Secobarbital

Identification

Summary

Secobarbital is a barbiturate used for the short-term treatment of insomnia.

Brand Names
Seconal Sodium
Generic Name
Secobarbital
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00418
Background

Secobarbital (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the brand names Seconal and Tuinal) is a barbiturate derivative drug with anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties. It is commonly known as quinalbarbitone in the United Kingdom.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Vet approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 238.2829
Monoisotopic: 238.131742452
Chemical Formula
C12H18N2O3
Synonyms
  • (±)-secobarbital
  • 5-(1-methylbutyl)-5-(2-propenyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
  • 5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
  • 5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid
  • 5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione
  • Quinalbarbitone
  • Secobarbital
  • Secobarbitalum
  • Secobarbitone

Pharmacology

Indication

For the Short-term treatment of intractable insomnia for patients habituated to barbiturates

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofInsomnia••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Secobarbital, a barbiturate, is used for the induction of anesthesia prior to the use of other general anesthetic agents and for induction of anesthesia for short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures associated with minimal painful stimuli. Little analgesia is conferred by barbiturates; their use in the presence of pain may result in excitation.

Mechanism of action

Secobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
potentiator
Humans
UNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4
antagonist
Humans
UNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
antagonist
Humans
UGlutamate receptor 2
antagonist
Humans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2
antagonist
Humans
UNMDA receptor
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Barbiturates are metabolized primarily by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, and the metabolic products are excreted in the urine and, less commonly, in the feces.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Symptoms of an overdose typically include sluggishness, incoordination, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, faulty judgment, drowsiness or coma, shallow breathing, staggering, and in severe cases coma and death.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Secobarbital is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbacavirSecobarbital may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbaloparatideSecobarbital may increase the hypotensive activities of Abaloparatide.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be increased when combined with Secobarbital.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be increased when combined with Secobarbital.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Taking with alcohol may cause additive CNS depression.
  • Take on an empty stomach. This may increase the rate of absorption.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Secobarbital sodiumXBP604F6UM309-43-3AXXJTNXVUHVOJW-UHFFFAOYSA-M
International/Other Brands
Seconal / Tuinal
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Seconal SodiumCapsule100 mg/1OralRanbaxy Inc.2007-01-11Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Seconal SodiumCapsule100 mg/1OralMarathon Pharmaceuticals1983-10-032016-01-14US flag
Seconal SodiumCapsule100 mg/1OralBausch Health US, LLC1983-10-03Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Tuinal Pulvule 303Secobarbital sodium (50 mg) + Amobarbital sodium (50 mg)CapsuleOralPharmascience Inc1945-12-312004-03-05Canada flag
Tuinal Pulvule 304Secobarbital sodium (100 mg / cap) + Amobarbital sodium (100 mg / cap)CapsuleOralPharmascience Inc1945-12-312004-03-05Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N05CB01 — Combinations of barbituratesN05CA06 — Secobarbital
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as barbituric acid derivatives. These are compounds containing a perhydropyrimidine ring substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Diazines
Sub Class
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
Direct Parent
Barbituric acid derivatives
Alternative Parents
N-acyl ureas / Diazinanes / Dicarboximides / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
1,3-diazinane / Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Barbiturate / Carbonic acid derivative / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Dicarboximide / Hydrocarbon derivative / N-acyl urea
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
barbiturates (CHEBI:9073)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
1P7H87IN75
CAS number
76-73-3
InChI Key
KQPKPCNLIDLUMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H18N2O3/c1-4-6-8(3)12(7-5-2)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h5,8H,2,4,6-7H2,1,3H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)
IUPAC Name
5-(pentan-2-yl)-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
SMILES
CCCC(C)C1(CC=C)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014562
KEGG Drug
D00430
PubChem Compound
5193
PubChem Substance
46508708
ChemSpider
5005
RxNav
9624
ChEBI
9073
ChEMBL
CHEMBL447
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000674
PharmGKB
PA164784035
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Secobarbital
MSDS
Download (48.6 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Anabolic inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Everylife
  • Halsey drug co inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc
  • Kv pharmaceutical co
  • Lannett co inc
  • Parke davis div warner lambert co
  • L perrigo co
  • Purepac pharmaceutical co
  • Valeant pharmaceuticals international
  • Vitarine pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
  • Whiteworth towne paulsen inc
  • Wyeth ayerst laboratories
  • Ranbaxy pharmaceuticals inc
  • Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
  • Eli lilly and co
Packagers
  • Marathon Pharmaceuticals
  • Ohm Laboratories Inc.
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral100 mg / cap
CapsuleOral100 mg/1
CapsuleOral
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Seconal 100 mg capsule5.23USD capsule
Seconal sodium 100 mg capsule4.91USD capsule
Seconal sodium 100 mg pulvul0.93USD each
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)100 °CPhysProp
water solubility550 mg/LNot Available
logP1.97HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa7.8WOLLWEBER,H (1989)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.21 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.2ALOGPS
logP2.03Chemaxon
logS-2.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.48Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area75.27 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity62.65 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability24.33 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9331
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9762
Caco-2 permeable-0.5792
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6367
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5256
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9756
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.911
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7863
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.736
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8707
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7679
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9276
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7353
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8902
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9176
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6131
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8977
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9868
Rat acute toxicity3.0894 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9603
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9471
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (9.04 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-00fv-9640000000-bd64b937d195fac13712
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-0006-9400000000-7060c19b726fabf79a65
GC-MS Spectrum - CI-BGC-MSsplash10-000i-0090000000-cd7b7b08df2b25a36a42
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-014i-6900000000-eb3ae85faebb012ef83b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0190000000-db13804e78045568d611
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00ri-0590000000-c384be57f72d30b1df38
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-1090000000-0e9ded2891f45c864e86
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-597397ec99a312feb491
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ay4-2910000000-75606be9eabe8fd53d5e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-8900000000-8d8b9a5b9a2ca50f3657
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ldj-2910000000-9f39dfaa8d3de2778dbf
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-162.8150565
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-154.30089
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+163.5643565
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+156.6589
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+163.1390565
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+164.21568
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA2
Uniprot ID
P47869
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2
Molecular Weight
51325.85 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA3
Uniprot ID
P34903
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3
Molecular Weight
55164.055 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA4
Uniprot ID
P48169
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4
Molecular Weight
61622.645 Da
References
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA5
Uniprot ID
P31644
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5
Molecular Weight
52145.645 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA6
Uniprot ID
Q16445
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6
Molecular Weight
51023.69 Da
References
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  2. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
Gene Name
GABRA1
Uniprot ID
P14867
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
51801.395 Da
References
  1. Whiting PJ: The GABAA receptor gene family: new opportunities for drug development. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  3. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  4. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
  5. Peters JA, Kirkness EF, Callachan H, Lambert JJ, Turner AJ: Modulation of the GABAA receptor by depressant barbiturates and pregnane steroids. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Aug;94(4):1257-69. [Article]
  6. Miller LG, Deutsch SI, Greenblatt DJ, Paul SM, Shader RI: Acute barbiturate administration increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988;96(3):385-90. [Article]
  7. Kirkness EF, Turner AJ: The gamma-aminobutyrate/benzodiazepine receptor from pig brain. Purification and characterization of the receptor complex from cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Biochem J. 1986 Jan 1;233(1):265-70. [Article]
  8. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  9. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  10. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane permeabl...
Gene Name
CHRNA4
Uniprot ID
P43681
Uniprot Name
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4
Molecular Weight
69956.47 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. [Article]
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The cha...
Gene Name
CHRNA7
Uniprot ID
P36544
Uniprot Name
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
Molecular Weight
56448.925 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. [Article]
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
Gene Name
GRIA2
Uniprot ID
P42262
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor 2
Molecular Weight
98820.32 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a co...
Gene Name
GRIK2
Uniprot ID
Q13002
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2
Molecular Weight
102582.475 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Voltage-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic p...

Components:
References
  1. Daniell LC: Effect of anesthetic and convulsant barbiturates on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium flux in brain membrane vesicles. Pharmacology. 1994 Nov;49(5):296-307. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
Curator comments
This drug is a member of the barbiturate drug class, like phenobarbital, and is assumed to exert similar enzyme induction to that of phenobarbital.
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Sakuma T, Ohtake M, Katsurayama Y, Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N: Induction of CYP1A2 by phenobarbital in the livers of aryl hydrocarbon-responsive and -nonresponsive mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Mar;27(3):379-84. [Article]
  2. Zaher H, Yang TJ, Gelboin HV, Fernandez-Salguero P, Gonzalez FJ: Effect of phenobarbital on hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in the Ahr-null mouse. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Jan 15;55(2):235-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inducer
Curator comments
Secobarbital is a member of the barbiturate class of medications. Many drugs in this class induce CYP2C19 metabolism.
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Cleveland clinic [Link]
  2. Phenobarbital product monograph [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Visser LE, van Schaik RH, Jan Danser AH, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA, Stricker BH: The risk of myocardial infarction in patients with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 2C9. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Jul;17(7):473-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
Curator comments
Secobarbital is a member of the barbiturate drug class, which are known to induce CYP2C9.
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Visser LE, van Schaik RH, Jan Danser AH, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA, Stricker BH: The risk of myocardial infarction in patients with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 2C9. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Jul;17(7):473-9. [Article]
  2. Chen Y, Ferguson SS, Negishi M, Goldstein JA: Induction of human CYP2C9 by rifampicin, hyperforin, and phenobarbital is mediated by the pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):495-501. Epub 2003 Nov 4. [Article]
  3. Miners JO, Birkett DJ: Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Jun;45(6):525-38. [Article]
  4. Gerbal-Chaloin S, Pascussi JM, Pichard-Garcia L, Daujat M, Waechter F, Fabre JM, Carrere N, Maurel P: Induction of CYP2C genes in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Mar;29(3):242-51. [Article]
  5. Chan E, McLachlan A, O'Reilly R, Rowland M: Stereochemical aspects of warfarin drug interactions: use of a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 Sep;56(3):286-94. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1994.139. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 28, 2024 03:23