGGCTGGCTGGCGGGATGACCTGGCTCGGCGAGTG
GCAGCTGGCGTGGCCGTAGTGGCCAGAGGTGCCCAGGCCCTGCTGCGTGATTATGGTTTC
CTTCCTGAGCTCGGCCACGACTGTCGCGCCCAGAACCGCACCCACCGCGGCGAGAGTCTG
CATAGGTACTTCATGAACATCACGTGGGATAACCGGGATTACTCCTTCAATGAGGACGGC
TTCCTAGTGAACCCCTCCCTGGTGGTCATCTCCCTCACCAGAGACAGGACGTGGGAGGTG
GTGGGCAGCTGGGAGCAGCAGACGCTCCGCCTCAAGTACCCGCTGTGGTCCCGCTATGGT
CGCTTCCTGCAGCCAGTGGACGACACGCAGCACCTCACGGTGGCCACGCTGGAGGAAAGG
CCGTTTGTCATCGTGGAGCCTGCAGACCCTATCAGCGGCACCTGCATCCGAGACTCCGTC
CCCTGCCGGAGCCAGCTCAACCGAACCCACAGCCCTCCACCGGATGCCCCCCGCCCGGAA
AAGCGCTGCTGCAAGGGTTTCTGCATCGACATTCTGAAGCGGCTGGCGCATACCATCGGC
TTCAGCTACGACCTCTACCTGGTCACCAATGGCAAGCACGGAAAGAAGATCGATGGCGTC
TGGAACGGCATGATCGGGGAGGTGTTCTACCAGCGCGCAGACATGGCCATCGGCTCCCTC
ACCATCAACGAGGAGCGCTCCGAGATCGTGGACTTCTCCGTCCCCTTCGTGGAGACCGGC
ATCAGCGTCATGGTGGCGCGCAGCAATGGCACGGTGTCCCCCTCGGCCTTCCTCGAGCCC
TACAGCCCCGCCGTGTGGGTGATGATGTTCGTCATGTGCCTCACTGTGGTCGCCGTCACT
GTTTTCATCTTCGAGTACCTCAGTCCTGTTGGTTACAACCGCAGCCTGGCCACGGGCAAG
CGCCCTGGCGGTTCAACCTTCACCATTGGGAAATCCATCTGGCTGCTCTGGGCCCTGGTG
TTCAATAATTCGGTGCCCGTGGAGAACCCCCGGGGAACCACCAGCAAAATCATGGTGCTG
GTGTGGGCCTTCTTCGCCGTCATCTTCCTCGCCAGCTACACAGCCAACCTGGCCGCCTTC
ATGATCCAGGAGGAGTACGTGGATACTGTGTCTGGGCTCAGTGACCGCAAGTTCCAGAGG
CCCCAGGAGCAGTACCCGCCCCTGAAGTTTGGGACCGTGCCCAACGGCTCCACGGAGAAG
AACATCCGCAGCAACTATCCCGACATGCACAGCTACATGGTGCGCTACAACCAGCCCCGC
GTAGAGGAAGCGCTCACTCAGCTCAAGGCAGGGAAGCTGGACGCCTTCATCTACGATGCT
GCAGTGCTCAATTACATGGCCCGCAAGGACGAGGGCTGCAAGCTTGTCACCATCGGCTCC
GGCAAGGTCTTCGCCACGACAGGCTATGGCATCGCCCTGCACAAGGGCTCCCGCTGGAAG
CGGCCCATCGACCTGGCGTTGCTGCAGTTCCTGGGGGATGATGAGATCGAGATGCTGGAG
CGGCTGTGGCTCTCTGGGATCTGCCACAATGACAAAATCGAGGTGATGAGCAGCAAGCTG
GACATCGACAACATGGCGGGCGTCTTCTACATGCTCCTGGTGGCCATGGGCCTGTCCCTG
CTGGTCTTCGCCTGGGAGCACCTGGTGTACTGGCGCCTGCGGCACTGCCTGGGGCCCACC
CACCGCATGGACTTCCTGCTGGCCTTCTCCAGGGGCATGTACAGCTGCTGCAGCGCTGAG
GCCGCCCCACCGCCCGCCAAGCCCCCGCCGCCGCCACAGCCCCTGCCCAGCCCCGCGTAC
CCCGCGCCGGGGCCGGCTCCCGGGCCCGCACCTTTCGTGCCCCGCGAGCGCGCCTCAGTG
GACCGCTGGCGCCGGACCAAGGGCGCGGGGCCGCCGGGGGGCGCGGGCCTGGCCGACGGC
TTCCACCGCTACTACGGCCCCATCGAGCCGCAGGGCCTAGGCCTCGGCCTGGGCGAAGCG
CGCGCGGCACCGCGGGGCGCAGCCGGGCGCCCGCTGTCCCCGCCGGCCGCTCAGCCCCCG
CAGAAGCCGCCGGCCTCCTATTTCGCCATCGTACGCGACAAGGAGCCAGCCGAGCCCCCC
GCCGGCGCCTTCCCCGGCTTCCCGTCGCCGCCCGCGCCCCCCGCCGCCGCGGCCACCGCC
GTCGGGCCGCCACTCTGCCGCTTGGCCTTCGAGGACGAGAGCCCGCCGGCGCCCGCGCGG
TGGCCGCGCTCGGACCCCGAGAGCCAACCCCTGCTGGGGCCAGGCGCGGGCGGCGCGGGG
GGCACGGGGGGCGCAGGCGGAGGAGCCCCGGCCGCTCCGCCCCCGTGCTGCGCCGCGCCG
CCCCCGTGCCCTTACCTCGATCTCGAGCCGTCGCCGTCGGACTCGGAGGACTCGGAGAGC
CTGGGCGGCGCGTCGCTGGGCGGCCTGGATCCCTGGTGGTTCGCCGACTTCCCTTACCCG
TATGCCGAGCGCCTCGGGCCGCCGCCCGGCCGCTACTGGTCGGTCGACAAGCTCGGGGGC
TGGCGCGCCGGGAGCTGGGACTACCTGCCCCCGCGCAGCGGTCCGGCCGCCTGGCACTGT
CGGCACTGCGCCAGCCTGGAGCTGCTGCCGCCGCCGCGCCATCTCAGCTGCTCGCACGAT
GGCCTGGACGGCGGCTGGTGGGCGCCACCGCCTCCACCCTGGGCCGCCGGGCCCCTGCCC
CGACGCCGGGCCCGCTGCGGGTGCCCGCGGTCGCACCCGCACCGCCCGCGGGCCTCGCAC
CGCACGCCCGCCGCTGCCGCGCCCCACCACCACAGGCACCGGCGCGCCGCTGGGGGCTGG
GACCTCCCGCCGCCCGCGCCCACCTCGCGCTCGCTCGAGGACCTCAGCTCGTGCCCTCGC
GCCGCCCCTGCGCGCAGGCTTACCGGGCCCTCCCGCCACGCTCGCAGGTGTCCGCACGCC
GCGCACTGGGGGCCGCCGCTGCCCACAGCTTCCCACCGGAGACACCGGGGCGGGGACCTG
GGCACCCGCAGGGGCTCGGCGCACTTCTCTAGCCTCGAGTCCGAGGTATGA

1. Hess SD, Daggett LP, Deal C, Lu CC, Johnson EC, Velicelebi G: Functional characterization of human N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype 1A/2D receptors. J Neurochem. 1998 Mar;70(3):1269-79. [PubMed ]

1. Pliss L, Jezova D, Mares V, Balcar VJ, St'astny F: N-Acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate changes functional and structural properties of rat blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Jan 11;317(2):85-8. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
4. Bresink I, Benke TA, Collett VJ, Seal AJ, Parsons CG, Henley JM, Collingridge GL: Effects of memantine on recombinant rat NMDA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;119(2):195-204. [PubMed ]
5. Sundstrom E, Whittemore S, Mo LL, Seiger A: Analysis of NMDA receptors in the human spinal cord. Exp Neurol. 1997 Dec;148(2):407-13. [PubMed ]

1. EC 6.4.-.-
2. Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
3. Vitamin K gamma glutamyl carboxylase

MAVSAGSARTSPSSDKVQKDKAELISGPRQDSRIGKLLGFEWTDLSSWRRLVTLLNRPTD
PASLAVFRFLFGFLMVLDIPQERGLSSLDRKYLDGLDVCRFPLLDALRPLPLDWMYLVYT
IMFLGALGMMLGLCYRISCVLFLLPYWYVFLLDKTSWNNHSYLYGLLAFQLTFMDANHYW
SVDGLLNAHRRNAHVPLWNYAVLRGQIFIVYFIAGVKKLDADWVEGYSMEYLSRHWLFSP
FKLLLSEELTSLLVVHWGGLLLDLSAGFLLFFDVSRSIGLFFVSYFHCMNSQLFSIGMFS
YVMLASSPLFCSPEWPRKLVSYCPRRLQQLLPLKAAPQPSVSCVYKRSRGKSGQKPGLRH
QLGAAFTLLYLLEQLFLPYSHFLTQGYNNWTNGLYGYSWDMMVHSRSHQHVKITYRDGRT
GELGYLNPGVFTQSRRWKDHADMLKQYATCLSRLLPKYNVTEPQIYFDIWVSINDRFQQR
IFDPRVDIVQAAWSPFQRTSWVQPLLMDLSPWRAKLQEIKSSLDNHTEVVFIADFPGLHL
ENFVSEDLGNTSIQLLQGEVTVELVAEQKNQTLREGEKMQLPAGEYHKVYTTSPSPSCYM
YVYVNTTELALEQDLAYLQELKEKVENGSETGPLPPELQPLLEGEVKGGPEPTPLVQTFL
RRQQRLQEIERRRNTPFHERFFRFLLRKLYVFRRSFLMTCISLRNLILGRPSLEQLAQEV
TYANLRPFEAVGELNPSNTDSSHSNPPESNPDPVHSEF

• VKG_Carbox (PF05090 )

• None

• 61-81
• 114-134
• 137-157
• 293-313
• 362-382

• Endoplasmic reticulum
• endoplasmic reticulum membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGGCGGTGTCTGCCGGGTCCGCGCGGACCTCGCCCAGCTCAGATAAAGTACAGAAAGAC
AAGGCTGAACTGATCTCAGGGCCCAGGCAGGACAGCCGAATAGGGAAACTCTTGGGTTTT
GAGTGGACAGATTTGTCCAGTTGGCGGAGGCTGGTGACCCTGCTGAATCGACCAACGGAC
CCTGCAAGCTTAGCTGTCTTTCGTTTTCTTTTTGGGTTCTTGATGGTGCTAGACATTCCC
CAGGAGCGGGGGCTCAGCTCTCTGGACCGGAAATACCTTGATGGGCTGGATGTGTGCCGC
TTCCCCTTGCTGGATGCCCTACGCCCACTGCCACTTGACTGGATGTATCTTGTCTACACC
ATCATGTTTCTGGGGGCACTGGGCATGATGCTGGGCCTGTGCTACCGGATAAGCTGTGTG
TTATTCCTGCTGCCATACTGGTATGTGTTTCTCCTGGACAAGACATCATGGAACAACCAC
TCCTATCTGTATGGGTTGTTGGCCTTTCAGCTAACATTCATGGATGCAAACCACTACTGG
TCTGTGGACGGTCTGCTGAATGCCCATAGGAGGAATGCCCACGTGCCCCTTTGGAACTAT
GCAGTGCTCCGTGGCCAGATCTTCATTGTGTACTTCATTGCGGGTGTGAAAAAGCTGGAT
GCAGACTGGGTTGAAGGCTATTCCATGGAATATTTGTCCCGGCACTGGCTCTTCAGTCCC
TTCAAACTGCTGTTGTCTGAGGAGCTGACTAGCCTGCTGGTCGTGCACTGGGGTGGGCTG
CTGCTTGACCTCTCAGCTGGTTTCCTGCTCTTTTTTGATGTCTCAAGATCCATTGGCCTG
TTCTTTGTGTCCTACTTCCACTGCATGAATTCCCAGCTTTTCAGCATTGGTATGTTCTCC
TACGTCATGCTGGCCAGCAGCCCTCTCTTCTGCTCCCCTGAGTGGCCTCGGAAGCTGGTG
TCCTACTGCCCCCAAAGGTTGCAACAACTGTTGCCCCTCAAGGCAGCCCCTCAGCCCAGT
GTTTCCTGTGTGTATAAGAGGAGCCGGGGCAAAAGTGGCCAGAAGCCAGGGCTGCGCCAT
CAGCTGGGAGCTGCCTTCACCCTGCTCTACCTCCTGGAGCAGCTATTCCTGCCCTATTCT
CATTTTCTCACCCAGGGCTATAACAACTGGACAAATGGGCTGTATGGCTATTCCTGGGAC
ATGATGGTGCACTCCCGTTCCCACCAGCACGTGAAGATCACCTACCGTGATGGCCGCACT
GGCGAACTGGGCTACCTTAACCCTGGGGTATTTACACAGAGTCGGCGATGGAAGGATCAT
GCAGACATGCTGAAGCAATATGCCACTTGCCTGAGCCGCCTGCTTCCCAAGTATAATGTC
ACTGAGCCCCAGATCTACTTTGATATTTGGGTCTCCATCAATGACCGCTTCCAGCAGAGG
ATTTTTGACCCTCGTGTGGACATCGTGCAGGCCGCTTGGTCACCCTTTCAGCGCACATCC
TGGGTGCAACCACTCTTGATGGACCTGTCTCCCTGGAGGGCCAAGTTACAGGAAATCAAG
AGCAGCCTAGACAACCACACTGAGGTGGTCTTCATTGCAGATTTCCCTGGACTGCACTTG
GAGAATTTTGTGAGTGAAGACCTGGGCAACACTAGCATCCAGCTGCTGCAGGGGGAAGTG
ACTGTGGAGCTTGTGGCAGAACAGAAGAACCAGACTCTTCGAGAGGGAGAAAAAATGCAG
TTGCCTGCTGGTGAGTACCATAAGGTGTATACGACATCACCTAGCCCTTCTTGCTACATG
TACGTCTATGTCAACACTACAGAGCTTGCACTGGAGCAAGACCTGGCATATCTGCAAGAA
TTAAAGGAAAAGGTGGAGAATGGAAGTGAAACAGGGCCTCTACCCCCAGAGCTGCAGCCT
CTGTTGGAAGGGGAAGTAAAAGGGGGCCCTGAGCCAACACCTCTGGTTCAGACCTTTCTT
AGACGCCAACAAAGGCTCCAGGAGATTGAACGCCGGCGAAATACTCCTTTCCATGAGCGA
TTCTTCCGCTTCTTGTTGCGAAAGCTCTATGTCTTTCGCCGCAGCTTCCTGATGACTTGT
ATCTCACTTCGAAATCTGATATTAGGCCGTCCTTCCCTGGAGCAGCTGGCCCAGGAGGTG
ACTTATGCAAACTTGAGACCCTTTGAGGCAGTTGGAGAACTGAATCCCTCAAACACGGAT
TCTTCACATTCTAATCCTCCTGAGTCAAATCCTGATCCTGTCCACTCAGAGTTCTGA

1. Spronk HM, Farah RA, Buchanan GR, Vermeer C, Soute BA: Novel mutation in the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene resulting in congenital combined deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors. Blood. 2000 Nov 15;96(10):3650-2. [PubMed ]
2. Wu SM, Cheung WF, Frazier D, Stafford DW: Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1634-6. [PubMed ]
3. Wu SM, Stafford DW, Frazier LD, Fu YY, High KA, Chu K, Sanchez-Vega B, Solera J: Genomic sequence and transcription start site for the human gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Blood. 1997 Jun 1;89(11):4058-62. [PubMed ]
4. Brenner B, Sanchez-Vega B, Wu SM, Lanir N, Stafford DW, Solera J: A missense mutation in gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene causes combined deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors. Blood. 1998 Dec 15;92(12):4554-9. [PubMed ]

1. Lal S, Jada SR, Xiang X, Lim WT, Lee EJ, Chowbay B: Pharmacogenetics of target genes across the warfarin pharmacological pathway. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(12):1189-200. [PubMed ]
2. Zhu A, Sun H, Raymond RM Jr, Furie BC, Furie B, Bronstein M, Kaufman RJ, Westrick R, Ginsburg D: Fatal hemorrhage in mice lacking gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Blood. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):5270-5. Epub 2007 Feb 27. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-2 precursor
2. N-methyl D- aspartate receptor subtype 2B
3. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3
4. NMDAR2B
5. NR2B
6. NR3
7. hNR3

MKPRAECCSPKFWLVLAVLAVSGSRARSQKSPPSIGIAVILVGTSDEVAIKDAHEKDDFH
HLSVVPRVELVAMNETDPKSIITRICDLMSDRKIQGVVFADDTDQEAIAQILDFISAQTL
TPILGIHGGSSMIMADKDESSMFFQFGPSIEQQASVMLNIMEEYDWYIFSIVTTYFPGYQ
DFVNKIRSTIENSFVGWELEEVLLLDMSLDDGDSKIQNQLKKLQSPIILLYCTKEEATYI
FEVANSVGLTGYGYTWIVPSLVAGDTDTVPAEFPTGLISVSYDEWDYGLPARVRDGIAII
TTAASDMLSEHSFIPEPKSSCYNTHEKRIYQSNMLNRYLINVTFEGRNLSFSEDGYQMHP
KLVIILLNKERKWERVGKWKDKSLQMKYYVWPRMCPETEEQEDDHLSIVTLEEAPFVIVE
SVDPLSGTCMRNTVPCQKRIVTENKTDEEPGYIKKCCKGFCIDILKKISKSVKFTYDLYL
VTNGKHGKKINGTWNGMIGEVVMKRAYMAVGSLTINEERSEVVDFSVPFIETGISVMVSR
SNGTVSPSAFLEPFSADVWVMMFVMLLIVSAVAVFVFEYFSPVGYNRCLADGREPGGPSF
TIGKAIWLLWGLVFNNSVPVQNPKGTTSKIMVSVWAFFAVIFLASYTANLAAFMIQEEYV
DQVSGLSDKKFQRPNDFSPPFRFGTVPNGSTERNIRNNYAEMHAYMGKFNQRGVDDALLS
LKTGKLDAFIYDAAVLNYMAGRDEGCKLVTIGSGKVFASTGYGIAIQKDSGWKRQVDLAI
LQLFGDGEMEELEALWLTGICHNEKNEVMSSQLDIDNMAGVFYMLGAAMALSLITFICEH
LFYWQFRHCFMGVCSGKPGMVFSISRGIYSCIHGVAIEERQSVMNSPTATMNNTHSNILR
LLRTAKNMANLSGVNGSPQSALDFIRRESSVYDISEHRRSFTHSDCKSYNNPPCEENLFS
DYISEVERTFGNLQLKDSNVYQDHYHHHHRPHSIGSASSIDGLYDCDNPPFTTQSRSISK
KPLDIGLPSSKHSQLSDLYGKFSFKSDRYSGHDDLIRSDVSDISTHTVTYGNIEGNAAKR
RKQQYKDSLKKRPASAKSRREFDEIELAYRRRPPRSPDHKRYFRDKEGLRDFYLDQFRTK
ENSPHWEHVDLTDIYKERSDDFKRDSVSGGGPCTNRSHIKHGTGDKHGVVSGVPAPWEKN
LTNVEWEDRSGGNFCRSCPSKLHNYSTTVTGQNSGRQACIRCEACKKAGNLYDISEDNSL
QELDQPAAPVAVTSNASTTKYPQSPTNSKAQKKNRNKLRRQHSYDTFVDLQKEEAALAPR
SVSLKDKGRFMDGSPYAHMFEMSAGESTFANNKSSVPTAGHHHHNNPGGGYMLSKSLYPD
RVTQNPFIPTFGDDQCLLHGSKSYFFRQPTVAGASKARPDFRALVTNKPVVSALHGAVPA
RFQKDICIGNQSNPCVPNNKNPRAFNGSSNGHVYEKLSSIESDV

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )

• 1-26

• 558-578
• 635-655
• 818-838

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGAAGCCCAGAGCGGAGTGCTGTTCTCCCAAGTTCTGGTTGGTGTTGGCCGTCCTGGCC
GTGTCAGGCAGCAGAGCTCGTTCTCAGAAGAGCCCCCCCAGCATTGGCATTGCTGTCATC
CTCGTGGGCACTTCCGACGAGGTGGCCATCAAGGATGCCCACGAGAAAGATGATTTCCAC
CATCTCTCCGTGGTACCCCGGGTGGAACTGGTAGCCATGAATGAGACCGACCCAAAGAGC
ATCATCACCCGCATCTGTGATCTCATGTCTGACCGGAAGATCCAGGGGGTGGTGTTTGCT
GATGACACAGACCAGGAAGCCATCGCCCAGATCCTCGATTTCATTTCAGCACAGACTCTC
ACCCCGATCCTGGGCATCCACGGGGGCTCCTCTATGATAATGGCAGATAAGGATGAATCC
TCCATGTTCTTCCAGTTTGGCCCATCAATTGAACAGCAAGCTTCCGTAATGCTCAACATC
ATGGAAGAATATGACTGGTACATCTTTTCTATCGTCACCACCTATTTCCCTGGCTACCAG
GACTTTGTAAACAAGATCCGCAGCACCATTGAGAATAGCTTTGTGGGCTGGGAGCTAGAG
GAGGTCCTCCTACTGGACATGTCCCTGGACGATGGAGATTCTAAGATCCAGAATCAGCTC
AAGAAACTTCAAAGCCCCATCATTCTTCTTTACTGTACCAAGGAAGAAGCCACCTACATC
TTTGAAGTGGCCAACTCAGTAGGGCTGACTGGCTATGGCTACACGTGGATCGTGCCCAGT
CTGGTGGCAGGGGATACAGACACAGTGCCTGCGGAGTTCCCCACTGGGCTCATCTCTGTA
TCATATGATGAATGGGACTATGGCCTCCCCGCCAGAGTGAGAGATGGAATTGCCATAATC
ACCACTGCTGCTTCTGACATGCTGTCTGAGCACAGCTTCATCCCTGAGCCCAAAAGCAGT
TGTTACAACACCCACGAGAAGAGAATCTACCAGTCCAATATGCTAAATAGGTATCTGATC
AATGTCACTTTTGAGGGGAGGAATTTGTCCTTCAGTGAAGATGGCTACCAGATGCACCCG
AAACTGGTGATAATTCTTCTGAACAAGGAGAGGAAGTGGGAAAGGGTGGGGAAGTGGAAA
GACAAGTCCCTGCAGATGAAGTACTATGTGTGGCCCCGAATGTGTCCAGAGACTGAAGAG
CAGGAGGATGACCATCTGAGCATTGTGACCCTGGAGGAGGCACCATTTGTCATTGTGGAA
AGTGTGGACCCTCTGAGTGGAACCTGCATGAGGAACACAGTCCCCTGCCAAAAACGCATA
GTCACTGAGAATAAAACAGACGAGGAGCCGGGTTACATCAAAAAATGCTGCAAGGGGTTC
TGTATTGACATCCTTAAGAAAATTTCTAAATCTGTGAAGTTCACCTATGACCTTTACCTG
GTTACCAATGGCAAGCATGGGAAGAAAATCAATGGAACCTGGAATGGTATGATTGGAGAG
GTGGTCATGAAGAGGGCCTACATGGCAGTGGGCTCACTCACCATCAATGAGGAACGATCG
GAGGTGGTCGACTTCTCTGTGCCCTTCATAGAGACAGGCATCAGTGTCATGGTGTCACGC
AGCAATGGGACTGTCTCACCTTCTGCCTTCTTAGAGCCATTCAGCGCTGACGTATGGGTG
ATGATGTTTGTGATGCTGCTCATCGTCTCAGCCGTGGCTGTCTTTGTCTTTGAGTACTTC
AGCCCTGTGGGTTATAACAGGTGCCTCGCTGATGGCAGAGAGCCTGGTGGACCCTCTTTC
ACCATCGGCAAAGCTATTTGGTTGCTCTGGGGTCTGGTGTTTAACAACTCCGTACCTGTG
CAGAACCCAAAGGGGACCACCTCCAAGATCATGGTGTCAGTGTGGGCCTTCTTTGCTGTC
ATCTTCCTGGCCAGCTACACTGCCAACTTAGCTGCCTTCATGATCCAAGAGGAATATGTG
GACCAGGTTTCTGGCCTGAGCGACAAAAAGTTCCAGAGACCTAATGACTTCTCACCCCCT
TTCCGCTTTGGGACCGTGCCCAACGGCAGCACAGAGAGAAATATTCGCAATAACTATGCA
GAAATGCATGCCTACATGGGAAAGTTCAACCAGAGGGGTGTAGATGATGCATTGCTCTCC
CTGAAAACAGGGAAACTGGATGCCTTCATCTATGATGCAGCAGTGCTGAACTATATGGCA
GGCAGAGATGAAGGCTGCAAGCTGGTGACCATTGGCAGTGGGAAGGTCTTTGCTTCCACT
GGCTATGGCATTGCCATCCAAAAAGATTCTGGGTGGAAGCGCCAGGTGGACCTTGCTATC
CTGCAGCTCTTTGGAGATGGGGAGATGGAAGAACTGGAAGCTCTCTGGCTCACTGGCATT
TGTCACAATGAGAAGAATGAGGTCATGAGCAGCCAGCTGGACATTGACAACATGGCAGGG
GTCTTCTACATGTTGGGGGCGGCCATGGCTCTCAGCCTCATCACCTTCATCTGCGAACAC
CTTTTCTATTGGCAGTTCCGACATTGCTTTATGGGTGTCTGTTCTGGCAAGCCTGGCATG
GTCTTCTCCATCAGCAGAGGTATCTACAGCTGCATCCATGGGGTGGCGATCGAGGAGCGC
CAGTCTGTAATGAACTCCCCCACCGCAACCATGAACAACACACACTCCAACATCCTGCGC
CTGCTGCGCACGGCCAAGAACATGGCTAACCTGTCTGGTGTGAATGGCTCACCGCAGAGC
GCCCTGGACTTCATCCGACGGGAGTCATCCGTCTATGACATCTCAGAGCACCGCCGCAGC
TTCACGCATTCTGACTGCAAATCCTACAACAACCCGCCCTGTGAGGAGAACCTCTTCAGT
GACTACATCAGTGAGGTAGAGAGAACGTTCGGGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGGACAGCAACGTG
TACCAAGATCACTACCACCATCACCACCGGCCCCATAGTATTGGCAGTGCCAGCTCCATC
GATGGGCTCTACGACTGTGACAACCCACCCTTCACCACCCAGTCCAGGTCCATCAGCAAG
AAGCCCCTGGACATCGGCCTCCCCTCCTCCAAGCACAGCCAGCTCAGTGACCTGTACGGC
AAATTCTCCTTCAAGAGCGACCGCTACAGTGGCCACGACGACTTGATCCGCTCCGATGTC
TCTGACATCTCAACCCACACCGTCACCTATGGGAACATCGAGGGCAATGCCGCCAAGAGG
CGTAAGCAGCAATATAAGGACAGCCTGAAGAAGCGGCCTGCCTCGGCCAAGTCCCGCAGG
GAGTTTGACGAGATCGAGCTGGCCTACCGTCGCCGACCGCCCCGCTCCCCTGACCACAAG
CGCTACTTCAGGGACAAGGAAGGGCTACGGGACTTCTACCTGGACCAGTTCCGAACAAAG
GAGAACTCACCCCACTGGGAGCACGTAGACCTGACCGACATCTACAAGGAGCGGAGTGAT
GACTTTAAGCGCGACTCCATCAGCGGAGGAGGGCCCTGTACCAACAGGTCTCACATCAAG
CACGGGACGGGCGACAAACACGGCGTGGTCAGCGGGGTACCTGCACCTTGGGAGAAGAAC
CTGACCAACGTGGAGTGGGAGGACCGGTCCGGGGGCAACTTCTGCCGCAGCTGTCCCTCC
AAGCTGCACAACTACTCCACGACGGTGACGGGTCAGAACTCGGGCAGGCAGGCGTGCATC
CGGTGTGAGGCTTGCAAGAAAGCAGGCAACCTGTATGACATCAGTGAGGACAACTCCCTG
CAGGAACTGGACCAGCCGGCTGCCCCAGTGGCGGTGACGTCAAACGCCTCCACCACTAAG
TACCCTCAGAGCCCGACTAATTCCAAGGCCCAGAAGAAGAACCGGAACAAACTGCGCCGG
CAGCACTCCTACGACACCTTCGTGGACCTGCAGAAGGAAGAAGCCGCCCTGGCCCCGCGC
AGCGTAAGCCTGAAAGACAAGGGCCGATTCATGGATGGGAGCCCCTACGCCCACATGTTT
GAGATGTCAGCTGGCGAGAGCACCTTTGCCAACAACAAGTCCTCAGTGCCCACTGCCGGA
CATCACCACCACAACAACCCCGGCGGCGGGTACATGCTCAGCAAGTCGCTCTACCCTGAC
CGGGTCACGCAAAACCCTTTCATCCCCACTTTTGGGGACGACCAGTGCTTGCTCCATGGC
AGCAAATCCTACTTCTTCAGGCAGCCCACGGTGGCGGGGGCGTCGAAAGCCAGGCCGGAC
TTCCGGGCCCTTGTCACCAACAAGCCGGTGGTCTCGGCCCTTCATGGGGCCGTGCCAGCC
CGTTTCCAGAAGGACATCTGTATAGGGAACCAGTCCAACCCCTGTGTGCCTAACAACAAA
AACCCCAGGGCTTTCAATGGCTCCAGCAATGGGCATGTTTATGAGAAACTTTCTAGTATT
GAGTCTGATGTCTGA

1. Mandich P, Schito AM, Bellone E, Antonacci R, Finelli P, Rocchi M, Ajmar F: Mapping of the human NMDAR2B receptor subunit gene (GRIN2B) to chromosome 12p12. Genomics. 1994 Jul 1;22(1):216-8. [PubMed ]
2. Adams SL, Foldes RL, Kamboj RK: Human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulatory subunit hNR3: cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and primary structure of the protein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Jan 2;1260(1):105-8. [PubMed ]
3. Hess SD, Daggett LP, Crona J, Deal C, Lu CC, Urrutia A, Chavez-Noriega L, Ellis SB, Johnson EC, Velicelebi G: Cloning and functional characterization of human heteromeric N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Aug;278(2):808-16. [PubMed ]
4. Schito AM, Pizzuti A, Di Maria E, Schenone A, Ratti A, Defferrari R, Bellone E, Mancardi GL, Ajmar F, Mandich P: mRNA distribution in adult human brain of GRIN2B, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit. Neurosci Lett. 1997 Dec 12;239(1):49-53. [PubMed ]

1. Verkhratsky A, Kirchhoff F: NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 2007 Feb;13(1):28-37. [PubMed ]
2. Miglio G, Dianzani C, Fallarini S, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G: Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulates Jurkat T cell growth and adhesion to fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 21;361(2):404-9. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-3 precursor
2. N-methyl D- aspartate receptor subtype 2C
3. NMDAR2C
4. NR2C

MGGALGPALLLTSLFGAWAGLGPGQGEQGMTVAVVFSSSGPPQAQFRARLTPQSFLDLPL
EIQPLTVGVNTTNPSSLLTQICGLLGAAHVHGIVFEDNVDTEAVAQILDFISSQTHVPIL
SISGGSAVVLTPKEPGSAFLQLGVSLEQQLQVLFKVLEEYDWSAFAVITSLHPGHALFLE
GVRAVADASHVSWRLLDVVTLELGPGGPRARTQRLLRQLDAPVFVAYCSREEAEVLFAEA
AQAGLVGPGHVWLVPNLALGSTDAPPATFPVGLISVVTESWRLSLRQKVRDGVAILALGA
HSYWRQHGTLPAPAGDCRVHPGPVSPAREAFYRHLLNVTWEGRDFSFSPGGYLVQPTMVV
IALNRHRLWEMVGRWEHGVLYMKYPVWPRYSASLQPVVDSRHLTVATLEERPFVIVESPD
PGTGGCVPNTVPCRRQSNHTFSSGDVAPYTKLCCKGFCIDILKKLARVVKFSYDLYLVTN
GKHGKRVRGVWNGMIGEVYYKRADMAIGSLTINEERSEIVDFSVPFVETGISVMVARSNG
TVSPSAFLEPYSPAVWVMMFVMCLTVVAITVFMFEYFSPVSYNQNLTRGKKSGGPAFTIG
KSVWLLWALVFNNSVPIENPRGTTSKIMVLVWAFFAVIFLASYTANLAAFMIQEQYIDTV
SGLSDKKFQRPQDQYPPFRFGTVPNGSTERNIRSNYRDMHTHMVKFNQRSVEDALTSLKM
GKLDAFIYDAAVLNYMAGKDEGCKLVTIGSGKVFATTGYGIAMQKDSHWKRAIDLALLQF
LGDGETQKLETVWLSGICQNEKNEVMSSKLDIDNMAGVFYMLLVAMGLALLVFAWEHLVY
WKLRHSVPNSSQLDFLLAFSRGIYSCFSGVQSLASPPRQASPDLTASSAQASVLKMLQAA
RDMVTTAGVSSSLDRATRTIENWGGGRRAPPPSPCPTPRSGPSPCLPTPDPPPEPSPTGW
GPPDGGRAALVRRAPQPPGRPPTPGPPLSDVSRVSRRPAWEARWPVRTGHCGRHLSASER
PLSPARCHYSSFPRADRSGRPFLPLFPELEDLPLLGKEQLARREALLHAAWARGSRPRHA
SLPSSVAEAFARPSSLPAGCTGPACARPDGHSACRRLAQAQSMCLPIYREACQEGEQAGA
PAWQHRQHVCLHAHAHLPFCWGAVCPHLPPCASHGSWLSGAWGPLGHRGRTLGLGTGYRD
SGGLDEISRVARGTQGFPGPCTWRRISSLESEV

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )
• ANF_receptor (PF01094 )

• 1-19

• 554-574
• 597-617
• 627-647
• 815-835

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGGGTGGGGCCCTGGGGCCGGCCCTGTTGCTCACCTCGCTCTTCGGTGCCTGGGCAGGG
CTGGGTCCGGGGCAGGGCGAGCAGGGCATGACGGTGGCCGTGGTGTTTAGCAGCTCAGGG
CCGCCCCAGGCCCAGTTCCGTGCCCGCCTCACCCCCCAGAGCTTCCTGGACCTACCCCTG
GAGATCCAGCCGCTCACAGTTGGGGTCAACACCACCAACCCCAGCAGCCTCCTCACCCAG
ATCTGCGGCCTCCTGGGTGCTGCCCACGTCCACGGCATTGTCTTTGAGGACAACGTGGAC
ACCGAGGCGGTGGCCCAGATCCTTGACTTCATCTCCTCCCAGACCCATGTGCCCATCCTC
AGCATCAGCGGAGGCTCTGCTGTGGTCCTCACCCCCAAGGAGCCGGGCTCCGCCTTCCTG
CAGCTGGGCGTGTCCCTGGAGCAGCAGCTGCAGGTGCTGTTCAAGGTGCTGGAAGAGTAC
GACTGGAGCGCCTTCGCCGTCATCACCAGCCTGCACCCGGGCCACGCGCTCTTCCTGGAG
GGCGTGCGCGCCGTCGCCGACGCCAGCCACGTGAGTTGGCGGCTGCTGGACGTGGTCACG
CTGGAGCTGGGCCCGGGAGGGCCGCGCGCGCGCACGCAGCGCCTGCTGCGCCAGCTCGAC
GCGCCCGTGTTTGTGGCCTACTGCTCGCGCGAGGAGGCCGAGGTGCTCTTCGCCGAGGCG
GCGCAGGCCGGTCTGGTGGGGCCCGGCCACGTGTGGTTGGTGCCCAACCTGGCGCTGGGC
AGCACCGATGCGCCCCCCGCCACCTTCCCCGTGGGCCTCATCAGCGTCGTCACCGAGAGC
TGGCGCCTCAGCCTGCGCCAGAAGGTGCGCGACGGCGTGGCCATTCTGGCCCTGGGCGCC
CACAGCTACTGGCGCCAGCATGGAACCCTGCCAGCCCCGGCCGGGGACTGCCGTGTTCAC
CCTGGGCCCGTCAGCCCTGCCCGGGAGGCCTTCTACAGGCACCTACTGAATGTCACCTGG
GAGGGCCGAGACTTCTCCTTCAGCCCTGGTGGGTACCTGGTCCAGCCCACCATGGTGGTG
ATCGCCCTCAACCGGCACCGCCTCTGGGAGATGGTGGGGCGCTGGGAGCATGGCGTCCTA
TACATGAAGTACCCCGTGTGGCCTCGCTACAGTGCCTCTCTGCAGCCTGTGGTGGACAGT
CGGCACCTGACGGTGGCCACGCTGGAAGAGCGGCCCTTTGTCATCGTGGAGAGCCCTGAC
CCTGGCACAGGAGGCTGTGTCCCCAACACCGTGCCCTGCCGCAGGCAGAGCAACCACACC
TTCAGCAGCGGGGACGTGGCCCCCTACACCAAGCTCTGCTGTAAGGGATTCTGCATCGAC
ATCCTCAAGAAGCTGGCCAGAGTGGTCAAATTCTCCTACGACCTGTACCTGGTGACCAAC
GGCAAGCATGGCAAGCGGGTGCGCGGCGTATGGAACGGCATGATTGGGGAGGTGTACTAC
AAGCGGGCAGACATGGCCATCGGCTCCCTCACCATCAATGAGGAACGCTCCGAGATCGTA
GACTTCTCTGTACCCTTTGTGGAGACGGGCATCAGTGTGATGGTGGCTCGCAGCAATGGC
ACCGTCTCCCCCTCGGCCTTCTTGGAGCCATATAGCCCTGCAGTGTGGGTGATGATGTTT
GTCATGTGCCTCACTGTGGTGGCCATCACCGTCTTCATGTTCGAGTACTTCAGCCCTGTC
AGCTACAACCAGAACCTCACCAGAGGCAAGAAGTCCGGGGGCCCAGCTTTCACTATCGGC
AAGTCCGTGTGGCTGCTGTGGGCGCTGGTCTTCAACAACTCAGTGCCCATCGAGAACCCG
CGGGGCACCACCAGCAAGATCATGGTTCTGGTCTGGGCCTTCTTTGCTGTCATCTTCCTC
GCCAGCTACACGGCCAACCTGGCCGCCTTCATGATCCAAGAGCAATACATCGACACTGTG
TCGGGCCTCAGTGACAAGAAGTTTCAGCGGCCTCAAGATCAGTACCCACCTTTCCGCTTC
GGCACGGTGCCCAACGGCAGCACGGAGCGGAACATCCGCAGTAACTACCGTGACATGCAC
ACCCACATGGTCAAGTTCAACCAGCGCTCGGTGGAGGACGCGCTCACCAGCCTCAAGATG
GGGAAGCTGGATGCCTTCATCTATGATGCTGCTGTCCTCAACTACATGGCAGGCAAGGAC
GAGGGCTGCAAGCTGGTCACCATTGGGTCTGGCAAGGTCTTTGCTACCACTGGCTACGGC
ATCGCCATGCAGAAGGACTCCCACTGGAAGCGGGCCATAGACCTGGCGCTCTTGCAGTTC
CTGGGGGACGGAGAGACACAGAAACTGGAGACAGTGTGGCTCTCAGGGATCTGCCAGAAT
GAGAAGAACGAGGTGATGAGCAGCAAGCTGGACATCGACAACATGGCAGGCGTCTTCTAC
ATGCTGCTGGTGGCCATGGGGCTGGCCCTGCTGGTCTTCGCCTGGGAGCACCTGGTCTAC
TGGAAGCTGCGCCACTCGGTGCCCAACTCATCCCAGCTGGACTTCCTGCTGGCTTTCAGC
AGGGGCATCTACAGCTGCTTCAGCGGGGTGCAGAGCCTCGCCAGCCCACCGCGGCAGGCC
AGCCCGGACCTCACGGCCAGCTCGGCCCAGGCCAGCGTGCTCAAGATGCTGCAGGCAGCC
CGCGACATGGTGACCACGGCGGGCGTAAGCAGCTCCCTGGACCGCGCCACTCGCACCATC
GAGAATTGGGGTGGCGGCCGCCGTGCGCCCCCACCGTCCCCCTGCCCGACCCCGCGGTCT
GGCCCCAGCCCATGCCTGCCCACCCCCGACCCGCCCCCAGAGCCGAGCCCCACGGGCTGG
GGACCGCCAGACGGGGGTCGCGCGGCGCTTGTGCGCAGGGCTCCGCAGCCCCCGGGCCGC
CCCCCGACGCCGGGGCCGCCCCTGTCCGACGTCTCCCGAGTGTCGCGCCGCCCAGCCTGG
GAGGCGCGGTGGCCGGTGCGGACCGGGCACTGCGGGAGGCACCTCTCGGCCTCCGAGCGG
CCCCTGTCGCCCGCGCGCTGTCACTACAGCTCCTTTCCTCGAGCCGACCGATCCGGCCGC
CCCTTCCTCCCGCTCTTCCCGGAGCTGGAGGACCTGCCGCTGCTCGGTAAGGAGCAGCTG
GCCCGGCGGGAGGCCCTGCTGCACGCGGCCTGGGCCCGGGGCTCGCGCCCGCGTCACGCT
TCCCTGCCCAGCTCCGTGGCCGAGGCCTTCGCTCGGCCCAGCTCGCTGCCCGCTGGGTGC
ACCGGCCCCGCCTGCGCCCGCCCCGACGGCCACTCGGCCTGCAGGCGCTTGGCGCAGGCG
CAGTCGATGTGCTTGCCGATCTACCGGGAGGCCTGCCAGGAGGGCGAGCAGGCAGGGGCC
CCCGCCTGGCAGCACAGACAGCACGTCTGCCTGCACGCCCACGCCCACCTGCCATTTTGC
TGGGGGGCTGTCTGTCCTCACCTTCCACCCTGTGCCAGCCACGGCTCCTGGCTCTCCGGG
GCCTGGGGGCCTCTGGGGCACAGGGGCAGGACTCTGGGGCTGGGCACAGGCTACAGAGAC
AGTGGGGGACTGGACGAGATCAGCAGGGTAGCCCGTGGGACGCAAGGCTTCCCGGGACCC
TGCACCTGGAGACGGATCTCCAGTCTGGAGTCAGAAGTGTGA

1. Lin YJ, Bovetto S, Carver JM, Giordano T: Cloning of the cDNA for the human NMDA receptor NR2C subunit and its expression in the central nervous system and periphery. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1996 Dec 31;43(1-2):57-64. [PubMed ]

1. Olmos G, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Paz Regalado M, Gasull T, Assumpcio Boronat M, Trullas R, Villarroel A, Lerma J, Garcia-Sevilla JA: Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;127(6):1317-26. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
4. Kuner T, Schoepfer R, Korpi ER: Ethanol inhibits glutamate-induced currents in heteromeric NMDA receptor subtypes. Neuroreport. 1993 Dec 13;5(3):297-300. [PubMed ]
5. Sundstrom E, Whittemore S, Mo LL, Seiger A: Analysis of NMDA receptors in the human spinal cord. Exp Neurol. 1997 Dec;148(2):407-13. [PubMed ]

1. BCAT(c)
2. EC 2.6.1.42
3. ECA39 protein

MKDCSNGCSAECTGEGGSKEVVGTFKAKDLIVTPATILKEKPDPNNLVFGTVFTDHMLTV
EWSSEFGWEKPHIKPLQNLSLHPGSSALHYAVELFEGLKAFRGVDNKIRLFQPNLNMDRM
YRSAVRATLPVFDKEELLECIQQLVKLDQEWVPYSTSASLYIRPTFIGTEPSLGVKKPTK
ALLFVLLSPVGPYFSSGTFNPVSLWANPKYVRAWKGGTGDCKMGGNYGSSLFAQCEAVDN
GCQQVLWLYGEDHQITEVGTMNLFLYWINEDGEEELATPPLDGIILPGVTRRCILDLAHQ
WGEFKVSERYLTMDDLSTALEGNRVREMFGSGTACVVCPVSDILYKGETIHIPTMENGPK
LASRILSKLTDIQYGREESDWTIVLS

• L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_4 (PF01063 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGGATTGCAGTAACGGATCGGCAGAGTGTACCGGAGAAGGAGGATCAAAAGAGGTGGTG
GGGACTTTTAAGGCTAAAGACCTAATAGTCACACCAGCTACCATTTTAAAGGAAAAACCA
GACCCCAATAATCTGGTTTTTGGAACTGTGTTCACGGATCATATGCTGACGGTGGAGTGG
TCCTCAGAGTTTGGATGGGAGAAACCTCATATCAAGCCTCTTCAGAACCTGTCATTGCAC
CCTGGCTCATCAGCTTTGCACTATGCAGTGGAATTATTTGAAGGATTGAAGGCATTTCGA
GGAGTAGATAATAAAATTCGACTGTTTCAGCCAAACCTCAACATGGATAGAATGTATCGC
TCTGCTGTGAGGGCAACTCTGCCGGTATTTGACAAAGAAGAGCTCTTAGAGTGTATTCAA
CAGCTTGTGAAATTGGATCAAGAATGGGTCCCATATTCAACATCTGCTAGTCTGTATATT
CGTCCTGCATTCATTGGAACTGAGCCTTCTCTTGGAGTCAAGAAGCCTACCAAAGCCCTG
CTCTTTGTACTCTTGAGCCCAGTGGGACCTTATTTTTCAAGTGGAACCTTTAATCCAGTG
TCCCTGTGGGCCAATCCCAAGTATGTAAGAGCCTGGAAAGGTGGAACTGGGGACTGCAAG
ATGGGAGGGAATTACGGCTCATCTCTTTTTGCCCAATGTGAAGACGTAGATAATGGGTGT
CAGCAGGTCCTGTGGCTCTATGGCAGAGACCATCAGATCACTGAAGTGGGAACTATGAAT
CTTTTTCTTTACTGGATAAATGAAGATGGAGAAGAAGAACTGGCAACTCCTCCACTAGAT
GGCATCATTCTTCCAGGAGTGACAAGGCGGTGCATTCTGGACCTGGCACATCAGTGGGGT
GAATTTAAGGTGTCAGAGAGATACCTCACCATGGATGACTTGACAACAGCCCTGGAGGGG
AACAGAGTGAGAGAGATGTTTAGCTCTGGTACAGCCTGTGTTGTTTGCCCAGTTTCTGAT
ATACTGTACAAAGGCGAGACAATACACATTCCAACTATGGAGAATGGTCCTAAGCTGGCA
AGCCGCATCTTGAGCAAATTAACTGATATCCAGTATGGAAGAGAAGAGAGCGACTGGACA
ATTGTGCTATCCTGA

1. Schuldiner O, Eden A, Ben-Yosef T, Yanuka O, Simchen G, Benvenisty N: ECA39, a conserved gene regulated by c-Myc in mice, is involved in G1/S cell cycle regulation in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 9;93(14):7143-8. [PubMed ]

1. Smirnov SV, Samsonova NN, Novikova AE, Matrosov NG, Rushkevich NY, Kodera T, Ogawa J, Yamanaka H, Shimizu S: A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine: identification of an enzyme possessing HMKP (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-keto-pentanoate) aldolase activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Aug;273(1):70-7. Epub 2007 Jun 6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 2.6.1.1
2. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1
3. Transaminase A

APPSVFAEVPQAQPVLVFKLTADFREDPDPRKVNLGVGAYRTDDCHPWVLPVVKKVEQKI
ANDNSLNHEYLPILGLAEFRSCASRLALGDDSPALKEKRVGGVQSLGGTGALRIGADFLA
RWYNGTNNKNTPVYVSSPTWENHNAVFSAAGFKDIRSYRYWDAEKRGLDLQGFLNDLENA
PEFSIVVLHACAHNPTGIDPTPEQWKQIASVMKHRFLFPFFDSAYQGFASGNLERDAWAI
RYFVSEGFEFFCAQSFSKNFGLYNERVGNLTVVGKEPESILQVLSQMEKIVRITWSNPPA
QGARIVASTLSNPELFEEWTGNVKTMADRILTMRSELRARLEALKTPGTWNHITDQIGMF
SFTGLNPKQVEYLVNEKHIYLLPSGRINVSGLTTKNLDYVATSIHEAVTKIQ

• L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGGCACCTCCGTCAGTCTTTGCCGAGGTTCCGCAGGCCCAGCCTGTCCTGGTCTTCAAG
CTCACTGCCGACTTCAGGGAGGATCCGGACCCCCGCAAGGTCAACCTGGGAGTGGGAGCA
TATCGCACGGATGACTGCCATCCCTGGGTTTTGCCAGTAGTGAAGAAAGTGGAGCAGAAG
ATTGCTAATGACAATAGCCTAAATCACGAGTATCTGCCAATCCTGGGCCTGGCTGAGTTC
CGGAGCTGTGCTTCTCGTCTTGCCCTTGGGGATGACAGCCCAGCACTCAAGGAGAAGCGG
GTAGGAGGTGTGCAATCTTTGGGGGGAACAGGTGCACTTCGAATTGGAGCTGATTTCTTA
GCGCGTTGGTACAATGGAACAAACAACAAGAACACACCTGTCTATGTGTCCTCACCAACC
TGGGAGAATCACAATGCTGTGTTTTCCGCTGCTGGTTTTAAAGACATTCGGTCCTATCGC
TACTGGGATGCAGAGAAGAGAGGATTGGACCTCCAGGGCTTCCTGAATGATCTGGAGAAT
GCTCCTGAGTTCTCCATTGTTGTCCTCCACGCCTGTGCACACAACCCAACTGGGATTGAC
CCAACTCCGGAGCAGTGGAAGCAGATTGCTTCTGTCATGAAGCACCGGTTTCTGTTCCCC
TTCTTTGACTCAGCCTATCAGGGCTTCGCATCTGGAAACCTGGAGAGAGATGCCTGGGCC
ATTCGCTATTTTGTGTCTGAAGGCTTCGAGTTCTTCTGTGCCCAGTCCTTCTCCAAGAAC
TTCGGGCTCTACAATGAGAGAGTCGGGAATCTGACTGTGGTTGGAAAAGAACCTGAGAGC
ATCCTGCAAGTCCTTTCCCAGATGGAGAAGATCGTGCGGATTACTTGGTCCAATCCCCCC
GCCCAGGGAGCACGAATTGTGGCCAGCACCCTCTCTAACCCTGAGCTCTTTGAGGAATGG
ACAGGTAATGTGAAGACAATGGCTGACCGGATTCTGACCATGAGATCTGAACTCAGGGCA
CGACTAGAAGCCCTCAAAACCCCTGGGACCTGGAACCACATCACTGATCAAATTGGCATG
TTCAGCTTCACTGGGTTGAACCCCAAGCAGGTTGAGTATCTGGTCAATGAAAAGCACATC
TACCTGCTGCCAAGTGGTCGAATCAACGTGAGTGGCTTAACCACCAAAAATCTAGATTAC
GTGGCCACCTCCATCCATGAAGCAGTCACCAAAATCCAGTGA

1. Bousquet-Lemercier B, Pol S, Pave-Preux M, Hanoune J, Barouki R: Properties of human liver cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase mRNAs generated by alternative polyadenylation site selection. Biochemistry. 1990 Jun 5;29(22):5293-9. [PubMed ]
2. Doyle JM, Schinina ME, Bossa F, Doonan S: The amino acid sequence of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase from human liver. Biochem J. 1990 Sep 15;270(3):651-7. [PubMed ]

1. Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Melo TM, Nissim I, Sonnewald U, Nissim I: The Ketogenic Diet and Brain Metabolism of Amino Acids: Relationship to the Anticonvulsant Effect. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007 Aug 21;27:415-430. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate receptor subunit 3B precursor
2. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype NR3B
3. NMDAR3B
4. NR3B

MEFVRALWLGLALALGPGSAGGHPQPCGVLARLGGSVRLGALLPRAPLARARARAALARA
ALAPRLPHNLSLELVVAAPPARDPASLTRGLCQALVPPGVAALLAFPEARPELLQLHFLA
AATETPVLSLLRREARAPLGAPNPFHLQLHWASPLETLLDVLVAVLQAHAWEDVGLALCR
TQDPGGLVALWTSRAGRPPQLVLDLSRRDTGDAGLRARLAPMAAPVGGEAPVPAAVLLGC
DIARARRVLEAVPPGPHWLLGTPLPPKALPTAGLPPGLLALGEVARPPLEAAIHDIVQLV
ARALGSAAQVQPKRALLPAPVNCGDLQPAGPESPGRFLARFLANTSFQGRTGPVWVTGSS
QVHMSRHFKVWSLRRDPRGAPAWATVGSWRDGQLDLEPGGASARPPPPQGAQVWPKLRVV
TLLEHPFVFARDPDEDGQCPAGQLCLDPGTNDSATLDALFAALANGSAPRALRKCCYGYC
IDLLERLAEDTPFDFELYLVGDGKYGALRDGRWTGLVGDLLAGRAHMAVTSFSINSARSQ
VVDFTSPFFSTSLGIMVRARDTASPIGAFMWPLHWSTWLGVFAALHLTALFLTVYEWRSP
YGLTPRGRNRSTVFSYSSALNLCYAILFRRTVSSKTPKCPTGRLLMNLWAIFCLLVLSSY
TANLAAVMVGDKTFEELSGIHDPKLHHPAQGFRFGTVWESSAEAYIKKSFPDMHAHMRRH
SAPTTPRGVAMLTSDPPKLNAFIMDKSLLDYEVSIDADCKLLTVGKPFAIEGYGIGLPQN
SPLTSNLSEFISRYKSSGFIDLLHDKWYKMVPCGKRVFAVTETLQMSIYHFAGLFVLLCL
GLGSALLSSLGEHAFFRLALPRIRKGSRLQYWLHTSQKIHRALNTEPPEGSKEETAEAEP
SGPEVEQQQQQQDQPTAPEGWKRARRAVDKERRVRFLLEPAVVVAPEADAEAEAAPREGP
VWLCSYGRPPAARPTGAPQPGELQELERRIEVARERLRQALVRRGQLLAQLGDSARHRPR
RLLQARAAPAEAPPHSGRPGSQE

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )

• 1-22

• 565-585
• 649-669
• 831-851

• Cell membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein. Requires the presence of GRIN1 to be targeted at the pla

ATGGAGTTTGTGCGGGCGCTGTGGCTGGGCCTGGCGCTGGCGCTGGGGCCGGGGTCCGCG
GGGGGCCACCCTCAGCCGTGCGGCGTCCTGGCGCGCCTCGGGGGCTCCGTGCGCCTGGGC
GCCCTCCTGCCCCGCGCGCCTCTCGCCCGCGCCCGCGCCCGCGCCGCCCTGGCCCGGGCC
GCCCTGGCGCCGCGGCTGCCGCACAACCTGAGCTTGGAGCTGGTGGTCGCCGCGCCCCCC
GCCCGCGACCCCGCCTCGCTGACCCGCGGCCTGTGCCAGGCGCTGGTGCCTCCGGGCGTG
GCGGCCCTGCTCGCCTTTCCCGAGGCTCGGCCCGAGCTGCTGCAGCTGCACTTCCTGGCG
GCGGCCACCGAGACCCCCGTGCTCAGCCTGCTGCGGCGGGAGGCGCGCGCGCCCCTCGGA
GCCCCGAACCCATTCCACCTGCAGCTGCACTGGGCCAGCCCCCTGGAGACGCTGCTGGAT
GTGCTGGTGGCGGTGCTGCAGGCGCACGCCTGGGAAGACGTCGGCCTGGCCCTGTGCCGC
ACTCAGGACCCCGGCGGCCTGGTGGCCCTCTGGACAAGCCGGGCTGGCCGGCCCCCACAG
CTGGTCCTGGACCTAAGCCGGCGGGACACGGGAGATGCAGGACTGCGGGCACGCCTGGCC
CCGATGGCGGCGCCAGTGGGGGGTGAAGCACCGGTACCCGCGGCGGTCCTCCTCGGCTGT
GACATCGCCCGTGCCCGTCGGGTGCTGGAGGCCGTACCTCCCGGCCCCCACTGGCTGTTG
GGGACACCACTGCCGCCCAAGGCCCTGCCCACCGCGGGGCTGCCACCAGGGCTGCTGGCG
CTGGGCGAGGTGGCACGACCCCCGCTGGAGGCCGCCATCCATGACATTGTGCAACTGGTG
GCCCGGGCGCTGGGCAGTGCGGCCCAGGTGCAGCCGAAGCGAGCCCTCCTCCCCGCCCCG
GTCAACTGCGGGGACCTGCAGCCGGCCGGGCCCGAGTCCCCGGGGCGCTTCTTGGCACGG
TTCCTGGCCAACACGTCCTTCCAGGGCCGCACGGGCCCCGTGTGGGTGACAGGCAGCTCC
CAGGTACACATGTCTCGGCACTTTAAGGTGTGGAGCCTTCGCCGGGACCCACGGGGCGCC
CCGGCCTGGGCCACGGTGGGCAGCTGGCGGGACGGCCAGCTGGACTTGGAACCGGGAGGT
GCCTCTGCACGGCCCCCGCCCCCACAGGGTGCCCAGGTCTGGCCCAAGCTGCGTGTGGTA
ACGCTGTTGGAACACCCATTTGTGTTTGCCCGTGATCCAGACGAAGACGGGCAGTGCCCA
GCGGGGCAGCTGTGCCTGGACCCTGGCACCAACGACTCGGCCACCCTGGACGCACTGTTC
GCCGCGCTGGCCAACGGCTCAGCGCCCCGTGCCCTGCGCAAGTGCTGCTACGGCTACTGC
ATTGACCTGCTGGAGCGGCTGGCGGAGGACACGCCCTTCGACTTCGAGCTGTACCTCGTG
GGTGACGGCAAGTACGGCGCCCTGCGGGACGGCCGCTGGACCGGCCTGGTCGGGGACCTG
CTGGCCGGCCGGGCCCACATGGCGGTCACCAGCTTCAGTATCAACTCCGCCCGCTCACAG
GTGGTGGACTTCACCAGCCCCTTCTTCTCCACCAGCCTGGGCATCATGGTGCGGGCACGG
GACACGGCCTCACCCATCGGTGCCTTTATGTGGCCCCTGCACTGGTCCACGTGGCTGGGC
GTCTTTGCGGCCCTGCACCTCACCGCGCTCTTCCTCACCGTGTACGAGTGGCGTAGCCCC
TACGGCCTCACGCCACGTGGCCGCAACCGCAGCACCGTCTTCTCCTACTCCTCAGCCCTC
AACCTGTGCTACGCCATCCTCTTCAGACGCACCGTGTCCAGCAAGACGCCCAAGTGCCCC
ACGGGCCGCCTGCTCATGAACCTCTGGGCCATCTTCTGCCTGCTGGTGCTGTCCAGCTAC
ACGGCCAACCTGGCTGCCGTCATGGTCGGGGACAAGACCTTCGAGGAGCTGTCGGGGATC
CACGACCCCAAGCTGCACCACCCGGCGCAGGGCTTCCGCTTCGGCACCGTGTGGGAGAGC
AGCGCCGAGGCGTACATCAAGAAGAGCTTCCCCGACATGCACGCACACATGCGGCGCCAC
AGCGCGCCCACCACGCCCCGCGGCGTCGCCATGCTCACGAGCGACCCCCCCAAGCTCAAC
GCCTTCATCATGGACAAGTCGCTCCTGGACTACGAGGTCTCCATCGACGCCGACTGCAAA
CTGCTGACCGTGGGAAAGCCCTTCGCCATTGAGGGCTATGGGATCGGACTGCCCCAGAAC
TCGCCGCTCACCTCCAACCTGTCCGAGTTCATCAGCCGCTACAAGTCCTCCGGCTTCATC
GACCTGCTCCACGACAAGTGGTACAAGATGGTGCCTTGCGGCAAGCGGGTCTTTGCGGTT
ACAGAGACCCTGCAGATGAGCATCTACCACTTCGCGGGCCTCTTCGTGTTGCTGTGCCTG
GGCCTGGGCAGCGCTCTGCTCAGCTCGCTGGGCGAGCACGCCTTCTTCCGCCTGGCGCTG
CCGCGCATCCGCAAGGGGAGCAGGCTGCAGTACTGGCTGCACACCAGCCAGAAAATCCAC
CGCGCCCTCAACACGGAGCCACCAGAGGGGTCGAAGGAGGAGACGGCAGAGGCGGAGCCC
AGCGGCCCCGAGGTGGAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGGACCAGCCAACGGCTCCGGAGGGC
TGGAAACGGGCGCGCCGGGCCGTGGACAAGGAGCGCCGCGTGCGCTTCCTGCTGGAGCCC
GCCGTGGTTGTGGCACCCGAAGCGGACGCGGAGGCGGAGGCTGCGCCGCGAGAGGGCCCC
GTCTGGCTGTGCTCCTACGGCCGCCCGCCCGCCGCAAGGCCCACGGGGGCCCCCCAGCCC
GGGGAGCTGCAGGAGCTGGAGCGCCGCATCGAAGTCGCGCGTGAGCGGCTCCGCCAGGCC
CTGGTGCGGCGCGGCCAGCTCCTGGCACAGCTCGGGGACAGCGCACGTCACCGGCCTCGG
CGCTTGCTTCAGGCCAGAGCGGCCCCCGCGGAGGCCCCACCACACTCTGGCCGACCGGGG
AGCCAGGAATGA

1. Nishi M, Hinds H, Lu HP, Kawata M, Hayashi Y: Motoneuron-specific expression of NR3B, a novel NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit that works in a dominant-negative manner. J Neurosci. 2001 Dec 1;21(23):RC185. [PubMed ]
2. Andersson O, Stenqvist A, Attersand A, von Euler G: Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of genes encoding the human NMDA receptor subunits NR3A and NR3B. Genomics. 2001 Dec;78(3):178-84. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 3.4.17.21
2. FGCP
3. Folate hydrolase 1
4. Folylpoly-gamma- glutamate carboxypeptidase
5. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II
6. Membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase
7. N- acetylated-alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase I
8. NAALADase I
9. PSM
10. PSMA
11. Prostate- specific membrane antigen
12. Pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase
13. mGCP

MWNLLHETDSAVATARRPRWLCAGALVLAGGFFLLGFLFGWFIKSSNEATNITPKHNMKA
FLDELKAENIKKFLYNFTQIPHLAGTEQNFQLAKQIQSQWKEFGLDSVELAHYDVLLSYP
NKTHPNYISIINEDGNEIFNTSLFEPPPPGYENVSDIVPPFSAFSPQGMPEGDLVYVNYA
RTEDFFKLERDMKINCSGKIVIARYGKVFRGNKVKNAQLAGAKGVILYSDPADYFAPGVK
SYPDGWNLPGGGVQRGNILNLNGAGDPLTPGYPANEYAYRRGIAEAVGLPSIPVHPIGYY
DAQKLLEKMGGSAPPDSSWRGSLKVPYNVGPGFTGNFSTQKVKMHIHSTNEVTRIYNVIG
TLRGAVEPDRYVILGGHRDSWVFGGIDPQSGAAVVHEIVRSFGTLKKEGWRPRRTILFAS
WDAEEFGLLGSTEWAEENSRLLQERGVAYINADSSIEGNYTLRVDCTPLMYSLVHNLTKE
LKSPDEGFEGKSLYESWTKKSPSPEFSGMPRISKLGSGNDFEVFFQRLGIASGRARYTKN
WETNKFSGYPLYHSVYETYELVEKFYDPMFKYHLTVAQVRGGMVFELANSIVLPFDCRDY
AVVLRKYADKIYSISMKHPQEMKTYSVSFDSLFSAVKNFTEIASKFSERLQDFDKSNPIV
LRMMNDQLMFLERAFIDPLGLPDRPFYRHVIYAPSSHNKYAGESFPGIYDALFDIESKVD
PSKAWGEVKRQIYVAAFTVQAAAETLSEVA

• Release of an unsubstituted, C-terminal glutamyl residue, typically from Ac-Asp-Glu or folylpoly-gamma-glutamates EFFECTOR Metal

• PA (PF02225 )
• TFR_dimer (PF04253 )
• Peptidase_M28 (PF04389 )

• None

• 20-43

• Cell membrane
• single-pass type II membrane protein. Isoform PSMA':Cytoplasm

ATGTGGAATCTCCTTCACGAAACCGACTCGGCTGTGGCCACCGCGCGCCGCCCGCGCTGG
CTGTGCGCTGGGGCGCTGGTGCTGGCGGGTGGCTTCTTTCTCCTCGGCTTCCTCTTCGGG
TGGTTTATAAAATCCTCCAATGAAGCTACTAACATTACTCCAAAGCATAATATGAAAGCA
TTTTTGGATGAATTGAAAGCTGAGAACATCAAGAAGTTCTTATATAATTTTACACAGATA
CCACATTTAGCAGGAACAGAACAAAACTTTCAGCTTGCAAAGCAAATTCAATCCCAGTGG
AAAGAATTTGGCCTGGATTCTGTTGAGCTAGCACATTATGATGTCCTGTTGTCCTACCCA
AATAAGACTCATCCCAACTACATCTCAATAATTAATGAAGATGGAAATGAGATTTTCAAC
ACATCATTATTTGAACCACCTCCTCCAGGATATGAAAATGTTTCGGATATTGTACCACCT
TTCAGTGCTTTCTCTCCTCAAGGAATGCCAGAGGGCGATCTAGTGTATGTTAACTATGCA
CGAACTGAAGACTTCTTTAAATTGGAACGGGACATGAAAATCAATTGCTCTGGGAAAATT
GTAATTGCCAGATATGGGAAAGTTTTCAGAGGAAATAAGGTTAAAAATGCCCAGCTGGCA
GGGGCCAAAGGAGTCATTCTCTACTCCGACCCTGCTGACTACTTTGCTCCTGGGGTGAAG
TCCTATCCAGATGGTTGGAATCTTCCTGGAGGTGGTGTCCAGCGTGGAAATATCCTAAAT
CTGAATGGTGCAGGAGACCCTCTCACACCAGGTTACCCAGCAAATGAATATGCTTATAGG
CGTGGAATTGCAGAGGCTGTTGGTCTTCCAAGTATTCCTGTTCATCCAATTGGATACTAT
GATGCACAGAAGCTCCTAGAAAAAATGGGTGGCTCAGCACCACCAGATAGCAGCTGGAGA
GGAAGTCTCAAAGTGCCCTACAATGTTGGACCTGGCTTTACTGGAAACTTTTCTACACAA
AAAGTCAAGATGCACATCCACTCTACCAATGAAGTGACAAGAATTTACAATGTGATAGGT
ACTCTCAGAGGAGCAGTGGAACCAGACAGATATGTCATTCTGGGAGGTCACCGGGACTCA
TGGGTGTTTGGTGGTATTGACCCTCAGAGTGGAGCAGCTGTTGTTCATGAAATTGTGAGG
AGCTTTGGAACACTGAAAAAGGAAGGGTGGAGACCTAGAAGAACAATTTTGTTTGCAAGC
TGGGATGCAGAAGAATTTGGTCTTCTTGGTTCTACTGAGTGGGCAGAGGAGAATTCAAGA
CTCCTTCAAGAGCGTGGCGTGGCTTATATTAATGCTGACTCATCTATAGAAGGAAACTAC
ACTCTGAGAGTTGATTGTACACCGCTGATGTACAGCTTGGTACACAACCTAACAAAAGAG
CTGAAAAGCCCTGATGAAGGCTTTGAAGGCAAATCTCTTTATGAAAGTTGGACTAAAAAA
AGTCCTTCCCCAGAGTTCAGTGGCATGCCCAGGATAAGCAAATTGGGATCTGGAAATGAT
TTTGAGGTGTTCTTCCAACGACTTGGAATTGCTTCAGGCAGAGCACGGTATACTAAAAAT
TGGGAAACAAACAAATTCAGCGGCTATCCACTGTATCACAGTGTCTATGAAACATATGAG
TTGGTGGAAAAGTTTTATGATCCAATGTTTAAATATCACCTCACTGTGGCCCAGGTTCGA
GGAGGGATGGTGTTTGAGCTAGCCAATTCCATAGTGCTCCCTTTTGATTGTCGAGATTAT
GCTGTAGTTTTAAGAAAGTATGCTGACAAAATCTACAGTATTTCTATGAAACATCCACAG
GAAATGAAGACATACAGTGTATCATTTGATTCACTTTTTTCTGCAGTAAAGAATTTTACA
GAAATTGCTTCCAAGTTCAGTGAGAGACTCCAGGACTTTGACAAAAGCAACCCAATAGTA
TTAAGAATGATGAATGATCAACTCATGTTTCTGGAAAGAGCATTTATTGATCCATTAGGG
TTACCAGACAGGCCTTTTTATAGGCATGTCATCTATGCTCCAAGCAGCCACAACAAGTAT
GCAGGGGAGTCATTCCCAGGAATTTATGATGCTCTGTTTGATATTGAAAGCAAAGTGGAC
CCTTCCAAGGCCTGGGGAGAAGTGAAGAGACAGATTTATGTTGCAGCCTTCACAGTGCAG
GCAGCTGCAGAGACTTTGAGTGAAGTAGCCTAA

1. Pangalos MN, Neefs JM, Somers M, Verhasselt P, Bekkers M, van der Helm L, Fraiponts E, Ashton D, Gordon RD: Isolation and expression of novel human glutamate carboxypeptidases with N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity. J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 26;274(13):8470-83. [PubMed ]
2. Zhang H, Li XJ, Martin DB, Aebersold R: Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry. Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Jun;21(6):660-6. Epub 2003 May 18. [PubMed ]
3. Su SL, Huang IP, Fair WR, Powell CT, Heston WD: Alternatively spliced variants of prostate-specific membrane antigen RNA: ratio of expression as a potential measurement of progression. Cancer Res. 1995 Apr 1;55(7):1441-3. [PubMed ]
4. Israeli RS, Powell CT, Fair WR, Heston WD: Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a prostate-specific membrane antigen. Cancer Res. 1993 Jan 15;53(2):227-30. [PubMed ]
5. Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ: Structure of membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 May 23;1339(2):247-52. [PubMed ]
6. Bzdega T, Turi T, Wroblewska B, She D, Chung HS, Kim H, Neale JH: Molecular cloning of a peptidase against N-acetylaspartylglutamate from a rat hippocampal cDNA library. J Neurochem. 1997 Dec;69(6):2270-7. [PubMed ]
7. Luthi-Carter R, Barczak AK, Speno H, Coyle JT: Hydrolysis of the neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) by cloned human glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Brain Res. 1998 Jun 8;795(1-2):341-8. [PubMed ]
8. Luthi-Carter R, Barczak AK, Speno H, Coyle JT: Molecular characterization of human brain N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Aug;286(2):1020-5. [PubMed ]
9. Grauer LS, Lawler KD, Marignac JL, Kumar A, Goel AS, Wolfert RL: Identification, purification, and subcellular localization of prostate-specific membrane antigen PSM' protein in the LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res. 1998 Nov 1;58(21):4787-9. [PubMed ]
10. O'Keefe DS, Su SL, Bacich DJ, Horiguchi Y, Luo Y, Powell CT, Zandvliet D, Russell PJ, Molloy PL, Nowak NJ, Shows TB, Mullins C, Vonder Haar RA, Fair WR, Heston WD: Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Nov 26;1443(1-2):113-27. [PubMed ]
11. 9882712 Speno HS, Luthi-Carter R, Macias WL, Valentine SL, Joshi AR, Coyle JT: Site-directed mutagenesis of predicted active site residues in glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jan;55(1):179-85.

1. Rodriguez CE, Lu H, Martinez AR, Hu Y, Brunelle A, Berkman CE: Inhibition of glutamate carboxypeptidase II by phosphonamidothionate derivatives of glutamic acid. J Enzyme Inhib. 2001 Oct;16(4):359-65. [PubMed ]
2. Maung J, Mallari JP, Girtsman TA, Wu LY, Rowley JA, Santiago NM, Brunelle AN, Berkman CE: Probing for a hydrophobic a binding register in prostate-specific membrane antigen with phenylalkylphosphonamidates. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004 Sep 15;12(18):4969-79. [PubMed ]
3. Davis MI, Bennett MJ, Thomas LM, Bjorkman PJ: Crystal structure of prostate-specific membrane antigen, a tumor marker and peptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 26;102(17):5981-6. Epub 2005 Apr 18. [PubMed ]
4. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
5. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase
2. EC 4.1.1.15
3. GAD-65
4. Glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform

MASPGSGFWSFGSEDGSGDSENPGTARAWCQVAQKFTGGIGNKLCALLYGDAEKPAESGG
SQPPRAAARKAACACDQKPCSCSKVDVNYAFLHATDLLPACDGERPTLAFLQDVMNILLQ
YVVKSFDRSTKVIDFHYPNELLQEYNWELADQPQNLEEILMHCQTTLKYAIKTGHPRYFN
QLSTGLDMVGLAADWLTSTANTNMFTYEIAPVFVLLEYVTLKKMREIIGWPGGSGDGIFS
PGGAISNMYAMMIARFKMFPEVKEKGMAALPRLIAFTSEHSHFSLKKGAAALGIGTDSVI
LIKCDERGKMIPSDLERRILEAKQKGFVPFLVSATAGTTVYGAFDPLLAVADICKKYKIW
MHVDAAWGGGLLMSRKHKWKLSGVERANSVTWNPHKMMGVPLQCSALLVREEGLMQNCNQ
MHASYLFQQDKHYDLSYDTGDKALQCGRHVDVFKLWLMWRAKGTTGFEAHVDKCLELAEY
LYNIIKNREGYEMVFDGKPQHTNVCFWYIPPSLRTLEDNEERMSRLSKVAPVIKARMMEY
GTTMVSYQPLGDKVNFFRMVISNPAATHQDIDFLIEEIERLGQDL

• L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2

• Pyridoxal_deC (PF00282 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm
• cytosol. Cytoplasmic vesicle. Associated to cytoplasmic vesicles. In neurons, cytosolic l

ATGGCATCTCCGGGCTCTGGCTTTTGGTCTTTCGGGTCGGAAGATGGCTCTGGGGATTCC
GAGAATCCCGGCACAGCGCGAGCCTGGTGCCAAGTGGCTCAGAAGTTCACGGGCGGCATC
GGAAACAAACTGTGCGCCCTGCTCTACGGAGACGCCGAGAAGCCGGCGGAGAGCGGCGGG
AGCCAACCCCCGCGGGCCGCCGCCCGGAAGGCCGCCTGCGCCTGCGACCAGAAGCCCTGC
AGCTGCTCCAAAGTGGATGTCAACTACGCGTTTCTCCATGCAACAGACCTGCTGCCGGCG
TGTGATGGAGAAAGGCCCACTTTGGCGTTTCTGCAAGATGTTATGAACATTTTACTTCAG
TATGTGGTGAAAAGTTTCGATAGATCAACCAAAGTGATTGATTTCCATTATCCTAATGAG
CTTCTCCAAGAATATAATTGGGAATTGGCAGACCAACCACAAAATTTGGAGGAAATTTTG
ATGCATTGCCAAACAACTCTAAAATATGCAATTAAAACAGGGCATCCTAGATACTTCAAT
CAACTTTCTACTGGTTTGGATATGGTTGGATTAGCAGCAGACTGGCTGACATCAACAGCA
AATACTAACATGTTCACCTATGAAATTGCTCCAGTATTTGTGCTTTTGGAATATGTCACA
CTAAAGAAAATGAGAGAAATCATTGGCTGGCCAGGGGGCTCTGGCGATGGGATATTTTCT
CCCGGTGGCGCCATATCTAACATGTATGCCATGATGATCGCACGCTTTAAGATGTTCCCA
GAAGTCAAGGAGAAAGGAATGGCTGCTCTTCCCAGGCTCATTGCCTTCACGTCTGAACAT
AGTCATTTTTCTCTCAAGAAGGGAGCTGCAGCCTTAGGGATTGGAACAGACAGCGTGATT
CTGATTAAATGTGATGAGAGAGGGAAAATGATTCCATCTGATCTTGAAAGAAGGATTCTT
GAAGCCAAACAGAAAGGGTTTGTTCCTTTCCTCGTGAGTGCCACAGCTGGAACCACCGTG
TACGGAGCATTTGACCCCCTCTTAGCTGTCGCTGACATTTGCAAAAAGTATAAGATCTGG
ATGCATGTGGATGCAGCTTGGGGTGGGGGATTACTGATGTCCCGAAAACACAAGTGGAAA
CTGAGTGGCGTGGAGAGGGCCAACTCTGTGACGTGGAATCCACACAAGATGATGGGAGTC
CCTTTGCAGTGCTCTGCTCTCCTGGTTAGAGAAGAGGGATTGATGCAGAATTGCAACCAA
ATGCATGCCTCCTACCTCTTTCAGCAAGATAAACATTATGACCTGTCCTATGACACTGGA
GACAAGGCCTTACAGTGCGGACGCCACGTTGATGTTTTTAAACTATGGCTGATGTGGAGG
GCAAAGGGGACTACCGGGTTTGAAGCGCATGTTGATAAATGTTTGGAGTTGGCAGAGTAT
TTATACAACATCATAAAAAACCGAGAAGGATATGAGATGGTGTTTGATGGGAAGCCTCAG
CACACAAATGTCTGCTTCTGGTACATTCCTCCAAGCTTGCGTACTCTGGAAGACAATGAA
GAGAGAATGAGTCGCCTCTCGAAGGTGGCTCCAGTGATTAAAGCCAGAATGATGGAGTAT
GGAACCACAATGGTCAGCTACCAACCCTTGGGAGACAAGGTCAATTTCTTCCGCATGGTC
ATCTCAAACCCAGCGGCAACTCACCAAGACATTGACTTCCTGATTGAAGAAATAGAACGC
CTTGGACAAGATTTATAA

1. Kanaani J, el-Husseini Ael-D, Aguilera-Moreno A, Diacovo JM, Bredt DS, Baekkeskov S: A combination of three distinct trafficking signals mediates axonal targeting and presynaptic clustering of GAD65. J Cell Biol. 2002 Sep 30;158(7):1229-38. [PubMed ]
2. Bu DF, Erlander MG, Hitz BC, Tillakaratne NJ, Kaufman DL, Wagner-McPherson CB, Evans GA, Tobin AJ: Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2115-9. [PubMed ]
3. Karlsen AE, Hagopian WA, Grubin CE, Dube S, Disteche CM, Adler DA, Barmeier H, Mathewes S, Grant FJ, Foster D, et al.: Cloning and primary structure of a human islet isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase from chromosome 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8337-41. [PubMed ]
4. Mauch L, Abney CC, Berg H, Scherbaum WA, Liedvogel B, Northemann W: Characterization of a linear epitope within the human pancreatic 64-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase and its autoimmune recognition by sera from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Eur J Biochem. 1993 Mar 1;212(2):597-603. [PubMed ]
5. Bu DF, Tobin AJ: The exon-intron organization of the genes (GAD1 and GAD2) encoding two human glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67 and GAD65) suggests that they derive from a common ancestral GAD. Genomics. 1994 May 1;21(1):222-8. [PubMed ]
6. Kim J, Richter W, Aanstoot HJ, Shi Y, Fu Q, Rajotte R, Warnock G, Baekkeskov S: Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1993 Dec;42(12):1799-808. [PubMed ]
7. Namchuk M, Lindsay L, Turck CW, Kanaani J, Baekkeskov S: Phosphorylation of serine residues 3, 6, 10, and 13 distinguishes membrane anchored from soluble glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and is restricted to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65alpha. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 17;272(3):1548-57. [PubMed ]

1. Wang FY, Zhu RM, Maemura K, Hirata I, Katsu K, Watanabe M: Expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid decarboxylases in rat descending colon and their relation to epithelial differentiation. Chin J Dig Dis. 2006;7(2):103-8. [PubMed ]
2. Wei J, Lin CH, Wu H, Jin Y, Lee YH, Wu JY: Activity-dependent cleavage of brain glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 by calpain. J Neurochem. 2006 Sep;98(5):1688-95. Epub 2006 Jul 31. [PubMed ]
3. Pop SM, Wong CP, He Q, Wang Y, Wallet MA, Goudy KS, Tisch R: The type and frequency of immunoregulatory CD4+ T-cells govern the efficacy of antigen-specific immunotherapy in nonobese diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2007 May;56(5):1395-402. Epub 2007 Feb 22. [PubMed ]
4. Castelli MP, Piras AP, Melis T, Succu S, Sanna F, Melis MR, Collu S, Grazia Ennas M, Diaz G, Mackie K, Argiolas A: Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus and central control of penile erection: immunocytochemistry, autoradiography and behavioral studies. Neuroscience. 2007 Jun 15;147(1):197-206. Epub 2007 May 15. [PubMed ]
5. Manto MU, Laute MA, Aguera M, Rogemond V, Pandolfo M, Honnorat J: Effects of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases. Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun;61(6):544-51. [PubMed ]

1. EC 2.6.1.52
2. PSAT

MDAPRQVVNFGPGPAKLPHSVLLEIQKELLDYKGVGISVLEMSHRSSDFAKIINNTENLV
RELLAVPDNYKVIFLQGGGCGQFSAVPLNLIGLKAGRCADYVVTGAWSAKAAEEAKKFGT
INIVHPKLGSYTKIPDPSTWNLNPDASYVYYCANETVHGVEFDFIPDVKGAVLVCDMSSN
FLSKPVDVSKFGVIFAGAQKNVGSAGVTVVIVRDDLLGFALRECPSVLEYKVQAGNSSLY
NTPPCFSIYVMGLVLEWIKNNGGAAAMEKLSSIKSQTIYEIIDNSQGFYVCPVEPQNRSK
MNIPFRIGNAKGDDALEKRFLDKALELNMLSLKGHRSVGGIRASLYNAVTIEDVQKLAAF
MKKFLEMHQL

• (1) O-phospho-L-serine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-phosphonooxypyruvate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_5 (PF00266 )

• None

• None

ATGGACGCCCCCAGGCAGGTGGTCAACTTTGGGCCTGGTCCCGCCAAGCTGCCGCACTCA
GTGTTGTTAGAGATACAAAAGGAATTATTAGACTACAAAGGAGTTGGCATTAGTGTTCTT
GAAATGAGTCACAGGTCATCAGATTTTGCCAAGATTATTAACAATACAGAGAATCTTGTG
CGGGAATTGCTAGCTGTTCCAGACAACTATAAGGTGATTTTTCTGCAAGGAGGTGGGTGC
GGCCAGTTCAGTGCTGTCCCCTTAAACCTCATTGGCTTGAAAGCAGGAAGGTGTGCGGAC
TATGTGGTGACAGGAGCTTGGTCAGCTAAGGCCGCAGAAGAAGCCAAGAAGTTTGGGACT
ATAAATATCGTTCACCCTAAACTTGGGAGTTATACAAAAATTCCAGATCCAAGCACCTGG
AACCTCAACCCAGATGCCTCCTACGTGTATTATTGCGCAAATGAGACGGTGCATGGTGTG
GAGTTTGACTTTATACCCGATGTCAAGGGAGCAGTACTGGTTTGTGACATGTCCTCAAAC
TTCCTGTCCAAGCCAGTGGATGTTTCCAAGTTTGGTGTGATTTTTGCTGGTGCCCAGAAG
AATGTTGGCTCTGCTGGGGTCACCGTGGTGATTGTCCGTGATGACCTGCTGGGGTTTGCC
CTCCGAGAGTGCCCCTCGGTCCTGGAATACAAGGTGCAGGCTGGAAACAGCTCCTTGTAC
AACACGCCTCCATGTTTCAGCATCTACGTCATGGGCTTGGTTCTGGAGTGGATTAAAAAC
AATGGAGGTGCCGCGGCCATGGAGAAGCTTAGCTCCATCAAATCTCAAACAATTTATGAG
ATTATTGATAATTCTCAAGGATTCTACGTTTGTCCAGTGGAGCCCCAAAATAGAAGCAAG
ATGAATATTCCATTCCGCATTGGCAATGCCAAAGGAGATGATGCTTTAGAAAAAAGATTT
CTTGATAAAGCTCTTGAACTCAATATGTTGTCCTTGAAAGGGCATAGGTCTGTGGGAGGC
ATCCGGGCCTCTCTGTATAATGCTGTCACAATTGAAGACGTTCAGAAGCTGGCCGCCTTC
ATGAAAAAATTTTTGGAGATGCATCAGCTATAG

1. Baek JY, Jun DY, Taub D, Kim YH: Characterization of human phosphoserine aminotransferase involved in the phosphorylated pathway of L-serine biosynthesis. Biochem J. 2003 Jul 1;373(Pt 1):191-200. [PubMed ]

1. Hester G, Stark W, Moser M, Kallen J, Markovic-Housley Z, Jansonius JN: Crystal structure of phosphoserine aminotransferase from Escherichia coli at 2.3 A resolution: comparison of the unligated enzyme and a complex with alpha-methyl-l-glutamate. J Mol Biol. 1999 Feb 26;286(3):829-50. [PubMed ]
2. Katsura Y, Shirouzu M, Yamaguchi H, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Kuramitsu S, Hayashi H, Yokoyama S: Crystal structure of a putative aspartate aminotransferase belonging to subgroup IV. Proteins. 2004 May 15;55(3):487-92. [PubMed ]
3. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
4. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 6.3.2.2
2. GCS light chain
3. Gamma- glutamylcysteine synthetase
4. Gamma-ECS
5. Glutamate--cysteine ligase modifier subunit

MGTDSRAAKALLARARTLHLQTGNLLNWGRLRKKCPSTHSEELHDCIQKTLNEWSSQINP
DLVREFPDVLECTVSHAVEKINPDEREEMKVSAKLFIVESNSSSSTRSAVDMACSVLGVA
QLDSVIIASPPIEDGVNLSLEHLQPYWEELENLVQSKKIVAIGTSDLDKTQLEQLYQWAQ
VKPNSNQVNLASCCVMPPDLTAFAKQFDIQLLTHNDPKELLSEASFQEALQESIPDIQAH
EWVPLWLLRYSVIVKSRGIIKSKGYILQAKRRGS

• ATP + L-glutamate + L-cysteine = ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

• None

• None

ATGGGCACCGACAGCCGCGCGGCCAAGGCGCTCCTGGCGCGGGCCCGCACCCTGCACCTG
CAGACGGGGAACCTGCTGAACTGGGGCCGCCTGCGGAAGAAGTGCCCGTCCACGCACAGC
GAGGAGCTTCATGATTGTATCCAAAAAACCTTGAATGAATGGAGTTCCCAAATCAACCCA
GATTTGGTCAGGGAGTTTCCAGATGTCTTGGAATGCACTGTATCTCATGCAGTAGAAAAG
ATAAATCCTGATGAAAGAGAAGAAATGAAAGTTTCTGCAAAACTGTTCATTGTAGAATCA
AACTCTTCATCATCAACTAGAAGTGCAGTTGACATGGCCTGTTCAGTCCTTGGAGTTGCA
CAGCTGGATTCTGTGATCATTGCTTCACCTCCTATTGAAGATGGAGTTAATCTTTCCTTG
GAGCATTTACAGCCTTACTGGGAGGAATTAGAAAACTTAGTTCAGAGCAAAAAGATTGTT
GCCATAGGTACCTCTGATCTAGACAAAACACAGTTGGAACAGCTGTATCAGTGGGCACAG
GTAAAACCAAATAGTAACCAAGTTAATCTTGCCTCCTGCTGTGTGATGCCACCAGATTTG
ACTGCATTTGCTAAACAATTTGACATACAGCTGTTGACTCACAATGATCCAAAAGAACTG
CTTTCTGAAGCAAGTTTCCAAGAAGCTCTTCAGGAAAGCATTCCTGACATTCAAGCGCAC
GAGTGGGTGCCGCTGTGGCTACTGCGGTATTCGGTCATTGTGAAAAGTAGAGGAATTATC
AAATCAAAAGGCTACATTTTACAAGCTAAAAGAAGGGGTTCTTAA

1. Gipp JJ, Bailey HH, Mulcahy RT: Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for the light subunit of human liver gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and relative mRNA levels for heavy and light subunits in human normal tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jan 17;206(2):584-9. [PubMed ]

1. Giordano G, White CC, McConnachie LA, Fernandez C, Kavanagh TJ, Costa LG: Neurotoxicity of domoic Acid in cerebellar granule neurons in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;70(6):2116-26. Epub 2006 Sep 25. [PubMed ]

1. AMPA-selective glutamate receptor 1
2. GluR-1
3. GluR-A
4. GluR-K1
5. Glutamate receptor 1 precursor
6. Glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 1

MQHIFAFFCTGFLGAVVGANFPNNIQIGGLFPNQQSQEHAAFRFALSQLTEPPKLLPQID
IVNISDSFEMTYRFCSQFSKGVYAIFGFYERRTVNMLTSFCGALHVCFITPSFPVDTSNQ
FVLQLRPELQDALISIIDHYKWQKFVYIYDADRGLSVLQKVLDTAAEKNWQVTAVNILTT
TEEGYRMLFQDLEKKKERLVVVDCESERLNAILGQIIKLEKNGIGYHYILANLGFMDIDL
NKFKESGANVTGFQLVNYTDTIPAKIMQQWKNSDARDHTRVDWKRPKYTSALTYDGVKVM
AEAFQSLRRQRIDISRRGNAGDCLANPAVPWGQGIDIQRALQQVRFEGLTGNVQFNEKGR
RTNYTLHVIEMKHDGIRKIGYWNEDDKFVPAATDAQAGGDNSSVQNRTYIVTTILEDPYV
MLKKNANQFEGNDRYEGYCVELAAEIAKHVGYSYRLEIVSDGKYGARDPDTKAWNGMVGE
LVYGRADVAVAPLTITLVREEVIDFSKPFMSLGISIMIKKPQKSKPGVFSFLDPLAYEIW
MCIVFAYIGVSVVLFLVSRFSPYEWHSEEFEEGRDQTTSDQSNEFGIFNSLWFSLGAFMQ
QGCDISPRSLSGRIVGGVWWFFTLIIISSYTANLAAFLTVERMVSPIESAEDLAKQTEIA
YGTLEAGSTKEFFRRSKIAVFEKMWTYMKSAEPSVFVRTTEEGMIRVRKSKGKYAYLLES
TMNEYIEQRKPCDTMKVGGNLDSKGYGIATPKGSALRNPVNLAVLKLNEQGLLDKLKNKW
WYDKGECGSGGGDSKDKTSALSLSNVAGVFYILIGGLGLAMLVALIEFCYKSRSESKRMK
GFCLIPQQSINEAIRTSTLPRNSGAGASSGGSGENGRVVSHDFPKSMQSIPCMSHSSGMP
LGATGL

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )
• ANF_receptor (PF01094 )

• 1-18

• 537-557
• 585-605
• 618-638
• 806-826

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGCAGCACATTTTTGCCTTCTTCTGCACCGGTTTCCTAGGCGCGGTAGTAGGTGCCAAT
TTCCCCAACAATATCCAGATCGGGGGATTATTTCCAAACCAGCAGTCACAGGAACATGCT
GCTTTTAGATTTGCTTTGTCGCAACTCACAGAGCCCCCGAAGCTGCTCCCCCAGATTGAT
ATTGTGAACATCAGCGACAGCTTTGAGATGACCTATAGATTCTGTTCCCAGTTCTCCAAA
GGAGTCTATGCCATCTTTGGGTTTTATGAACGTAGGACTGTCAACATGCTGACCTCCTTT
TGTGGGGCCCTCCACGTCTGCTTCATTACGCCGAGCTTTCCCGTTGATACATCCAATCAG
TTTGTCCTTCAGCTGCGCCCTGAACTGCAGGATGCCCTCATCAGCATCATTGACCATTAC
AAGTGGCAGAAATTTGTCTACATTTATGATGCCGACCGGGGCTTATCCGTCCTGCAGAAA
GTCCTGGATACAGCTGCTGAGAAGAACTGGCAGGTGACAGCAGTCAACATCTTGACAACC
ACAGAGGAGGGATACCGGATGCTCTTTCAGGACCTGGAGAAGAAAAAGGAGCGGCTGGTG
GTGGTGGACTGTGAATCAGAACGCCTCAATGCTATCTTGGGCCAGATTATAAAGCTAGAG
AAGAATGGCATCGGCTACCACTACATTCTTGCAAATCTGGGCTTCATGGACATTGACTTA
AACAAATTCAAGGAGAGTGGCGCCAATGTGACAGGTTTCCAGCTGGTGAACTACACAGAC
ACTATTCCGGCCAAGATCATGCAGCAGTGGAAGAATAGTGATGCTCGAGACCACACACGG
GTGGACTGGAAGAGACCCAAGTACACCTCTGCGCTCACCTACGATGGGGTGAAGGTGATG
GCTGAGGCTTTCCAGAGCCTGCGGAGGCAGAGAATTGATATATCTCGCCGGGGGAATGCT
GGGGATTGTCTGGCTAACCCAGCTGTTCCCTGGGGCCAAGGGATCGACATCCAGAGAGCT
CTGCAGCAGGTGCGATTTGAAGGTTTAACAGGAAACGTGCAGTTTAATGAGAAAGGACGC
CGGACCAACTACACGCTCCACGTGATTGAAATGAAACATGACGGCATCCGAAAGATTGGT
TACTGGAATGAAGATGATAAGTTTGTCCCTGCAGCCACCGATGCCCAAGCTGGGGGCGAT
AATTCAAGTGTTCAGAACAGAACATACATCGTCACAACAATCCTAGAAGATCCTTATGTG
ATGCTCAAGAAGAACGCCAATCAGTTTGAGGGCAATGACCGTTACGAGGGCTACTGTGTA
GAGCTGGCGGCAGAGATTGCCAAGCACGTGGGCTACTCCTACCGTCTGGAGATTGTCAGT
GATGGAAAATACGGAGCCCGAGACCCTGACACGAAGGCCTGGAATGGCATGGTGGGAGAG
CTGGTCTATGGAAGAGCAGATGTGGCTGTGGCTCCCTTAACTATCACTTTGGTCCGGGAA
GAAGTTATAGATTTCTCCAAACCATTTATGAGTTTGGGGATCTCCATCATGATTAAAAAA
CCACAGAAATCCAAGCCGGGTGTCTTCTCCTTCCTTGATCCTTTGGCTTATGAGATTTGG
ATGTGCATTGTTTTTGCCTACATTGGAGTGAGTGTTGTCCTCTTCCTGGTCAGCCGCTTC
AGTCCCTATGAATGGCACAGTGAAGAGTTTGAGGAAGGACGGGACCAGACAACCAGTGAC
CAGTCCAATGAGTTTGGGATATTCAACAGTTTGTGGTTCTCCCTGGGAGCCTTCATGCAG
CAAGGATGTGACATTTCTCCCAGGTCCCTGTCTGGTCGCATCGTTGGTGGCGTCTGGTGG
TTCTTCACCTTAATCATCATCTCCTCATATACAGCCAATCTGGCCGCCTTCCTGACCGTG
GAGAGGATGGTGTCTCCCATTGAGAGTGCAGAGGACCTAGCGAAGCAGACAGAAATTGCC
TACGGGACGCTGGAAGCAGGATCTACTAAGGAGTTCTTCAGGAGGTCTAAAATTGCTGTG
TTTGAGAAGATGTGGACATACATGAAGTCAGCAGAGCCATCAGTTTTTGTGCGGACCACA
GAGGAGGGGATGATTCGAGTGAGGAAATCCAAAGGCAAATATGCCTACCTCCTGGAGTCC
ACCATGAATGAGTACATTGAGCAGCGGAAACCCTGTGACACCATGAAGGTGGGAGGTAAC
TTGGATTCCAAAGGCTATGGCATTGCAACACCCAAGGGGTCTGCCCTGAGAGGTCCCGTA
AACCTAGCGGTTTTGAAACTCAGTGAGCAAGGCGTCTTAGACAAGCTGAAAAGCAAATGG
TGGTACGATAAAGGGGAATGTGGAAGCAAGGACTCCGGAAGTAAGGACAAGACAAGCGCT
CTGAGCCTCAGCAATGTGGCAGGCGTGTTCTACATCCTGATCGGAGGACTTGGACTAGCC
ATGCTGGTTGCCTTAATCGAGTTCTGCTACAAATCCCGTAGTGAATCCAAGCGGATGAAG
GGTTTTTGTTTGATCCCACAGCAATCCATCAACGAAGCCATACGGACATCGACCCTCCCC
CGCAACAGCGCGGGCACGGCACCGAGCAGCGGCGGCAGTGGAGAGAATGGTCGGGTGGTC
AGCCATGACTTCCCCAAGTCCATGCAATCGATTCCTTGCATGAGCCACAGTTCAGGGATG
CCCTTGGGAGCCACGGGATTGTAA

1. Sun W, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Schinder AF, McPherson JP, Evans GA, Montal M: Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of human brain glutamate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 15;89(4):1443-7. [PubMed ]
2. Potier MC, Spillantini MG, Carter NP: The human glutamate receptor cDNA GluR1: cloning, sequencing, expression and localization to chromosome 5. DNA Seq. 1992;2(4):211-8. [PubMed ]
3. Puckett C, Gomez CM, Korenberg JR, Tung H, Meier TJ, Chen XN, Hood L: Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of one of the human glutamate receptor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7557-61. [PubMed ]

1. Stein E, Cox JA, Seeburg PH, Verdoorn TA: Complex pharmacological properties of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subtypes. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Nov;42(5):864-71. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
4. Henley JM, Jenkins R, Hunt SP: Localisation of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jan;32(1):37-41. [PubMed ]
5. Li F, Owens N, Verdoorn TA: Functional effects of mutations in the putative agonist binding region of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Jan;47(1):148-54. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate receptor subunit 3A precursor
2. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype NR3A
3. NMDAR-L

MRRLSLWWLLSRVCLLLPPPCALVLAGVPSSSSHPQPCQILKRIGHAVRVGAVHLQPWTT
APRAASRAPDDSRAGAQRDEPEPGTRRSPAPSPGARWLGSTLHGRGPPGSRKPGEGARAE
ALWPRDALLFAVDNLNRVEGLLPYNLSLEVVMAIEAGLGDLPLLPFSSPSSPWSSDPFSF
LQSVCHTVVVQGVSALLAFPQSQGEMMELDLVSLVLHIPVISIVRHEFPRESQNPLHLQL
SLENSLSSDADVTVSILTMNNWYNFSLLLCQEDWNITDFLLLTQNNSKFHLGSIINITAN
LPSTQDLLSFLQIQLESIKNSTPTVVMFGCDMESIRRIFEITTQFGVMPPELRWVLGDSQ
NMEELRTEGLPLGLIAHGKTTQSVFEHYVQDAMELVARAVATATMIQPELALIPSTMNCM
EVETTNLTSGQYLSRFLANTTFRGLSGSIRVKGSTIVSSENNFFIWNLQHDPMGKPMWTR
LGSWQGRKIVMDYGIWPEQAQRHKTHFQHPSKLHLRVVTLIEHPFVFTREVDDEGLCPAG
QLCLDPMTNDSSTLDSLFSSLHSSNDTVPIKFKKCCYGYCIDLLEKIAEDMNFDFDLYIV
GDGKYGAWKNGHWTGLVGDLLRGTAHMAVTSFSINTARSQVIDFTSPFFSTSLGILVRTR
DTAAPIGAFMWPLHWTMWLGIFVALHITAVFLTLYEWKSPFGLTPKGRNRSKVFSFSSAL
NICYALLFGRTVAIKPPKCWTGRFLMNLWAIFCMFCLSTYTANLAAVMVGEKIYEELSGI
HDPKLHHPSQGFRFGTVRESSAEDYVRQSFPEMHEYMRRYNVPATPDGVEYLKNNPEKLD
AFIMDKALLDYEVSIDADCKLLTVGKPFAIEGYGIGLPPNSPLTANISELISQYKSHGFM
DMLHDKWYRVVPCGKRSFAVTETLQMGIKHFSGLFVLLCIGFGLSILTTIGEHIVYRLLL
PRIKNKSKLQYWLHTSQRLHRAINTSFIEEKQQHFKTKRVEKRSNVGPRQLTVWNTSNLS
HDNRRKYIFSDEEGQNQLGIRIHQDIPLPPRRRELPALRTTNGKADSLNVSRNSVMQELS
ELEKQIQVIRQELQLAVSRKTELEEYQRTSRTCES

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )

• 1-23

• 675-695
• 749-769
• 931-951

• Cell membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein. Enriched in post-synaptic plasma membrane and post-synap

ATGAGGAGACTGAGTTTGTGGTGGCTGCTGAGCAGGGTCTGTCTGCTGTTGCCGCCGCCC
TGCGCACTGGTGCTGGCCGGGGTGCCCAGCTCCTCCTCGCACCCGCAGCCCTGCCAGATC
CTCAAGCGCATCGGGCACGCGGTGAGGGTGGGCGCGGTGCACTTGCAGCCCTGGACCACC
GCCCCCCGCGCGGCCAGCCGCGCTCCGGACGACAGCCGAGCAGGAGCCCAGAGGGATGAG
CCGGAGCCAGGGACTAGGCGGTCCCCGGCGCCCTCGCCGGGCGCACGCTGGTTGGGGAGC
ACCCTGCATGGCCGGGGGCCGCCGGGCTCCCGTAAGCCCGGGGAGGGCGCCAGGGCGGAG
GCCCTGTGGCCACGGGACGCCCTCCTATTTGCCGTGGACAACCTGAACCGCGTGGAAGGG
CTGCTACCCTACAACCTGTCTTTGGAAGTAGTGATGGCCATCGAGGCAGGCCTGGGCGAT
CTGCCACTTTTGCCCTTCTCCTCCCCTAGTTCGCCATGGAGCAGTGACCCTTTCTCCTTC
CTGCAAAGTGTGTGCCATACCGTGGTGGTGCAAGGGGTGTCGGCGCTGCTCGCCTTCCCC
CAGAGCCAGGGCGAAATGATGGAGCTCGACTTGGTCAGCTTAGTCCTGCACATTCCAGTG
ATCAGCATCGTGCGCCACGAGTTTCCGCGGGAGAGTCAGAATCCCCTTCACCTACAACTG
AGTTTAGAAAATTCATTAAGTTCTGATGCTGATGTCACTGTCTCAATCCTGACCATGAAC
AACTGGTACAATTTTAGCTTGTTGCTGTGCCAGGAAGACTGGAACATCACCGACTTCCTC
CTCCTTACCCAGAATAATTCCAAGTTCCACCTTGGTTCTATCATCAACATCACCGCTAAC
CTCCCCTCCACCCAGGACCTCTTGAGCTTCCTACAGATCCAGCTTGAGAGTATTAAGAAC
AGCACACCCACAGTGGTGATGTTTGGCTGCGACATGGAAAGTATCCGGCGGATTTTCGAA
ATTACAACCCAGTTTGGGGTCATGCCCCCTGAACTTCGTTGGGTGCTGGGAGATTCCCAG
AATATGGAGGAACTGAGGACAGAGGGTCTGCCCTTAGGACTCATTGCTCATGGAAAAACA
ACACAGTCTGTCTTTGAGCACTACGTACAAGATGCTATGGAGCTGGTCGCAAGAGCTGTA
GCCACAGCCACCATGATCCAACCAGAACTTGCTCTCATTCCCAGCACGATGAACTGCATG
GAGGTGGAAACTACAAATCTCACTTCAGGACAATATTTATCAAGGTTTCTAGCCAATACC
ACTTTCAGAGGCCTCAGTGGTTCCATCAGAGTAAAAGGTTCCACCATCGTCAGCTCAGAA
AACAACTTTTTCATCTGGAATCTTCAACATGACCCCATGGGAAAGCCAATGTGGACCCGC
TTGGGCAGCTGGCAGGGGAGAAAGATTGTCATGGACTATGGAATATGGCCAGAGCAGGCC
CAGAGACACAAAACCCACTTCCAACATCCAAGTAAGCTACACTTGAGAGTGGTTACCCTG
ATTGAGCATCCTTTTGTCTTCACAAGGGAGGTAGATGATGAAGGCTTGTGCCCTGCTGGC
CAACTCTGTCTAGACCCCATGACTAATGACTCTTCCACACTGGACAGCCTTTTTAGCAGC
CTCCATAGCAGTAATGATACAGTGCCCATTAAATTCAAGAAGTGCTGCTATGGATATTGC
ATTGATCTGCTGGAAAAGATAGCAGAAGACATGAACTTTGACTTCGACCTCTATATTGTA
GGGGATGGAAAGTATGGAGCCTGGAAAAATGGGCACTGGACTGGGCTAGTGGGTGATCTC
CTGAGAGGGACTGCCCACATGGCAGTCACTTCCTTTAGCATCAATACTGCACGGAGCCAG
GTGATAGATTTCACCAGCCCTTTCTTCTCCACCAGCTTGGGCATCTTAGTGAGGACCCGA
GATACAGCAGCTCCCATTGGAGCCTTCATGTGGCCACTCCACTGGACAATGTGGCTGGGG
ATTTTTGTGGCTCTGCACATCACTGCCGTCTTCCTCACTCTGTATGAATGGAAGAGTCCA
TTTGGTTTGACTCCCAAGGGGCGAAATAGAAGTAAAGTCTTCTCCTTTTCTTCAGCCTTG
AACATCTGTTATGCCCTCTTGTTTGGCAGAACAGTGGCCATCAAACCTCCAAAATGTTGG
ACTGGAAGGTTTCTAATGAACCTTTGGGCCATTTTCTGTATGTTTTGCCTTTCCACATAC
ACGGCAAACTTGGCTGCTGTCATGGTAGGTGAGAAGATCTATGAAGAGCTTTCTGGAATA
CATGACCCCAAGTTACATCATCCTTCCCAAGGATTCCGCTTTGGAACTGTCCGAGAAAGC
AGTGCTGAAGATTATGTGAGACAAAGTTTCCCAGAGATGCATGAATATATGAGAAGGTAC
AATGTTCCAGCCACCCCTGATGGAGTGGAGTATCTGAAGAACAATCCAGAGAAACTAGAC
GCCTTCATCATGGACAAAGCCCTTCTGGATTATGAAGTGTCAATAGATGCTGACTGCAAA
CTTCTCACTGTGGGGAAGCCATTTGCCATAGAAGGATACGGCATTGGCCTCCCACCCAAC
TCTCCATTGACCGCCAACATATCCGAGCTAATCAGTCAATACAAGTCACATGGGTTTATG
GATATGCTCCATGACAAGTGGTACAGGGTGGTTCCCTGTGGCAAGAGAAGTTTTGCTGTC
ACGGAGACTTTGCAAATGGGCATCAAACACTTCTCTGGGCTCTTTGTGCTGCTGTGCATT
GGATTTGGTCTGTCCATTTTGACCACCATTGGTGAGCACATAGTATACAGGCTGCTGCTA
CCACGAATCAAAAACAAATCCAAGCTGCAATACTGGCTCCACACCAGCCAGAGATTACAC
AGAGCAATAAATACATCATTTATAGAGGAAAAGCAGCAGCATTTCAAGACCAAACGTGTG
GAAAAGAGGTCTAATGTGGGACCCCGTCAGCTTACCGTATGGAATACTTCCAATCTGAGT
CATGACAACCGACGGAAATACATCTTTAGTGATGAGGAAGGACAAAACCAGCTGGGCATC
CGGATCCACCAGGACATCCCCCTCCCTCCAAGGAGAAGAGAGCTCCCTGCCTTGCGGACC
ACCAATGGGAAAGCAGACTCCCTAAATGTATCTCGGAACTCAGTGATGCAGGAACTCTCA
GAGCTCGAGAAGCAGATTCAGGTGATCCGTCAGGAGCTGCAGCTGGCTGTGAGCAGGAAA
ACGGAGCTGGAGGAGTATCAAAGGACAAGTCGGACTTGTGAGTCCTAG

1. Andersson O, Stenqvist A, Attersand A, von Euler G: Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization of genes encoding the human NMDA receptor subunits NR3A and NR3B. Genomics. 2001 Dec;78(3):178-84. [PubMed ]
2. Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XXII. The complete sequences of 50 new cDNA clones which code for large proteins. DNA Res. 2001 Dec 31;8(6):319-27. [PubMed ]
3. Eriksson M, Nilsson A, Froelich-Fabre S, Akesson E, Dunker J, Seiger A, Folkesson R, Benedikz E, Sundstrom E: Cloning and expression of the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR3A. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Mar 22;321(3):177-81. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. ALT1
2. EC 2.6.1.2
3. GPT 1
4. Glutamic--alanine transaminase 1
5. Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 1

ASSTGDRSQAVRHGLRAKVLTLDGMNPRVRRVEYAVRGPIVQRALELEQELRQGVKKPFT
EVIRANIGDAQAMGQRPITFLRQVLALCVNPDLLSSPNFPDDAKKRAERILQACGGHSLG
AYSVSSGIQLIREDVARYIERRDGGIPADPNNVFLSTGASDAIVTVLKLLVAGEGHTRTG
VLIPIPQYPLYSATLAELGAVQVDYYLDEERAWALDVAELHRALGQARDHCRPRALCVIN
PGNPTGQVQTRECIEAVIRFAFEERLFLLADEVYQDNVYAAGSQFHSFKKVLMEMGPPYA
GQQELASFHSTSKGYMGECGFRGGYVEVVNMDAAVQQQMLKLMSVRLCPPVPGQALLDLV
VSPPAPTDPSFAQFQAEKQAVLAELAAKAKLTEQVFNEAPGISCNPVQGAMYSFPRVQLP
PRAVERAQELGLAPDMFFCLRLLEETGICVVPGSGFGQREGTYHFRMTILPPLEKLRLLL
EKLSRFHAKFTLEYS

• L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGGCCTCGAGCACAGGTGACCGGAGCCAGGCGGTGAGGCATGGACTGAGGGCGAAGGTG
CTGACGCTGGACGGCATGAACCCGCGTGTGCGGAGAGTGGAGTACGCAGTGCGTGGCCCC
ATAGTGCAGCGAGCCTTGGAGCTGGAGCAGGAGCTGCGCCAGGGTGTGAAGAAGCCTTTC
ACCGAGGTCATCCGTGCCAACATCGGGGACGCACAGGCTATGGGGCAGAGGCCCATCACC
TTCCTGCGCCAGGTCTTGGCCCTCTGTGTTAACCCTGATCTTCTGAGCAGCCCCAACTTC
CCTGACGATGCCAAGAAAAGGGCGGAGCGCATCTTGCAGGCGTGTGGGGGCCACAGTCTG
GGGGCCTACAGCGTCAGCTCCGGCATCCAGCTGATCCGGGAGGACGTGGCGCGGTACATT
GAGAGGCGTGACGGAGGCATCCCTGCGGACCCCAACAACGTCTTCCTGTCCACAGGGGCC
AGCGATGCCATCGTGACGGTGCTGAAGCTGCTGGTGGCCGGCGAGGGCCACACACGCACG
GGTGTGCTCATCCCCATCCCCCAGTACCCACTCTACTCGGCCACGCTGGCAGAGCTGGGC
GCAGTGCAGGTGGATTACTACCTGGACGAGGAGCGTGCCTGGGCGCTGGACGTGGCCGAG
CTTCACCGTGCACTGGGCCAGGCGCGTGACCACTGCCGCCCTCGTGCGCTCTGTGTCATC
AACCCTGGCAACCCCACCGGGCAGGTGCAGACCCGCGAGTGCATCGAGGCCGTGATCCGC
TTCGCCTTCGAAGAGCGGCTCTTTCTGCTGGCGGACGAGGTGTACCAGGACAACGTGTAC
GCCGCGGGTTCGCAGTTCCACTCATTCAAGAAGGTGCTCATGGAGATGGGGCCGCCCTAC
GCCGGGCAGCAGGAGCTTGCCTCCTTCCACTCCACCTCCAAGGGCTACATGGGCGAGTGC
GGGTTCCGCGGCGGCTATGTGGAGGTGGTGAACATGGACGCTGCAGTGCAGCAGCAGATG
CTGAAGCTGATGAGTGTGCGGCTGTGCCCGCCGGTGCCAGGACAGGCCCTGCTGGACCTG
GTGGTCAGCCCGCCCGCGCCCACCGACCCCTCCTTTGCGCAGTTCCAGGCTGAGAAGCAG
GCAGTGCTGGCAGAGCTGGCGGCCAAGGCCAAGCTCACCGAGCAGGTCTTCAATGAGGCT
CCTGGCATCAGCTGCAACCCAGTGCAGGGCGCCATGTACTCCTTCCCGCGCGTGCAGCTG
CCCCCGCGGGCGGTGGAGCGCGCTCAGGAGCTGGGCCTGGCCCCCGATATGTTCTTCTGC
CTGCGCCTCCTGGAGGAGACCGGCATCTGCGTGGTGCCAGGGAGCGGCTTTGGGCAGCGG
GAAGGCACCTACCACTTCCGGATGACCATTCTGCCCCCCTTGGAGAAACTGCGGCTGCTG
CTGGAGAAGCTGAGCAGGTTCCATGCCAAGTTCACCCTCGAGTACTCCTGA

1. Yang RZ, Blaileanu G, Hansen BC, Shuldiner AR, Gong DW: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase. Genomics. 2002 Mar;79(3):445-50. [PubMed ]
2. Ishiguro M, Takio K, Suzuki M, Oyama R, Matsuzawa T, Titani K: Complete amino acid sequence of human liver cytosolic alanine aminotransferase (GPT) determined by a combination of conventional and mass spectral methods. Biochemistry. 1991 Oct 29;30(43):10451-7. [PubMed ]
3. Sohocki MM, Sullivan LS, Harrison WR, Sodergren EJ, Elder FF, Weinstock G, Tanase S, Daiger SP: Human glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT): localization to 8q24.3, cDNA and genomic sequences, and polymorphic sites. Genomics. 1997 Mar 1;40(2):247-52. [PubMed ]

1. Ohgami N, Upadhyay S, Kabata A, Morimoto K, Kusakabe H, Suzuki H: Determination of the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in a microfluidic system. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007 Feb 15;22(7):1330-6. Epub 2006 Jul 18. [PubMed ]

1. EC 2.6.1.5
2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
3. TAT

MDPYMIQMSSKGNLPSILDVHVNVGGRSSVPGKMKGRKARWSVRPSDMAKKTFNPIRAIV
DNMKVKPNPNKTMISLSIGDPTVFGNLPTDPEVTQAMKDALDSGKYNGYAPSIGFLSSRE
EIASYYHCPEAPLEAKDVILTSGCSQAIDLCLAVLANPGQNILVPRPGFSLYKTLAESMG
IEVKLYNLLPEKSWEIDLKQLEYLIDEKTACLIVNNPSNPCGSVFSKRHLQKILAVAARQ
CVPILADEIYGDMVFSDCKYEPLATLSTDVPILSCGGLAKRWLVPGWRLGWILIHDRRDI
FGNEIRDGLVKLSQRILGPCTIVQGALKSILCRTPGEFYHNTLSFLKSNADLCYGALAAI
PGLRPVRPSGAMYLMVGIEMEHFPEFENDVEFTERLVAEQSVHCLPATCFEYPNFIRVVI
TVPEVMMLEACSRIQEFCEQHYHCAEGSQEECDK

• L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )
• TAT_ubiq (PF07706 )

• None

• None

ATGGACCCATACATGATTCAGATGAGCAGCAAAGGCAACCTCCCCTCAATTCTGGACGTG
CATGTCAACGTTGGTGGGAGAAGCTCTGTGCCGGGAAAAATGAAAGGCAGAAAGGCCAGG
TGGTCTGTGAGGCCCTCAGACATGGCCAAGAAAACTTTCAACCCCATCCGAGCCATTGTG
GACAACATGAAGGTGAAACCAAATCCAAACAAAACCATGATTTCCCTGTCCATTGGGGAC
CCTACTGTGTTTGGAAACCTGCCTACAGACCCTGAAGTTACCCAGGCAATGAAAGATGCC
CTGGACTCGGGCAAATATAATGGCTATGCCCCATCCATCGGCTTCCTATCCAGTCGGGAG
GAGATTGCTTCTTATTACCACTGTCCTGAGGCACCCCTAGAAGCTAAGGACGTCATTCTG
ACAAGTGGCTGCAGCCAAGCTATTGACCTTTGTTTAGCTGTGTTGGCCAACCCAGGGCAG
AACATCCTGGTTCCAAGACCTGGTTTCTCTCTCTACAAGACTCTGGCTGAGTCTATGGGA
ATTGAGGTCAAACTCTACAATTTGTTGCCAGAGAAATCTTGGGAAATTGACCTGAAACAA
CTGGAATATCTAATTGATGAAAAGACAGCTTGTCTCATTGTCAATAATCCATCAAACCCC
TGTGGGTCAGTGTTCAGCAAACGTCATCTTCAGAAGATTCTGGCAGTGGCTGCACGGCAG
TGTGTCCCCATCTTAGCTGATGAGATCTATGGAGACATGGTGTTTTCGGATTGCAAATAT
GAACCACTGGCCACCCTCAGCACCGATGTCCCCATCCTGTCCTGTGGAGGGCTGGCCAAG
CGCTGGCTGGTTCCTGGCTGGAGGTTGGGCTGGATCCTCATTCATGACCGAAGAGACATT
TTTGGCAATGAGATCCGAGATGGGCTGGTGAAGCTGAGTCAGCGCATTTTGGGACCCTGT
ACCATTGTCCAGGGAGCTCTGAAAAGCATCCTATGTCGCACCCCGGGAGAGTTTTACCAC
AACACTCTGAGCTTCCTCAAGTCCAATGCTGATCTCTGTTATGGGGCGTTGGCTGCCATC
CCTGGACTCCGGCCAGTCCGCCCTTCTGGGGCTATGTACCTCATGGTTGGAATTGAGATG
GAACATTTCCCAGAATTTGAGAACGATGTGGAGTTCACGGAGCGGTTAGTTGCTGAGCAG
TCTGTCCACTGCCTCCCAGCAACGTGCTTTGAGTACCCGAATTTCATCCGAGTGGTCATC
ACAGTCCCCGAGGTGATGATGCTGGAGGCGTGCAGCCGGATCCAGGAGTTCTGTGAGCAG
CACTACCATTGTGCTGAAGGCAGCCAGGAGGAGTGTGATAAATAG

1. Natt E, Kida K, Odievre M, Di Rocco M, Scherer G: Point mutations in the tyrosine aminotransferase gene in tyrosinemia type II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):9297-301. [PubMed ]
2. Rettenmeier R, Natt E, Zentgraf H, Scherer G: Isolation and characterization of the human tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jul 11;18(13):3853-61. [PubMed ]
3. Zelenin SM, Mertvetsov NP: [Nucleotide sequence of the human tyrosine aminotransferase gene] Bioorg Khim. 1994 Feb;20(2):196-204. [PubMed ]
4. Seralini GE, Luu-The V, Labrie F: Cloning and expression of human tyrosine aminotransferase cDNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Jan 2;1260(1):97-101. [PubMed ]

1. Ozturk M, Chiu CY, Akdeniz N, Jenq SF, Chang SC, Hsa CY, Jap TS: Two novel mutations in the MEN1 gene in subjects with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jun;29(6):523-7. [PubMed ]

1. EC 6.3.2.17
2. FPGS
3. Folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase
4. Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial precursor
5. Tetrahydrofolate synthase
6. Tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate synthase

MSRARSHLRAALFLAAASARGITTQVAARRGLSAWPVPQEPSMEYQDAVRMLNTLQTNAG
YLEQVKRQRGDPQTQLEAMELYLARSGLQVEDLDRLNIIHVTGTKGKGSTCAFTECILRS
YGLKTGFFSSPHLVQVRERIRINGQPISPELFTKYFWRLYHRLEETKDGSCVSMPPYFRF
LTLMAFHVFLQEKVDLAVVEVGIGGAYDCTNIIRKPVVCGVSSLGIDHTSLLGDTVEKIA
WQKGGIFKQGVPAFTVLQPEGPLAVLRDRAQQISCPLYLCPMLEALEEGGPPLTLGLEGE
HQRSNAALALQLAHCWLQRQDRHGAGEPKASRPGLLWQLPLAPVFQPTSHMRLGLRNTEW
PGRTQVLRRGPLTWYLDGAHTASSAQACVRWFRQALQGRERPSGGPEVRVLLFNATGDRD
PAALLKLLQPCQFDYAVFCPNLTEVSSTGNADQQNFTVTLDQVLLRCLEHQQHWNHLDEE
QASPDLWSAPSPEPGGSASLLLAPHPPHTCSASSLVFSCISHALQWISQGRDPIFQPPSP
PKGLLTHPVAHSGASILREAAAIHVLVTGSLHLVGGVLKLLEPALSQ

• ATP + tetrahydropteroyl-[gamma-Glu]n + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydropteroyl-[gamma-Glu]n+1

• Mur_ligase_C (PF02875 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion. Cytoplasm

ATGGAGTACCAGGATGCCGTGCGCATGCTCAATACCCTGCAGACCAATGCCGGCTACCTG
GAGCAGGTGAAGCGCCAGCGGGGTGACCCTCAGACACAGTTGGAAGCCATGGAACTGTAC
CTGGCACGGAGTGGGCTGCAGGTGGAGGACTTGGACCGGCTGAACATCATCCACGTCACT
GGGACGAAGGGGAAGGGCTCCACCTGTGCCTTCACGGAATGTATCCTCCGAAGCTATGGC
CTGAAGACGGGATTCTTTAGCTCTCCCCACCTGGTGCAGGTTCGGGAGCGGATCCGCATC
AATGGGCAGCCCATCAGTCCTGAGCTCTTCACCAAGTACTTCTGGCGCCTCTACCACCGG
CTGGAGGAGACCAAGGATGGCAGCTGTGTCTCCATGCCCCCCTACTTCCGCTTCCTGACA
CTCATGGCCTTCCACGTCTTCCTCCAAGAGAAGGTGGACCTGGCAGTGGTGGAGGTGGGC
ATTGGCGGGGCTTATGACTGCACCAACATCATCAGGAAGCCTGTGGTGTGCGGAGTCTCC
TCTCTTGGCATCGACCACACCAGCCTCCTGGGGGATACGGTGGAGAAGATCGCATGGCAG
AAAGGGGGCATCTTTAAGCAAGGTGTCCCTGCCTTCACTGTGCTCCAACCTGAAGGTCCC
CTGGCAGTGCTGAGGGACCGAGCCCAGCAGATCTCATGTCCTCTATACCTGTGTCCGATG
CTGGAGGCCCTCGAGGAAGGGGGGCCGCCGCTGACCCTGGGCCTGGAGGGGGAGCACCAG
CGGTCCAACGCCGCCTTGGCCTTGCAGCTGGCCCACTGCTGGCTGCAGCGGCAGGACCGC
CATGGTGCTGGGGAGCCAAAGGCATCCAGGCCAGGGCTCCTGTGGCAGCTGCCCCTGGCA
CCTGTGTTCCAGCCCACATCCCACATGCGGCTCGGGCTTCGGAACACGGAGTGGCCGGGC
CGGACGCAGGTGCTGCGGCGCGGGCCCCTCACCTGGTACCTGGACGGTGCGCACACCGCC
AGCAGCGCGCAGGCCTGCGTGCGCTGGTTCCGCCAGGCGCTGCAGGGCCGCGAGAGGCCG
AGCGGTGGCCCCGAGGTTCGAGTCTTGCTCTTCAATGCTACCGGGGACCGGGACCCGGCG
GCCCTGCTGAAGCTGCTGCAGCCCTGCCAGTTTGACTATGCCGTCTTCTGCCCTAACCTG
ACAGAGGTGTCATCCACAGGCAACGCAGACCAACAGAACTTCACAGTGACACTGGACCAG
GTCCTGCTCCGCTGCCTGGAACACCAGCAGCACTGGAACCACCTGGACGAAGAGCAGGCC
AGCCCGGACCTCTGGAGTGCCCCCAGCCCAGAGCCCGGTGGGTCCGCATCCCTGCTTCTG
GCGCCCCACCCACCCCACACCTGCAGTGCCAGCTCCCTCGTCTTCAGCTGCATTTCACAT
GCCTTGCAATGGATCAGCCAAGGCCGAGACCCCATCTTCCAGCCACCTAGTCCCCCAAAG
GGCCTCCTCACCCACCCTGTGGCTCACAGTGGGGCCAGCATACTCCGTGAGGCTGCTGCC
ATCCATGTGCTAGTCACTGGCAGCCTGCACCTGGTGGGTGGTGTCCTGAAGCTGCTGGAG
CCCGCACTGTCCCAGTAG

1. Garrow TA, Admon A, Shane B: Expression cloning of a human cDNA encoding folylpoly(gamma-glutamate) synthetase and determination of its primary structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):9151-5. [PubMed ]
2. Cichowicz DJ, Shane B: Mammalian folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase. 1. Purification and general properties of the hog liver enzyme. Biochemistry. 1987 Jan 27;26(2):504-12. [PubMed ]
3. Freemantle SJ, Taylor SM, Krystal G, Moran RG: Upstream organization of and multiple transcripts from the human folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase gene. J Biol Chem. 1995 Apr 21;270(16):9579-84. [PubMed ]
4. Taylor SM, Freemantle SJ, Moran RG: Structural organization of the human folypoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase gene: evidence for a single genomic locus. Cancer Res. 1995 Dec 15;55(24):6030-4. [PubMed ]

1. DeMartino JK, Hwang I, Xu L, Wilson IA, Boger DL: Discovery of a potent, nonpolyglutamatable inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. J Med Chem. 2006 May 18;49(10):2998-3002. [PubMed ]
2. Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL: Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Dec 15;14(24):8590-8. Epub 2006 Sep 20. [PubMed ]

1. BCAT(m)
2. Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
3. EC 2.6.1.42
4. PP18
5. Placental protein 18

MAAAALGQIWARKLLSVPWLLCGPRRYASSSFKAADLQLEMTQKPHKKPGPGEPLVFGKT
FTDHMLMVEWNDKGWGQPRIQPFQNLTLHPASSSLHYSLQLFEGMKAFKGKDQQVRLFRP
WLNMDRMLRSAMRLCLPSFDKLELLECIRRLIEVDKDWVPDAAGTSLYVRPVLIGNEPSL
GVSQPTRALLFVILCPVGAYFPGGSVTPVSLLADPAFIRAWVGGVGNYKLGGNYGPTVLV
QQEALKRGCEQVLWLYGPDHQLTEVGTMNIFVYWTHEDGVLELVTPPLNGVILPGVVRQS
LLDMAQTWGEFRVVERTITMKQLLRALEEGRVREVFGSGTACQVCPVHRILYKDRNLHIP
TMENGPELILRFQKELKEIQYGIRAHEWMFPV

• L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_4 (PF01063 )

• None

• None

• Isoform A:Mitochondrion. Isoform B:Cytoplasm

ATGGCCGCAGCCGCTCTGGGGCAGATCTGGGCACGAAAGCTTCTCTCTGTCCCTTGGCTT
CTGTGTGGTCCCAGAAGATATGCCTCCTCCAGTTTCAAGGCTGCAGACCTGCAGCTGGAA
ATGACACAGAAGCCTCATAAGAAGCCTGGCCCCGGCGAGCCCCTGGTGTTTGGGAAGACA
TTTACCGACCACATGCTGATGGTGGAATGGAATGACAAGGGCTGGGGCCAGCCCCGAATC
CAGCCCTTCCAGAACCTCACGCTGCACCCAGCCTCCTCCAGCCTCCACTACTCCCTGCAG
CTGTTTGAGGGCATGAAGGCGTTCAAAGGCAAAGACCAGCAGGTGCGCCTCTTCCGCCCC
TGGCTCAACATGGACCGGATGCTGCGCTCAGCCATGCGCCTGTGCCTGCCGAGTTTCGAC
AAGCTGGAGTTGCTGGAGTGCATCCGCCGGCTCATCGAAGTGGACAAGGACTGGGTCCCC
GATGCCGCCGGCACCAGCCTCTATGTGCGGCCTGTGCTCATTGGGAACGAGCCCTCGCTG
GGTGTCAGCCAGCCCAGGCGCGCGCTCCTGTTCGTCATTCTCTGCCCAGTGGGTGCCTAC
TTCCCTGGAGGCTCCGTGACCCCGGTCTCCCTCCTGGCCGACCCAGCCTTCATCCGGGCC
TGGGTGGGCGGGGTCGGCAACTACAAGTTAGGTGGGAATTATGGGCCCACCGTGTTAGTG
CAACAGGAGGCACTCAAGCGGGGCTGTGAACAGGTCCTCTGGCTGTATGGGCCCGACCAC
CAGCTCACCGAGGTGGGAACCATGAACATCTTTGTCTACTGGACCCACGAAGATGGGGTG
CTGGAGCTGGTGACGCCCCCGCTGAATGGTGTTATCCTGCCTGGAGTGGTCAGACAGAGT
CTACTGGACATGGCTCAGACCTGGGGTGAGTTCCGGGTGGTGGAGCGCACGATCACCATG
AAGCAGTTGCTGCGGGCCTTGGAGGAGGGCCGCGTGCGGGAAGTCTTTGGCTCGGGCACC
GCTTGCCAGGTCTGCCCAGTGCACCGAATCCTGTACAAAGACAGGAACCTCCATATTCCC
ACCATGGAAAATGGGCCTGAGCTGATCCTCCGCTTCCAGAAGGAGCTGAAGGAGATCCAG
TACGGAATCAGAGCCCACGAGTGGATGTTCCCGGTGTGA

1. Than NG, Sumegi B, Than GN, Bellyei S, Bohn H: Molecular cloning and characterization of placental tissue protein 18 (PP18a)/human mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm) and its novel alternatively spliced PP18b variant. Placenta. 2001 Feb-Mar;22(2-3):235-43. [PubMed ]
2. Yennawar N, Dunbar J, Conway M, Hutson S, Farber G: The structure of human mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 Apr;57(Pt 4):506-15. [PubMed ]
3. Yennawar NH, Conway ME, Yennawar HP, Farber GK, Hutson SM: Crystal structures of human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase reaction intermediates: ketimine and pyridoxamine phosphate forms. Biochemistry. 2002 Oct 1;41(39):11592-601. [PubMed ]
4. Eden A, Simchen G, Benvenisty N: Two yeast homologs of ECA39, a target for c-Myc regulation, code for cytosolic and mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 23;271(34):20242-5. [PubMed ]
5. Bledsoe RK, Dawson PA, Hutson SM: Cloning of the rat and human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferases (BCATm). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997 Apr 25;1339(1):9-13. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. 2- aminoadipate aminotransferase
2. 2-aminoadipate transaminase
3. AadAT
4. Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase
5. EC 2.6.1.39
6. EC 2.6.1.7
7. KAT/AadAT
8. Kynurenine aminotransferase II
9. Kynurenine--oxoglutarate aminotransferase II
10. Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase II
11. Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase mitochondrial precursor

MNYARFITAASAARNPSPIRTMTDILSRGPKSMISLAGGLPNPNMFPFKTAVITVENGKT
IQFGEEMMKRALQYSPSAGIPELLSWLKQLQIKLHNPPTIHYPPSQGQMDLCVTSGSQQG
LCKVFEMIINPGDNVLLDEPAYSGTLQSLHPLGCNIINVASDESGIVPDSLRDILSRWKP
EDAKNPQKNTPKFLYTVPNGNNPTGNSLTSERKKEIYELARKYDFLIIEDDPYYFLQFNK
FRVPTFLSMDVDGRVIRADSFSKIISSGLRIGFLTGPKPLIERVILHIQVSTLHPSTFNQ
LMISQLLHEWGEEGFMAHVDRVIDFYSNQKDAILAAADKWLTGLAEWHVPAAGMFLWIKV
KGINDVKELIEEKAVKMGVLMLPGNAFYVDSSAPSPYLRASFSSASPEQMDVAFQVLAQL
IKESL

• L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion (Potential)

ATGAATTACGCACGGTTCATCACGGCAGCGAGCGCAGCCAGAAACCCTTCTCCCATCCGG
ACCATGACTGACATATTGAGCAGAGGACCAAAATCGATGATCTCCTTGGCTGGTGGCTTA
CCAAATCCAAACATGTTTCCTTTTAAGACTGCCGTAATCACTGTAGAAAATGGAAAGACC
ATCCAATTTGGAGAAGAGATGATGAAGAGAGCACTTCAGTATTCTCCGAGTGCTGGAATT
CCAGAGCTTTTGTCCTGGCTAAAACAGTTACAAATAAAATTGCATAATCCTCCTACCATC
CATTACCCACCCAGTCAAGGACAAATGGATCTATGTGTCACATCTGGCAGCCAACAAGGT
CTTTGTAAGGTGTTTGAAATGATCATTAATCCTGGAGATAATGTCCTCCTAGATGAACCT
GCTTATTCAGGAACTCTTCAAAGTCTGCACCCACTGGGCTGCAACATTATTAATGTTGCC
AGTGATGAAAGTGGGATTGTTCCAGATTCCCTAAGAGACATACTTTCCAGATGGAAACCA
GAAGATGCAAAGAATCCCCAGAAAAACACCCCCAAATTTCTTTATACTGTTCCAAATGGC
AACAACCCTACTGGAAACTCATTAACCAGTGAACGCAAAAAGGAAATCTATGAGCTTGCA
AGAAAATATGATTTCCTCATAATAGAAGATGATCCTTACTATTTTCTCCAGTTTAACAAG
TTCAGGGTACCAACATTTCTTTCCATGGATGTTGATGGACGTGTCATCAGAGCTGACTCT
TTTTCAAAAATCATTTCCTCTGGGTTGAGAATAGGATTTTTAACTGGTCCAAAACCCTTA
ATAGAGAGAGTTATTTTACACATACAAGTTTCAACATTGCACCCCAGCACTTTTAACCAG
CTCATGATATCACAGCTTCTACACGAATGGGGAGAAGAAGGTTTCATGGCTCATGTAGAC
AGGGTTATTGATTTCTATAGTAACCAGAAGGATGCAATACTGGCAGCTGCAGACAAGTGG
TTAACTGGTTTGGCAGAATGGCATGTTCCTGCTGCTGGAATGTTTTTATGGATTAAAGTT
AAAGGCATTAATGATGTAAAAGAACTGATTGAAGAAAAGGCCGTTAAGATGGGGGTATTA
ATGCTCCCTGGAAATGCTTTCTACGTCGATAGCTCAGCTCCTAGCCCTTACTTGAGAGCA
TCCTTCTCTTCAGCTTCTCCAGAACAGATGGATGTGGCCTTCCAGGTATTAGCACAACTT
ATAAAAGAATCTTTATGA

1. Kocki T, Luchowski P, Luchowska E, Wielosz M, Turski WA, Urbanska EM: L-cysteine sulphinate, endogenous sulphur-containing amino acid, inhibits rat brain kynurenic acid production via selective interference with kynurenine aminotransferase II. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jul 31;346(1-2):97-100. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 1.4.1.3
2. GDH
3. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial precursor

MYRYLAKALLPSRAGPAALGSAANHSAALLGRGRGQPAAASQPGLALAARRHYSELVADR
EDDPNFFKMVEGFFDRGASIVEDKLVKDLRTQESEEQKRNRVRGILRIIKPCNHVLSLSF
PIRRDDGSWEVIEGYRAQHSQHRTPCKGGIRYSTDVSVDEVKALASLMTYKCAVVDVPFG
GAKAGVKINPKNYTENELEKITRRFTMELAKKGFIGPGVDVPAPDMNTGEREMSWIADTY
ASTIGHYDINAHACVTGKPISQGGIHGRISATGRGVFHGIENFINEASYMSILGMTPGFR
DKTFVVQGFGNVGLHSMRYLHRFGAKCIAVGESDGSIWNPDGIDPKELEDFKLQHGSILG
FPKAKPYEGSILEVDCDILIPAATEKQLTKSNAPRVKAKIIAEGANGPTTPEADKIFLER
NILVIPDLYLNAGGVTVSYFEWLKNLNHVSYGRLTFKYERDSNYHLLLSVQESLERKFGK
HGGTIPIVPTAEFQDSISGASEKDIVHSALAYTMERSARQIMHTAMKYNLGLDLRTAAYV
NAIEKVFKVYSEAGVTFT

• L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+

• ELFV_dehydrog (PF00208 )
• ELFV_dehydrog_N (PF02812 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion
• mitochondrial matrix

ATGTACCGCTACCTGGCCAAAGCGCTGCTGCCGTCCCGGGCCGGGCCCGCTGCCCTGGGC
TCCGCGGCCAACCACTCGGCCGCGTTGCTGGGCCGGGGCCGCGGACAGCCCGCCGCCGCC
TCGCAGCCGGGGCTCGCATTGGCCGCCCGGCGCCACTACAGCGAGTTGGTGGCCGACCGC
GAGGACGACCCCAACTTCTTCAAGATGGTGGAGGGCTTCTTCGATCGCGGCGCCAGCATC
GTGGAGGACAAGTTGGTGAAGGACCTGAGGACCCAGGAAAGCGAGGAGCAGAAGCGGAAC
CGGGTGCGCGGCATCCTGCGGATCATCAAGCCCTGCAACCATGTGCTGAGTCTCTCCTTC
CCCATCCGGCGCGACGACGGCTCCTGGGAGGTCATCGAAGGCTACCGGGCCCAGCACAGC
CAGCACCGCACGCCCTGCAAGGGAGGTATCCGTTACAGCACTGATGTGAGTGTAGATGAA
GTAAAAGCTTTGGCTTCTCTGATGACATACAAGTGTGCAGTGGTTGATGTGCCGTTTGGG
GGTGCTAAAGCTGGTGTTAAGATCAATCCCAAGAACTATACCGAAAATGAATTGGAAAAG
ATCACAAGGAGGTTCACCATGGAGCTAGCAAAGAAGGGCTTTATTGGTCCTGGCGTTGAT
GTGCCTGCTCCAGACATGAACACAGGTGAGCGGGAGATGTCCTGGATTGCTGATACCTAT
GCCAGCACCATAGGGCACTATGATATTAATGCACACGCCTGTGTTACTGGTAAACCCATC
AGCCAAGGGGGAATCCATGGACGCATCTCTGCTACTGGCCGTGGTGTCTTCCATGGGATT
GAAAACTTCATCAATCAAGCTTCTTACATGAGCATTTTAGGAATGACACCAGGGTTTAGA
GATAAAACATTTGTTGTTCAGGGATTTGGTAATGTGGGCCTACACTCTATGAGATATTTA
CATCGTTTTGGTGCTAAATGTATTGCTGTTGGTGAGTCTGATGGGAGTATATGGAATCCA
GATGGTATTGACCCAAAGGAACTGGAAGACTTCAAATTGCAACATGGGTCCATTCTGGGC
TTCCCCAAGGCAAAGCCCTATGAAGGAAGCATCTTGGAGGTCGACTGTGACATACTGATC
CCAGCTGCCACTGAGAAGCAGTTGACCAAATCCAACGCACCCAGAGTCAAAGCCAAGATC
ATTGCTGAAGGTGCCAATGGGCCAACAACTCCAGAAGCTGATAAGATCTTCCTGGAGAGA
AACATTTTGGTTATTCCAGATCTCTACTTGAATGCTGGAGGAGTGACAGTATCTTACTTT
GAGTGGCTGAAGAATCTAAATCATGTCAGCTATGGCCGTTTGACCTTCAAATATGAAAGG
GATTCTAACTACCACTTGCTCCTGTCTGTTCAAGAGAGTTTAGAAAGAAAATTTGGAAAG
CATGGTGGAACTATTCCCATTGTACCCACGGCAGAGTTCCAAGACAGTATATCGGGTGCA
TCTGAGAAAGACATTGTGCACTCTGCCTTGGCATACACAATGGAGCGTTCTGCCAGGCAA
ATTATGCACACAGCCATGAAGTATAACCTGGGATTGGACCTGAGAACAGCTGCCTATGTC
AATGCCATTGAAAAAGTCTTCAAAGTGTACAGTGAAGCTGGTGTGACCTTCACATAG

1. Shashidharan P, Michaelidis TM, Robakis NK, Kresovali A, Papamatheakis J, Plaitakis A: Novel human glutamate dehydrogenase expressed in neural and testicular tissues and encoded by an X-linked intronless gene. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jun 17;269(24):16971-6. [PubMed ]

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-1 precursor
2. N-methyl D- aspartate receptor subtype 2A
3. NMDAR2A
4. NR2A
5. hNR2A

MGRVGYWTLLVLPALLVWRGPAPSAAAEKGPPALNIAVMLGHSHDVTERELRTLWGPEQA
AGLPLDVNVVALLMNRTDPKSLITHVCDLMSGARIHGLVFGDDTDQEAVAQMLDFISSHT
FVPILGIHGGASMIMADKDPTSTFFQFGASIQQQATVMLKIMQDYDWHVFSLVTTIFPGY
REFISFVKTTVDNSFVGWDMQNVITLDTSFEDAKTQVQLKKIHSSVILLYCSKDEAVLIL
SEARSLGLTGYDFFWIVPSLVSGNTELIPKEFPSGLISVSYDDWDYSLEARVRDGIGILT
TAASSMLEKFSYIPEAKASCYGQMERPEVPMHTLHPFMVNVTWDGKDLSFTEEGYQVHPR
LVVIVLNKDREWEKVGKWENHTLSLRHAVWPRYKSFSDCEPDDNHLSIVTLEEAPFVIVE
DIDPLTETCVRNTVPCRKFVKINNSTNEGMNVKKCCKGFCIDILKKLSRTVKFTYDLYLV
TNGKHGKKVNNVWNGMIGEVVYQRAVMAVGSLTINEERSEVVDFSVPFVETGISVMVSRS
NGTVSPSAFLEPFSASVWVMMFVMLLIVSAIAVFVFEYFSPVGYNRNLAKGKAPHGPSFT
IGKAIWLLWGLVFNNSVPVQNPKGTTSKIMVSVWAFFAVIFLASYTANLAAFMIQEEFVD
QVTGLSDKKFQRPHDYSPPFRFGTVPNGSTERNIRNNYPYMHQYMTKFNQKGVEDALVSL
KTGKLDAFIYDAAVLNYKAGRDEGCKLVTIGSGYIFATTGYGIALQKGSPWKRQIDLALL
QFVGDGEMEELETLWLTGICHNEKNEVMSSQLDIDNMAGVFYMLAAAMALSLITFIWEHL
FYWKLRFCFTGVCSDRPGLLFSISRGIYSCIHGVHIEEKKKSPDFNLTGSQSNMLKLLRS
AKNISSMSNMNSSRMDSPKRAADFIQRGSLIMDMVSDKGNLMYSDNRSFQGKESIFGDNM
NELQTFVANRQKDNLNNYVFQGQHPLTLNESNPNTVEVAVSTESKANSRPRQLWKKSVDS
IRQDSLSQNPVSQRDEATAENRTHSLKSPRYLPEEMAHSDISETSNRATCHREPDNSKNH
KTKDNFKRSVASKYPKDCSEVERTYLKTKSSSPRDKIYTIDGEKEPGFHLDPPQFVENVT
LPENVDFPDPYQDPSENFRKGDSTLPMNRNPLHNEEGLSNNDQYKLYSKHFTLKDKGSPH
SETSERYRQNSTHCRSCLSNMPTYSGHFTMRSPFKCDACLRMGNLYDIDEDQMLQETGNP
ATGEQVYQQDWAQNNALQLQKNKLRISRQHSYDNIVDKPRELDLSRPSRSISLKDRERLL
EGNFYGSLFSVPSSKLSGKKSSLFPQGLEDSKRSKSLLPDHTSDNPFLHSHRDDQRLVIG
RCPSDPYKHSLPSQAVNDSYLRSSLRSTASYCSRDSRGHNDVYISEHVMPYAANKNNMYS
TPRVLNSCSNRRVYKKMPSIESDV

• Lig_chan (PF00060 )

• 1-22

• 556-576
• 593-613
• 634-654
• 817-837

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGGGCAGAGTGGGCTATTGGACCCTGCTGGTGCTGCCGGCCCTTCTGGTCTGGCGCGGT
CCGGCGCCGAGCGCGGCGGCGGAGAAGGGTCCCCCCGCGCTAAATATTGCGGTGATGCTG
GGTCACAGCCACGACGTGACAGAGCGCGAACTTCGAACACTGTGGGGCCCCGAGCAGGCG
GCGGGGCTGCCCCTGGACGTGAACGTGGTAGCTCTGCTGATGAACCGCACCGACCCCAAG
AGCCTCATCACGCACGTGTGCGACCTCATGTCCGGGGCACGCATCCACGGCCTCGTGTTT
GGGGACGACACGGACCAGGAGGCCGTAGCCCAGATGCTGGATTTTATCTCCTCCCACACC
TTCGTCCCCATCTTGGGCATTCATGGGGGCGCATCTATGATCATGGCTGACAAGGATCCG
ACGTCTACCTTCTTCCAGTTTGGAGCGTCCATCCAGCAGCAAGCCACGGTCATGCTGAAG
ATCATGCAGGATTATGACTGGCATGTCTTCTCCCTGGTGACCACTATCTTCCCTGGCTAC
AGGGAATTCATCAGCTTCGTCAAGACCACAGTGGACAACAGCTTTGTGGGCTGGGACATG
CAGAATGTGATCACACTGGACACTTCCTTTGAGGATGCAAAGACACAAGTCCAGCTGAAG
AAGATCCACTCTTCTGTCATCTTGCTCTACTGTTCCAAAGACGAGGCTGTTCTCATTCTG
AGTGAGGCCCGCTCCCTTGGCCTCACCGGGTATGATTTCTTCTGGATTGTCCCCAGCTTG
GTCTCTGGGAACACGGAGCTCATCCCAAAAGAGTTTCCATCGGGACTCATTTCTGTCTCC
TACGATGACTGGGACTACAGCCTGGAGGCGAGAGTGAGGGACGGCATTGGCATCCTAACC
ACCGCTGCATCTTCTATGCTGGAGAAGTTCTCCTACATCCCCGAGGCCAAGGCCAGCTGC
TACGGGCAGATGGAGAGGCCAGAGGTCCCGATGCACACCTTGCACCCATTTATGGTCAAT
GTTACATGGGATGGCAAAGACTTATCCTTCACTGAGGAAGGCTACCAGGTGCACCCCAGG
CTGGTGGTGATTGTGCTGAACAAAGACCGGGAATGGGAAAAGGTGGGCAAGTGGGAGAAC
CATACGCTGAGCCTGAGGCACGCCGTGTGGCCCAGGTACAAGTCCTTCTCCGACTGTGAG
CCGGATGACAACCATCTCAGCATCGTCACCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCATTCGTCATCGTGGAA
GACATAGACCCCCTAACCGAGACGTGTGTGAGGAACACCGTGCCATGTCGGAAGTTCGTC
AAAATCAACAATTCAACCAATGAGGGGATGAATGTGAAGAAATGCTGCAAGGGGTTCTGC
ATTGATATTCTGAAGAAGCTTTCCAGAACTGTGAAGTTTACTTACGACCTCTATCTGGTG
ACCAATGGGAAGCATGGCAAGAAAGTTAACAATGTGTGGAATGGAATGATCGGTGAAGTG
GTCTATCAACGGGCAGTCATGGCAGTTGGCTCGCTCACCATCAATGAGGAACGTTCTGAA
GTGGTGGACTTCTCTGTGCCCTTTGTGGAAACGGGAATCAGTGTCATGGTTTCAAGAAGT
AATGGCACCGTCTCACCTTCTGCTTTTCTAGAACCATTCAGCGCCTCTGTCTGGGTGATG
ATGTTTGTGATGCTGCTCATTGTTTCTGCCATAGCTGTTTTTGTCTTTGAATACTTCAGC
CCTGTTGGATACAACAGAAACTTAGCCAAAGGGAAAGCACCCCATGGGCCTTCTTTTACA
ATTGGAAAAGCTATATGGCTTCTTTGGGGCCTGGTGTTCAATAACTCCGTGCCTGTCCAG
AATCCTAAAGGGACCACCAGCAAGATCATGGTATCTGTATGGGCCTTCTTCGCTGTCATA
TTCCTGGCTAGCTACACAGCCAATCTGGCTGCCTTCATGATCCAAGAGGAATTTGTGGAC
CAAGTGACCGGCCTCAGTGACAAAAAGTTTCAGAGACCTCATGACTATTCCCCACCTTTT
CGATTTGGGACAGTGCCTAATGGAAGCACGGAGAGAAACATTCGGAATAACTATCCCTAC
ATGCATCAGTACATGACCAAATTTAATCAGAAAGGAGTAGAGGACGCCTTGGTCAGCCTG
AAAACGGGGAAGCTGGACGCTTTCATCTACGATGCCGCAGTCTTGAATTACAAGGCTGGG
AGGGATGAAGGCTGCAAGCTGGTGACCATCGGGAGTGGGTACATCTTTGCCACCACCGGT
TATGGAATTGCCCTTCAGAAAGGCTCTCCTTGGAAGAGGCAGATCGACCTGGCCTTGCTT
CAGTTTGTGGGTGATGGTGAGATGGAGGAGCTGGAGACCCTGTGGCTCACTGGGATCTGC
CACAACGAGAAGAACGAGGTGATGAGCAGCCAGCTGGACATTGACAACATGGCGGGCGTA
TTCTACATGCTGGCTGCCGCCATGGCCCTTAGCCTCATCACCTTCATCTGGGAGCACCTC
TTCTACTGGAAGCTGCGCTTCTGTTTCACGGGCGTGTGCTCCGACCGGCCTGGGTTGCTC
TTCTCCATCAGCAGGGGCATCTACAGCTGCATTCATGGAGTGCACATTGAAGAAAAGAAG
AAGTCTCCAGACTTCAATCTGACGGGATCCCAGAGCAACATGTTAAAACTCCTCCGGTCA
GCCAAAAACATTTCCAGCATGTCCAACATGAACTCCTCAAGAATGGACTCACCCAAAAGA
GCTGCTGACTTCATCCAAAGAGGTTCCCTCATCATGGACATGGTTTCAGATAAGGGGAAT
TTGATGTACTCAGACAACAGGTCCTTTCAGGGGAAAGAGAGCATTTTTGGAGACAACATG
AACGAACTCCAAACATTTGTGGCCAACCGGCAGAAGGATAACCTCAATAACTATGTATTC
CAGGGACAACATCCTCTTACTCTCAATGAGTCCAACCCTAACACGGTGGAGGTGGCCGTG
AGCACAGAATCCAAAGCGAACTCTAGACCCCGGCAGCTGTGGAAGAAATCCGTAGATTCC
ATACGCCAGGATTCACTATCCCAGAATCCAGTCTCCCAGAGGGATGAGGCAACAGCAGAG
AATAGGACCCACTCCCTAAAGAGCCCTAGGTATCTTCCAGAAGAGATGGCCCACTCTGAC
ATTTCAGAAACGTCAAATCGGGCCACGTGCCACAGGGAACCTGACAACAGTAAGAACCAC
AAAACCAAGGACAACTTTAAAAGGTCAGTGGCCTCCAAATACCCCAAGGACTGTAGTGAG
GTCGAGCGCACCTACCTGAAAACCAAATCAAGCTCCCCTAGAGACAAGATCTACACTATA
GATGGTGAGAAGGAGCCTGGTTTCCACTTAGATCCACCCCAGTTTGTTGAAAATGTGACC
CTGCCCGAGAACGTGGACTTCCCGGACCCCTACCAGGATCCCAGTGAAAACTTCCGCAAG
GGGGACTCCACGCTGCCAATGAACCGGAACCCCTTGCATAATGAAGAGGGGCTTTCCAAC
AACGACCAGTATAAACTCTACTCCAAGCACTTCACCTTGAAAGACAAGGGTTCCCCGCAC
AGTGAGACCAGCGAGCGATACCGGCAGAACTCCACGCACTGCAGAAGCTGCCTTTCCAAC
ATGCCCACCTATTCAGGCCACTTCACCATGAGGTCCCCCTTCAAGTGCGATGCCTGCCTG
CGGATGGGGAATCTCTATGACATCGATGAAGACCAGATGCTTCAGGAGACAGGTAACCCA
GCCACCGGGGAGCAGGTCTACCAGCAGGACTGGGCACAGAACAATGCCCTTCAATTACAA
AAGAACAAGCTAAGGATTAGCCGTCAGCATTCCTACGATAACATTGTCGACAAACCTAGG
GAGCTAGACCTTAGCAGGCCCTCCCGGAGCATAAGCCTCAAGGACAGGGAACGGCTTCTG
GAGGGAAATTTTTACGGCAGCCTGTTTAGTGTCCCCTCAAGCAAACTCTCGGGGAAAAAA
AGCTCCCTTTTCCCCCAAGGTCTGGAGGACAGCAAGAGGAGCAAGTCTCTCTTGCCAGAC
CACACCTCCGATAACCCTTTCCTCCACTCCCACAGGGATGACCAACGCTTGGTTATTGGG
AGATGCCCCTCGGACCCTTACAAACACTCGTTGCCATCCCAGGCGGTGAATGACAGCTAT
CTTCGGTCGTCCTTGAGGTCAACGGCATCGTACTGTTCCAGGGACAGTCGGGGCCACAAT
GATGTGTATATTTCGGAGCATGTTATGCCTTATGCTGCAAATAAGAATAATATGTACTCT
ACCCCCAGGGTTTTAAATTCCTGCAGCAATAGACGCGTGTACAAGAAAATGCCTAGTATC
GAATCTGATGTTTAA

1. Foldes RL, Adams SL, Fantaske RP, Kamboj RK: Human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulatory subunit hNR2A: cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and primary structure of the protein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Aug 11;1223(1):155-9. [PubMed ]
2. Hess SD, Daggett LP, Crona J, Deal C, Lu CC, Urrutia A, Chavez-Noriega L, Ellis SB, Johnson EC, Velicelebi G: Cloning and functional characterization of human heteromeric N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Aug;278(2):808-16. [PubMed ]

1. Rutter AR, Stephenson FA: Coexpression of postsynaptic density-95 protein with NMDA receptors results in enhanced receptor expression together with a decreased sensitivity to L-glutamate. J Neurochem. 2000 Dec;75(6):2501-10. [PubMed ]
2. Rutter AR, Freeman FM, Stephenson FA: Further characterization of the molecular interaction between PSD-95 and NMDA receptors: the effect of the NR1 splice variant and evidence for modulation of channel gating. J Neurochem. 2002 Jun;81(6):1298-307. [PubMed ]
3. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
4. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
5. Bresink I, Benke TA, Collett VJ, Seal AJ, Parsons CG, Henley JM, Collingridge GL: Effects of memantine on recombinant rat NMDA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;119(2):195-204. [PubMed ]

1. EC 2.1.2.5
2. EC 4.3.1.4
3. FTCD
4. Formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase
5. Formiminotransferase- cyclodeaminase
6. Glutamate formiminotransferase
7. Glutamate formyltransferase
8. LCHC1

MSQLVECVPNFSEGKNQEVIDAISGAITQTPGCVLLDVDAGPSTNRTVYTFVGPPECVVE
GALNAARVASRLIDMSRHQGEHPRMGALDVCPFIPVRGVSVDECVLCAQAFGQRLAEELD
VPVYLYGEAARMDSRRTLPAIRAGEYEALPKKLQQADWAPDFGPSSFVPSWGATATGARK
FLIAFNINLLGTKEQAHRIALNLREQGRGKDQPGRLKKVQGIGWYLDEKNLAQVSTNLLD
FEVTALHTVYEETCREAQELSLPVVGSQLVGLVPLKALLDAAAFYCEKENLFILEEEQRI
RLVVSRLGLDSLCPFSPKERIIEYLVPERGPERGLGSKSLRAFVGEVGARSAAPGGGSVA
AAAAAMGAALGSMVGLMTYGRRQFQSLDTTMRRLIPPFREASAKLTTLVDADAEAFTAYL
EAMRLPKNTPEEKDRRTAALQEGLRRAVSVPLTLAETVASLWPALQELARCGNLACRSDL
QVAAKALEMGVFGAYFNVLINLRDITDEAFKDQIHHRVSSLLQEAKTQAALVLDCLETRQ
E

• 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate = tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate

• FTCD_C (PF04961 )
• FTCD_N (PF07837 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGTCCCAGCTGGTGGAATGCGTCCCCAACTTTTCGGAGGGGAAGAACCAGGAGGTGATC
GACGCCATCTCTGGAGCCATCACACAGACCCCGGGCTGCGTGCTGCTGGATGTGGACGCA
GGCCCTTCCACCAACCGCACCGTGTACACCTTCGTGGGGCCGCCGGAGTGCGTGGTGGAG
GGGGCCCTCAACGCTGCCCGGGTAGCTTCCCGACTTATCGACATGAGCAGGCACCAAGGA
GAGCACCCCCGCATGGGGGCCCTAGACGTCTGCCCCTTCATCCCCGTGAGGGGCGTCAGC
GTGGATGAGTGTGTGCTCTGCGCCCAGGCCTTTGGCCAGAGGCTGGCAGAGGAGCTGGAC
GTGCCAGTTTACCTGTACGGCGAGGCAGCCAGGATGGACAGTCGCCGGACCCTGCCGGCC
ATCCGGGCCGGGGAGTACGAGGCCCTCCCTAAGAAGCTCCAGCAGGCCGACTGGGCGCCC
GACTTTGGTCCCAGCTCCTTTGTCCCCAGTTGGGGGGCCACGGCCACGGGGGCGAGGAAG
TTCCTCATTGCTTTTAACATCAACCTGCTCGGCACAAAGGAGCAAGCCCACCGCATCGCG
CTCAACCTGCGGGAGCAGGGCCGCGGGAAGGACCAGCCAGGACGTCTGAAGAAAGTTCAG
GGCATTGGCTGGTACCTGGATGAGAAGAACCTGGCTCAGGTGTCCACCAATCTTCTGGAC
TTTGAGGTCACGGCACTGCACACGGTCTACGAGGAGACCTGCCGAGAAGCACAGGAGCTG
AGCCTCCCAGTGGTGGGCTCACAGCTGGTGGGCCTGGTGCCCCTGAAGGCTCTGCTGGAT
GCGGCCGCCTTCTACTGCGAGAAGGAGAACCTCTTCATCCTGGAGGAGGAGCAGCGGATC
AGGCTGGTGGTGAGCCGGCTGGGCCTGGACTCCCTGTGCCCCTTCAGCCCTAAGGAGCGG
ATCATCGAGTACCTGGTCCCTGAGCGCGGGCCTGAGCGAGGCCTGGGCAGCAAGTCCCTG
CGCGCCTTCGTGGGGGAGGTGGGTGCCCGCTCTGCGGCCCCCGGGGGCGGCTCGGTGGCG
GCGGCCGCTGCGGCCATGGGTGCGGCGCTGGGCTCCATGGTGGGCCTCATGACCTACGGG
CGGCGCCAATTCCAGTCCCTGGACACGACGATGCGGCGCCTGATCCCGCCCTTCCGCGAG
GCTTCGGCCAAGCTAACCACGCTGGTGGATGCCGACGCCGAGGCCTTCACCGCCTACCTG
GAAGCAATGAGGCTCCCCAAGAACACACCTGAGGAAAAGGACAGGCGCACGGCGGCCCTA
CAGGAGGGTCTGAGGCGGGCAGTCTCTGTGCCGCTGACGCTGGCGGAGACGGTGGCCTCG
CTGTGGCCGGCGCTGCAGGAACTGGCCCGGTGTGGGAACCTGGCCTGCCGGTCAGACCTC
CAGGTGGCGGCCAAAGCCCTGGAGATGGGCGTGTTTGGCGCATATTTCAACGTGCTCATC
AACCTGAGGGACATCACAGACGAGGCATTTAAGGACCAGATCCACCATCGTGTTTCCAGC
CTCCTGCAGGAAGCCAAGACCCAGGCTGCACTGGTGCTGGACTGCTTGGAGACCCGGCAG
GAGTGA