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Showing drug card for Acetylsalicylic acid (DB00945)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-07-23 13:44:55
Primary Accession Number DB00945
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00264
  • EXPT00475
Name Acetylsalicylic acid
Drug Type
  • Small Molecule
Description The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Acetylsalicylic acid also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)
Synonyms
  1. 2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid
  2. 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid
  3. 2-Carboxyphenyl acetate
  4. A.S.A.
  5. ASA
  6. Acetilsalicilico
  7. Acetilum acidulatum
  8. Acetosalic acid
  9. Acetoxybenzoic acid
  10. Acetylsalicylate
  11. Acetylsalicylic acid
  12. Acetylsalicylsaure (GERMAN)
  13. Acetysalicylic acid
  14. Acide acetylsalicylique (FRENCH)
  15. Acido O-acetil-benzoico
  16. Acido acetilsalicilico
  17. Acidum acetylsalicylicum
  18. Kyselina 2-acetoxybenzoova
  19. Kyselina acetylsalicylova
  20. O-Acetylsalicylic acid
  21. O-accetylsalicylic acid
  22. Salicylic acid acetate
  23. Salicylic acid, acetate
  24. o-Acetoxybenzoic acid
  25. o-Carboxyphenyl acetate
Brand Names
  1. 8-hour Bayer
  2. A.S.A. Empirin
  3. Acenterine
  4. Acesal
  5. Acetal
  6. Aceticyl
  7. Acetisal
  8. Acetol
  9. Acetonyl
  10. Acetophen
  11. Acetosal
  12. Acetosalin
  13. Acetylin
  14. Acetylsal
  15. Acimetten
  16. Acisal
  17. Acylpyrin
  18. Adiro
  19. Asagran
  20. Asatard
  21. Ascoden-30
  22. Aspalon
  23. Aspec
  24. Aspergum
  25. Aspirdrops
  26. Aspirine
  27. Aspro
  28. Asteric
  29. Bayer Extra Strength Aspirin For Migraine Pain
  30. Benaspir
  31. Bi-prin
  32. Bialpirina
  33. Bialpirinia
  34. Bufferin
  35. Caprin
  36. Cemirit
  37. Claradin
  38. Clariprin
  39. Colfarit
  40. Contrheuma retard
  41. Coricidin
  42. Crystar
  43. Decaten
  44. Delgesic
  45. Dolean pH 8
  46. Duramax
  47. ECM
  48. Easprin
  49. Ecolen
  50. Ecotrin
  51. Empirin
  52. Endydol
  53. Entericin
  54. Enterophen
  55. Enterosarein
  56. Enterosarine
  57. Entrophen
  58. Extren
  59. Globentyl
  60. Globoid
  61. Helicon
  62. Idragin
  63. Levius
  64. Measurin
  65. Micristin
  66. Neuronika
  67. Novid
  68. Nu-seals
  69. Nu-seals aspirin
  70. Persistin
  71. Pharmacin
  72. Pirseal
  73. Polopiryna
  74. Premaspin
  75. Rheumintabletten
  76. Rhodine
  77. Rhonal
  78. Salacetin
  79. Salcetogen
  80. Saletin
  81. Solfrin
  82. Solprin
  83. Solprin acid
  84. Solpyron
  85. Spira-Dine
  86. St. Joseph
  87. St. Joseph Aspirin for Adults
  88. Supac
  89. Tasprin
  90. Temperal
  91. Triaminicin
  92. Triple-sal
  93. Vanquish
  94. Xaxa
  95. Yasta
Brand Mixtures
  1. Aspirin Plus Stomach Guard (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide)
  2. Aspirin Plus Stomach Guard Ext.Stgth.Caplet (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide)
  3. Aspirin Plus Stomach Guard Extra Strength (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide)
  4. Aspirin Plus Stomach Guard Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide)
  5. Aspirin with Stomach Guard (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide)
  6. Aspirin with Stomach Guard Extra Strength - Tab (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Calcium Carbonate + Magnesium Carbonate + Magnesium Oxide)
  7. Extra Strength Aspirin Backache (Acetylsalicylic Acid + Methocarbamol)
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid
Chemical Formula C9H8O4
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 50-78-2
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)/f/h11H
InChI Key BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-WXRBYKJCCW
KEGG Drug D00109 Link Image
KEGG Compound C01405 Link Image
PubChem Compound 2244 Link Image
PubChem Substance 4594 Link Image
ChEBI ID 15365 Link Image
PharmGKB ID PA448497 Link Image
HET ID AIN Link Image
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02237900 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/asa.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/asp1033.shtml Link Image
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 180.1574
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 180.0423
State Solid
Melting Point 135 oC (boiling point 140 oC)
Experimental Water Solubility 4.6 mg/mL Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.46e+00 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 1.4 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 1.43 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -2.09 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability -5.06 [ADME Research, USCD]
pKa/Isoelectric Point 3.49
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O
Drug Category
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
  • Anticoagulants
  • Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
  • Fibrinolytic Agents
  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
  • Salicylates
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 28:08.04.24
  • 92:02.00*
Indication For use in the temporary relief of various forms of pain, inflammation associated with various conditions (including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis), and is also used to reduce the risk of death and/or nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with a previous infarction or unstable angina pectoris.
Pharmacology Acetylsalicylic acid is an analgesic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory agent. Acetylsalicylic acid's mode of action as an antiinflammatory and antirheumatic agent may be due to inhibition of synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Acetylsalicylic acid appears to produce analgesia by virtue of both a peripheral and CNS effect. Peripherally, acetylsalicylic acid acts by inhibiting the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Acting centrally, it would appear to produce analgesia at a hypothalamic site in the brain, although the mode of action is not known. Acetylsalicylic acid also acts on the hypothalamus to produce antipyresis; heat dissipation is increased as a result of vasodilation and increased peripheral blood flow. Acetylsalicylic acid's antipyretic activity may also be related to inhibition of synthesis and release of prostaglandins.
Mechanism of Action The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of acetylsalicylic acid are due to actions by both the acetyl and the salicylate portions of the intact molecule as well as by the active salicylate metabolite. Acetylsalicylic acid directly and irreversibly inhibits the activity of both types of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) to decrease the formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. This makes acetylsalicylic acid different from other NSAIDS (such as diclofenac and ibuprofen) which are reversible inhibitors. Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation. Acetylsalicylic acid's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms; the therapeutic effects are not due to pituitary-adrenal stimulation. The platelet aggregation-inhibiting effect of acetylsalicylic acid specifically involves the compound's ability to act as an acetyl donor to cyclooxygenase; the nonacetylated salicylates have no clinically significant effect on platelet aggregation. Irreversible acetylation renders cyclooxygenase inactive, thereby preventing the formation of the aggregating agent thromboxane A2 in platelets. Since platelets lack the ability to synthesize new proteins, the effects persist for the life of the exposed platelets (7-10 days). Acetylsalicylic acid may also inhibit production of the platelet aggregation inhibitor, prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2), by blood vessel endothelial cells; however, inhibition prostacyclin production is not permanent as endothelial cells can produce more cyclooxygenase to replace the non-functional enzyme.
Absorption Absorption is generally rapid and complete following oral administration but may vary according to specific salicylate used, dosage form, and other factors such as tablet dissolution rate and gastric or intraluminal pH.
Toxicity Oral, mouse: LD50 = 250 mg/kg; Oral, rabbit: LD50 = 1010 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 200 mg/kg. Effects of overdose include: tinnitus, abdominal pain, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, pyrexia, hyperventilation, dysrhythmia, hypotension, hallucination, renal failure, confusion, seizure, coma, and death.
Protein Binding High (99.5%) to albumin. Decreases as plasma salicylate concentration increases, with reduced plasma albumin concentration or renal dysfunction, and during pregnancy.
Biotransformation Acetylsalicylic acid is rapidly hydrolyzed primarily in the liver to salicylic acid, which is conjugated with glycine (forming salicyluric acid) and glucuronic acid and excreted largely in the urine.
Half Life The plasma half-life is approximately 15 minutes; that for salicylate lengthens as the dose increases: doses of 300 to 650 mg have a half-life of 3.1 to 3.2 hours; with doses of 1 gram, the half-life is increased to 5 hours and with 2 grams it is increased to about 9 hours.
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Gum Oral
Liquid Oral
Powder Oral
Solution / drops Oral
Suppository Rectal
Tablet Oral
Tablet, chewable Oral
Tablet, coated Oral
Tablet, delayed release Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol The salicylate increases the effect of anticoagulant
Acetazolamide The salicylate at high dose increases the effect of the carbonic anyhydrase
Acetohexamide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Anisindione The salicylate increases effect of anticoagulant
Betamethasone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Chlorpropamide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Cortisone acetate The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Dexamethasone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Dichlorphenamide The salicylate at high dose increases the effect of the carbonic anyhydrase inhibitors
Dicumarol The salicylate increases effect of anticoagulant
Fludrocortisone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Ginkgo biloba Association of ASA/ginkgo increases risk of bleeding
Glibenclamide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Gliclazide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Glipizide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Glisoxepide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Glycodiazine The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Griseofulvin Anticipate decrease of ASA efficiency in presence of griseofulvin
Heparin Association of ASA/heparin increases risk of bleeding
Hydrocortisone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Ibuprofen Ibuprofen reduces ASA cardioprotective effects
Insulin The salicylate increases the effect of insulin
Insulin-aspart The salicylate increases the effect of insulin
Insulin-detemir The salicylate increases the effect of insulin
Insulin-glargine The salicylate increases the effect of insulin
Insulin-glulisine The salicylate increases the effect of insulin
Insulin-lispro The salicylate increases the effect of insulin
Ketorolac ASA increases toxicity of ketorolac
Methazolamide The salicylate at high dose increases the effect of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Methotrexate The salicylate increases the effect and toxicity of methotrexate
Methylprednisolone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Paramethasone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Prednisolone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Prednisone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Probenecid The salicylate decreases the uricosuric effect of probenecid
Sulfinpyrazone The salicylate antagonizes the uricosuric effect of sulfinpyrazone
Ticlopidine Increased effect of ticlopidine
Tolazamide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Tolbutamide The salicylate increases the effect of sulfonylurea
Triamcinolone The corticosteroid decreases the effect of salicylates
Valproic Acid The salicylate increases the effect of valproic acid
Warfarin The salicylate increases the effect of anticoagulant
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol, alcohol appears to cause a 50 to 100% increases in ASA serum levels.
  • Avoid drastic changes in dietary habit.
  • Consult your doctor before taking large amounts of Vitamin K (Green leafy vegetables).
  • Take with a full glass of water.
  • Take with food to reduce irritation.
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Acetylsalicylic Acid Pathway SMP00083 Link Image
General References
  1. Sneader W: The discovery of aspirin: a reappraisal. BMJ. 2000 Dec 23-30;321(7276):1591-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Macdonald S: Aspirin use to be banned in under 16 year olds. BMJ. 2002 Nov 2;325(7371):988. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Aukerman G, Knutson D, Miser WF: Management of the acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Dec 1;66(11):2123-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Dorsch MP, Lee JS, Lynch DR, Dunn SP, Rodgers JE, Schwartz T, Colby E, Montague D, Smyth SS: Aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease with and without a history of myocardial infarction. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 May;41(5):737-41. Epub 2007 Apr 24. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1988 Aug 13;2(8607):349-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Drugs.com Link Image
  7. Wikipedia Link Image
  8. RxList Link Image
  9. PDRhealth Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
  2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
  3. Phospholipase A2 VRV-PL-VIIIa
  4. Phospholipase A2 isoform 3
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 20
Target 1 Name Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. COX-1
  2. Cyclooxygenase- 1
  3. EC 1.14.99.1
  4. PGH synthase 1
  5. PGHS-1
  6. PHS 1
  7. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 precursor
  8. Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1
  9. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
Target 1 Gene Name PTGS1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 precursor 
MSRSLLLRFLLFLLLLPPLPVLLADPGAPTPVNPCCYYPCQHQGICVRFGLDRYQCDCTR
TGYSGPNCTIPGLWTWLRNSLRPSPSFTHFLLTHGRWFWEFVNATFIREMLMRLVLTVRS
NLIPSPPTYNSAHDYISWESFSNVSYYTRILPSVPKDCPTPMGTKGKKQLPDAQLLARRF
LLRRKFIPDPQGTNLMFAFFAQHFTHQFFKTSGKMGPGFTKALGHGVDLGHIYGDNLERQ
YQLRLFKDGKLKYQVLDGEMYPPSVEEAPVLMHYPRGIPPQSQMAVGQEVFGLLPGLMLY
ATLWLREHNRVCDLLKAEHPTWGDEQLFQTTRLILIGETIKIVIEEYVQQLSGYFLQLKF
DPELLFGVQFQYRNRIAMEFNHLYHWHPLMPDSFKVGSQEYSYEQFLFNTSMLVDYGVEA
LVDAFSRQIAGRIGGGRNMDHHILHVAVDVIRESREMRLQPFNEYRKRFGMKPYTSFQEL
VGEKEMAAELEELYGDIDALEFYPGLLLEKCHPNSIFGESMIEIGAPFSLKGLLGNPICS
PEYWKPSTFGGEVGFNIVKTATLKKLVCLNTKTCPYVSFRVPDASQDDGPAVERPSTEL
Target 1 Number of Residues 608
Target 1 Molecular Weight 68657
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.39
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
antioxidant activity
peroxidase activity
Process
Not Available
Component
Not Available
Target 1 General Function Involved in peroxidase activity
Target 1 Specific Function May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism map00590 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • arachidonate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • 1-23
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 387018 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P23219 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PGH1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Microsome
  • microsomal membrane
  • peripheral membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1800 bp 
ATGAGCCGGAGTCTCTTGCTCCGGTTCTTGCTGTTGCTGCTCCTGCTCCCGCCGCTCCCC
GTCCTGCTCGCGGACCCAGGGGCGCCCACGCCAGTGAATCCCTGTTGTTACTATCCATGC
CAGCACCAGGGCATCTGTGTCCGCTTCGGCCTTGACCGCTACCAGTGTGACTGCACCCGC
ACGGGCTATTCCGGCCCCAACTGCACCATCCCTGGCCTGTGGACCTGGCTCCGGAATTCA
CTGCGGCCCAGCCCCTCTTTCACCCACTTCCTGCTCACTCACGGGCGCTGGTTCTGGGAG
TTTGTCAATGCCACCTTCATCCGAGAGATGCTCATGCTCCTGGTACTCACAGTGCGCTCC
AACCTTATCCCCAGTCCCCCCACCTACAACTCTGCACATGACTACATCAGCTGGGAGTCT
TTCTCCAACGTGAGCTATTACACTCGTATTCTGCCCTCTGTGCCTAAAGATTGCCCCACA
CCCATGGGAACCAAAGGGAAGAAGCAGTTGCCAGATGCCCAGCTCCTGGCCCGCCGCTTC
CTGCTCAGGAGGAAGTTCATACCTGACCCCCAAGGCACCAACCTCATGTTTGCCTTCTTT
GCACAACACTTCACCCACCAGTTCTTCAAAACTTCTGGCAAGATGGGTCCTGGCTTCACC
AAGGCCTTGGGCCATGGGGTAGACCTCGGCCACATTTATGGAGACAATCTGGAGCGTCAG
TATCAACTGCGGCTCTTTAAGGATGGGAAACTCAAGTACCAGGTGCTGGATGGAGAAATG
TACCCGCCCTCGGTAGAAGAGGCGCCTGTGTTGATGCACTACCCCCGAGGCATCCCGCCC
CAGAGCCAGATGGCTGTGGGCCAGGAGGTGTTTGGGCTGCTTCCTGGGCTCATGCTGTAT
GCCACGCTCTGGCTACGTGAGCACAACCGTGTGTGTGACCTGCTGAAGGCTGAGCACCCC
ACCTGGGGCGATGAGCAGCTTTTCCAGACGACCCGCCTCATCCTCATAGGGGAGACCATC
AAGATTGTCATCGAGGAGTACGTGCAGCAGCTGAGTGGCTATTTCCTGCAGCTGAAATTT
GACCCAGAGCTGCTGTTCGGTGTCCAGTTCCAATACCGCAACCGCATTGCCACGGAGTTC
AACCATCTCTACCACTGGCACCCCCTCATGCCTGACTCCTTCAAGGTGGGCTCCCAGGAG
TACAGCTACGAGCAGTTCTTGTTCAACACCTCCATGTTGGTGGACTATGGGGTTGAGGCC
CTGGTGGATGCCTTCTCTCGCCAGATTGCTGGCCGGATCGGTGGGGGCAGGAACATGGAC
CACCACATCCTGCATGTGGCTGTGGATGTCATCAGGGAGTCTCGGGAGATGCGGCTGCAG
CCCTTCAATGAGTACCGCAAGAGGTTTGGCATGAAACCCTACACCTCCTTCCAGGAGCTC
GTAGGAGAGAAGGAGATGGCAGCAGAGTTGGAGGAATTGTATGGAGACATTGATGCGTTG
GAGTTCTACCCTGGACTGCTTCTTGAAAAGTGCCATCCAAACTCTATCTTTGGGGAGAGT
ATGATAGAGATTGGGGCTCCCTTTTCCCTCAAGGGTCTCCTAGGGAATCCCATCTGTTCT
CCGGAGTACTGGAAGCCGAGCACATTTGGCGGCGAGGTGGGCTTTAACATTGTCAAGACG
GCCACACTGAAGAAGCTGGTCTGCCTCAACACCAAGACCTGTCCCTACGTTTCCTTCCGT
GTGCCGGATGCCAGTCAGGATGATGGGCCTGCTGTGGAGCGACCATCCACAGAGCTCTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID PTGS1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID PTGS1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:9604 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 9
Target 1 Locus 9q32-q33.3
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Diaz A, Reginato AM, Jimenez SA: Alternative splicing of human prostaglandin G/H synthase mRNA and evidence of differential regulation of the resulting transcripts by transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10816-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Takahashi Y, Ueda N, Yoshimoto T, Yamamoto S, Yokoyama C, Miyata A, Tanabe T, Fuse I, Hattori A, Shibata A: Immunoaffinity purification and cDNA cloning of human platelet prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):433-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Funk CD, Funk LB, Kennedy ME, Pong AS, Fitzgerald GA: Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/H synthase: cDNA cloning, expression, and gene chromosomal assignment. FASEB J. 1991 Jun;5(9):2304-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Yokoyama C, Tanabe T: Cloning of human gene encoding prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and primary structure of the enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Dec 15;165(2):888-94. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Stevenson DD, Szczeklik A: Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Oct;118(4):773-86; quiz 787-8. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Flipo RM: [Are the NSAIDs able to compromising the cardio-preventive efficacy of aspirin?] Presse Med. 2006 Sep;35(9 Spec No 1):1S53-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schwartz KA: Aspirin resistance: a review of diagnostic methodology, mechanisms, and clinical utility. Adv Clin Chem. 2006;42:81-110. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Birnbaum Y, Ye Y, Lin Y, Freeberg SY, Huang MH, Perez-Polo JR, Uretsky BF: Aspirin augments 15-epi-lipoxin A4 production by lipopolysaccharide, but blocks the pioglitazone and atorvastatin induction of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 in the rat heart. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2007 Feb;83(1-2):89-98. Epub 2006 Nov 7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Guthikonda S, Lev EI, Patel R, DeLao T, Bergeron AL, Dong JF, Kleiman NS: Reticulated platelets and uninhibited COX-1 and COX-2 decrease the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Mar;5(3):490-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 290
Target 2 Name Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. COX-2
  2. Cyclooxygenase- 2
  3. EC 1.14.99.1
  4. PGH synthase 2
  5. PGHS-2
  6. PHS II
  7. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor
  8. Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2
  9. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Target 2 Gene Name PTGS2
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor 
MLARALLLCAVLALSHTANPCCSHPCQNRGVCMSVGFDQYKCDCTRTGFYGENCSTPEFL
TRIKLFLKPTPNTVHYILTHFKGFWNVVNNIPFLRNAIMSYVLTSRSHLIDSPPTYNADY
GYKSWEAFSNLSYYTRALPPVPDDCPTPLGVKGKKQLPDSNEIVEKLLLRRKFIPDPQGS
NMMFAFFAQHFTHQFFKTDHKRGPAFTNGLGHGVDLNHIYGETLARQRKLRLFKDGKMKY
QIIDGEMYPPTVKDTQAEMIYPPQVPEHLRFAVGQEVFGLVPGLMMYATIWLREHNRVCD
VLKQEHPEWGDEQLFQTSRLILIGETIKIVIEDYVQHLSGYHFKLKFDPELLFNKQFQYQ
NRIAAEFNTLYHWHPLLPDTFQIHDQKYNYQQFIYNNSILLEHGITQFVESFTRQIAGRV
AGGRNVPPAVQKVSQASIDQSRQMKYQSFNEYRKRFMLKPYESFEELTGEKEMSAELEAL
YGDIDAVELYPALLVEKPRPDAIFGETMVEVGAPFSLKGLMGNVICSPAYWKPSTFGGEV
GFQIINTASIQSLICNNVKGCPFTSFSVPDPELIKTVTINASSSRSGLDDINPTVLLKER
STEL
Target 2 Number of Residues 614
Target 2 Molecular Weight 68997
Target 2 Theoretical pI 7.41
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
antioxidant activity
peroxidase activity
Process
Not Available
Component
Not Available
Target 2 General Function Involved in peroxidase activity
Target 2 Specific Function May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity
Target 2 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolism map00590 Link Image
Target 2 Reactions
  • arachidonate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-17
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 291988 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35354 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PGH2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Microsome
  • microsomal membrane
  • peripheral membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1815 bp 
ATGCTCGCCCGCGCCCTGCTGCTGTGCGCGGTCCTGGCGCTCAGCCATACAGCAAATCCT
TGCTGTTCCCACCCATGTCAAAACCGAGGTGTATGTATGAGTGTGGGATTTGACCAGTAT
AAGTGCGATTGTACCCGGACAGGATTCTATGGAGAAAACTGCTCAACACCGGAATTTTTG
ACAAGAATAAAATTATTTCTGAAACCCACTCCAAACACAGTGCACTACATACTTACCCAC
TTCAAGGGATTTTGGAACGTTGTGAATAACATTCCCTTCCTTCGAAATGCAATTATGAGT
TATGTGTTGACATCCAGATCACATTTGATTGACAGTCCACCAACTTACAATGCTGACTAT
GGCTACAAAAGCTGGGAAGCCTTCTCTAACCTCTCCTATTATACTAGAGCCCTTCCTCCT
GTGCCTGATGATTGCCCGACTCCCTTGGGTGTCAAAGGTAAAAAGCAGCTTCCTGATTCA
AATGAGATTGTGGAAAAATTGCTTCTAAGAAGAAAGTTCATCCCTGATCCCCAGGGCTCA
AACATGATGTTTGCATTCTTTGCCCAGCACTTCACGCATCAGTTTTTCAAGACAGATCAT
AAGCGAGGGCCAGCTTTCACCAACGGGCTGGGCCATGGGGTGGACTTAAATCATATTTAC
GGTGAAACTCTGGCTAGACAGCGTAAACTGCGCCTTTTCAAGGATGGAAAAATGAAATAT
CAGATAATTGATGGAGAGATGTATCCTCCCACAGTCAAAGATACTCAGGCAGAGATGATC
TACCCTCCTCAAGTCCCTGAGCATCTACGGTTTGCTGTGGGGCAGGAGGTCTTTGGTCTG
GTGCCTGGTCTGATGATGTATGCCACAATCTGGCTGCGGGAACACAACAGAGTATGCGAT
GTGCTTAAACAGGAGCATCCTGAATGGGGTGATGAGCAGTTGTTCCAGACAAGCAGGCTA
ATACTGATAGGAGAGACTATTAAGATTGTGATTGAAGATTATGTGCAACACTTGAGTGGC
TATCACTTCAAACTGAAATTTGACCCAGAACTACTTTTCAACAAACAATTCCAGTACCAA
AATCGTATTGCTGCTGAATTTAACACCCTCTATCACTGGCATCCCCTTCTGCCTGACACC
TTTCAAATTCATGACCAGAAATACAACTATCAACAGTTTATCTACAACAACTCTATATTG
CTGGAACATGGAATTACCCAGTTTGTTGAATCATTCACCAGGCAAATTGCTGGCAGGGTT
GCTGGTGGTAGGAATGTTCCACCCGCAGTACAGAAAGTATCACAGGCTTCCACTGACCAG
AGCAGGCAGATGAAATACCAGTCTTTTAATGAGTACCGCAAACGCTTTATGCTGAAGCCC
TATGAATCATTTGAAGAACTTACAGGAGAAAAGGAAATGTCTGCAGAGTTGGAAGCACTC
TATGGTGACATCGATGCTGTGGAGCTGTATCCTGCCCTTCTGGTAGAAAAGCCTCGGCCA
GATGCCATCTTTGGTGAAACCATGGTAGAAGTTGGAGCACCATTCTCCTTGAAAGGACTT
ATGGGTAATGTTATATGTTCTCCTGCCTACTGGAAGCCAAGCACTTTTGGTGGAGAAGTG
GGTTTTCAAATCATCAACACTGCCTCAATTCAGTCTCTCATCTGCAATAACGTGAAGGGC
TGTCCCTTTACTTCATTCAGTGTTCCAGATCCAGAGCTCATTAAAACAGTCACCATCAAT
GCAAGTTCTTCCCGCTCCGGACTAGATGATATCAATCCCACAGTACTACTAAAAGAACGT
TCGACTGAACTGTAG
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID PTGS2 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID PTGS2 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:9605 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 1
Target 2 Locus 1q25.2-q25.3
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Hla T, Neilson K: Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7384-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Appleby SB, Ristimaki A, Neilson K, Narko K, Hla T: Structure of the human cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene. Biochem J. 1994 Sep 15;302 ( Pt 3):723-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Kosaka T, Miyata A, Ihara H, Hara S, Sugimoto T, Takeda O, Takahashi E, Tanabe T: Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Eur J Biochem. 1994 May 1;221(3):889-97. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Jones DA, Carlton DP, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM: Molecular cloning of human prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase type II and demonstration of expression in response to cytokines. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 25;268(12):9049-54. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Sliwowski Z, Kwiecien S, Drozdowicz D, Pawlik M, Mach K, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW: Interaction of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with Helicobacter pylori in the stomach of humans and experimental animals. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;57 Suppl 3:67-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Wang HJ, Liu XJ, Yang KX, Luo FM, Lou JY, Peng ZL: [Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib on expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in ovarian carcinoma cell] Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2006 Sep;37(5):757-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Shen J, Gammon MD, Terry MB, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM: Genetic polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8(6):R71. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Nakano M, Denda N, Matsumoto M, Kawamura M, Kawakubo Y, Hatanaka K, Hiramoto Y, Sato Y, Noshiro M, Harada Y: Interaction between cyclooxygenase (COX)-1- and COX-2-products modulates COX-2 expression in the late phase of acute inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 22;559(2-3):210-8. Epub 2006 Dec 16. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Hall MN, Campos H, Li H, Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ma J: Blood levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, aspirin, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Feb;16(2):314-21. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 2394
Target 3 Name Phospholipase A2 VRV-PL-VIIIa
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. DPLA2
  2. EC 3.1.1.4
  3. Phosphatidylcholine 2- acylhydrolase
Target 3 Gene Name Not Available
Target 3 Protein Sequence >Phospholipase A2 VRV-PL-VIIIa 
SLLEFGKMILEETGKLAIPSYSSYGCYCGWGGKGTPKDATDRCCFVHDCCYGNLPDCNPK
SDRYKYKRVNGAIVCEKGTSCENRICECDKAAAICFRQNLNTYSKKYMLYPDFLCKGELK
C
Target 3 Number of Residues 123
Target 3 Molecular Weight 13611
Target 3 Theoretical pI 8.06
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
binding
ion binding
cation binding
calcium ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
lipase activity
phospholipase activity
phospholipase A2 activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
primary metabolism
lipid metabolism
lipid catabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 3 General Function Involved in phospholipase A2 activity
Target 3 Specific Function PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2- acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. This toxin shows neurotoxic symptoms and damages vital organs such as lung, liver and kidney. Displays edema-inducing activities when injected into the foot pads of mice and induces necrosis of muscle cells when injected into the thigh muscle
Target 3 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Glycerophospholipid metabolism map00564 Link Image
Target 3 Reactions
  • phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • None
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 3 Essentiality Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P59071 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PA28_DABRP Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID 1Y38 Link Image
Target 3 PDB File Show
Target 3 3D Structure
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
Target 3 Gene Sequence Not Available
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID Not Available
Target 3 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Target 3 HGNC ID Not Available
Target 3 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 3 Locus Not Available
Target 3 SNPs Not Available
Target 3 General References
  1. Kasturi S, Gowda TV: Purification and characterization of a major phospholipase A2 from Russell's viper (Vipera russelli) venom. Toxicon. 1989;27(2):229-37. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Gowda VT, Schmidt J, Middlebrook JL: Primary sequence determination of the most basic myonecrotic phospholipase A2 from the venom of Vipera russelli. Toxicon. 1994 Jun;32(6):665-73. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 4 [top]
Target 4 ID 2500
Target 4 Name Phospholipase A2 isoform 3
Target 4 Synonyms
  1. EC 3.1.1.4
  2. Phosphatidylcholine 2-acylhydrolase
  3. Phospholipase A2 isoform 3 precursor
Target 4 Gene Name Not Available
Target 4 Protein Sequence >Phospholipase A2 isoform 3 precursor 
SNRPMPLNLYQFKNMIQCTVPSRSWQDFADYGCYCGKGGSGTPVDDLDRCCQVHDNCYNE
AENISGCRPYFKTYSYECTQGTLTCKGDNNACAASVCDCDRLAAICFAGAPYNDANYNID
LKARCN
Target 4 Number of Residues 128
Target 4 Molecular Weight 13969
Target 4 Theoretical pI 4.74
Target 4 GO Classification
Function
binding
ion binding
cation binding
calcium ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity
lipase activity
phospholipase activity
phospholipase A2 activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
primary metabolism
lipid metabolism
lipid catabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 4 General Function Involved in phospholipase A2 activity
Target 4 Specific Function PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2- acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides
Target 4 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Glycerophospholipid metabolism map00564 Link Image
Target 4 Reactions
  • phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate
Target 4 Pfam Domain Function
Target 4 Signals
  • None
Target 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 4 Essentiality Essential
Target 4 GenBank ID Protein 38017492 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P60045 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PA23_NAJSG Link Image
Target 4 PDB ID 1YXL Link Image
Target 4 PDB File Show
Target 4 3D Structure
Target 4 Cellular Location
  • Secreted protein
Target 4 Gene Sequence >381 bp 
TCTAATCGTCCCATGCCTCTCAACCTCTATCAGTTCAAAAACATGATTCAATGTACTGTC
CCCAGTCGATCTTGGCAGGATTTTGCGGACTACGGTTGCTACTGCGGAAAAGGAGGTAGC
GGGACACCAGTAGACGACTTGGATAGGTGCTGCCAGGTTCATGACAACTGCTATAATGAA
GCCGAAAATATTTCCGGATGCAGGCCCTACTTCAAGACCTATTCATACGAGTGTACTCAA
GGCACACTCACCTGCAAAGGTGACAACAATGCGTGTGCAGCTTCTGTCTGTGATTGTGAC
CGCTTGGCAGCCATCTGCTTCGCCGGAGCCCCTTACAACGATGCCAACTACAATATCGAC
CTCAAGGCACGTTGCAACTGA
Target 4 GenBank Gene ID
Target 4 GeneCard ID Not Available
Target 4 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Target 4 HGNC ID Not Available
Target 4 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 4 Locus Not Available
Target 4 SNPs Not Available
Target 4 General References
  1. Singh RK, Vikram P, Makker J, Jabeen T, Sharma S, Dey S, Kaur P, Srinivasan A, Singh TP: Design of specific peptide inhibitors for group I phospholipase A2: structure of a complex formed between phospholipase A2 from Naja naja sagittifera (group I) and a designed peptide inhibitor Val-Ala-Phe-Arg-Ser (VAFRS) at 1.9 A resolution reveals unique features. Biochemistry. 2003 Oct 14;42(40):11701-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 4 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.