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Showing drug card for Aminoglutethimide (DB00357)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-04-16 16:47:38
Primary Accession Number DB00357
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00592
Name Aminoglutethimide
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description An aromatase inhibitor that produces a state of "medical" adrenalectomy by blocking the production of adrenal steroids. It also blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Aminoglutethimide has been used in the treatment of advanced breast and prostate cancer. It was formerly used for its weak anticonvulsant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p454)
Synonyms
  1. Dl-Aminoglutethimide
  2. P-Aminoglutethimide
Brand Names
  1. Cytadren
  2. Elipten
  3. Orimeten
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione
Chemical Formula C13H16N2O2
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 125-84-8
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C13H16N2O2/c1-2-13(8-7-11(16)15-12(13)17)9-3-5-10(14)6-4-9/h3-6H,2,7-8,14H2,1H3,(H,15,16,17)/f/h15H
InChI Key ROBVIMPUHSLWNV-YAQRNVERCR
KEGG Drug D00574 Link Image
KEGG Compound C07617 Link Image
PubChem Compound 2145 Link Image
PubChem Substance 9819 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA448375 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 00587729 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/cytadren.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglutethimide Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
Synthesis Reference Hoffmann, Urech, U.S. pat. 2,848,455 (1958 to Ciba)
Average Molecular Weight 232.2783
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 232.1212
State Solid
Melting Point 149-150 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Practically insoluble in water Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 3.71e-01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 1.3 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 1.49 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -2.80 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CC[C@]1(CCC(=O)NC1=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1
Canonical SMILES CCC1(CCC(=O)NC1=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1
Drug Category
  • Adrenergic Agents
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal
  • Aromatase Inhibitors
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes Not Available
Indication For the suppression of adrenal function in selected patients with Cushing's syndrome, malignant neoplasm of the female breast, and carcinoma in situ of the breast.
Pharmacology Aminoglutethimide inhibits the enzymatic conversion of cholesterol to D5-pregnenolone, resulting in a decrease in the production of adrenal glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and androgens.
Mechanism of Action Aminoglutethimide reduces the production of D5-pregnenolone and blocks several other steps in steroid synthesis, including the C-11, C-18, and C-21 hydroxylations and the hydroxylations required for the aromatization of androgens to estrogens, mediated through the binding of aminoglutethimide to cytochrome P-450 complexes. A decrease in adrenal secretion of cortisol is followed by an increased secretion of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which will overcome the blockade of adrenocortical steroid synthesis by aminoglutethimide. The compensatory increase in ACTH secretion can be suppressed by the simultaneous administration of hydrocortisone. Since aminoglutethimide increases the rate of metabolism of dexamethasone but not that of hydrocortisone, the latter is preferred as the adrenal glucocorticoid replacement. Although aminoglutethimide inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine by the thyroid gland, the compensatory increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is frequently of sufficient magnitude to overcome the inhibition of thyroid synthesis due to aminoglutethimide. In spite of an increase in TSH, aminoglutethimide has not been associated with increased prolactin secretion.
Absorption Rapidly and completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of tablets is equivalent to equal doses given as a solution.
Toxicity Oral LD50s (mg/kg): rats, 1800; dogs, >100. Intravenous LD50s (mg/kg): rats, 156; dogs, >100. Symptoms of overdose include respiratory depression, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypovolemic shock due to dehydration, somnolence, lethargy, coma, ataxia, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.
Protein Binding 21-25%
Biotransformation Hepatic. 34-54% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug during the first 48 hours, and an additional fraction as an N-acetyl derivative.
Half Life 12.5 ± 1.6 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol The agent decreases the anticoagulant effect
Anisindione The agent decreases the anticoagulant effect
Dexamethasone Decreases the effect of dexamethasone
Dicumarol The agent decreases the anticoagulant effect
Tamoxifen Decreases the effect of tamoxifen
Warfarin The agent decreases the anticoagulant effect
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1)
  2. Liver carboxylesterase
Targets
  1. Cytochrome P450 19A1
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP11A1
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P05108 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P05108|C11A_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 11A1 
MLAKGLPPRSVLVKGYQTFLSAPREGLGRLRVPTGEGAGISTRSPRPFNEIPSPGDNGWL
NLYHFWRETGTHKVHLHHVQNFQKYGPIYREKLGNVESVYVIDPEDVALLFKSEGPNPER
FLIPPWVAYHQYYQRPIGVLLKKSAAWKKDRVALNQEVMAPEATKNFLPLLDAVSRDFVS
VLHRRIKKAGSGNYSGDISDDLFRFAFESITNVIFGERQGMLEEVVNPEAQRFIDAIYQM
FHTSVPMLNLPPDLFRLFRTKTWKDHVAAWDVIFSKADIYTQNFYWELRQKGSVHHDYRG
MLYRLLGDSKMSFEDIKANVTEMLAGGVDTTSMTLQWHLYEMARNLKVQDMLRAEVLAAR
HQAQGDMATMLQLVPLLKASIKETLRLHPISVTLQRYLVNDLVLRDYMIPAKTLVQVAIY
ALGREPTFFFDPENFDPTRWLSKDKNITYFRNLGFGWGVRQCLGRRIAELEMTIFLINML
ENFRVEIQHLSDVGTTFNLILMPEKPISFTFWPFNQEATQQ
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 Name Liver carboxylesterase
Enzyme 2 Gene Name CES1
Enzyme 2 SwissProt ID P23141 Link Image
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >sp|P23141|EST1_HUMAN Liver carboxylesterase 1 precursor (EC 3.1.1.1) 
MWLRAFILATLSASAAWGHPSSPPVVDTVHGKVLGKFVSLEGFAQPVAIFLGIPFAKPPL
GPLRFTPPQPAEPWSFVKNATSYPPMCTQDPKAGQLLSELFTNRKENIPLKLSEDCLYLN
IYTPADLTKKNRLPVMVWIHGGGLMVGAASTYDGLALAAHENVVVVTIQYRLGIWGFFST
GDEHSRGNWGHLDQVAALRWVQDNIASFGGNPGSVTIFGESAGGESVSVLVLSPLAKNLF
HRAISESGVALTSVLVKKGDVKPLAEQIAITAGCKTTTSAVMVHCLRQKTEEELLETTLK
MKFLSLDLQGDPRESQPLLGTVIDGMLLLKTPEELQAERNFHTVPYMVGINKQEFGWLIP
MQLMSYPLSEGQLDQKTAMSLLWKSYPLVCIAKELIPEATEKYLGGTDDTVKKKDLFLDL
IADVMFGVPSVIVARNHRDAGAPTYMYEFQYRPSFSSDMKPKTVIGDHGDELFSVFGAPF
LKEGASEEEIRLSKMVMKFWANFARNGNPNGEGLPHWPEYNQKEGYLQIGANTQAAQKLK
DKEVAFWTNLFAKKAVEKPPQTEHIEL
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 3811
Target 1 Name Cytochrome P450 19A1
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Aromatase
  2. CYPXIX
  3. EC 1.14.14.1
  4. Estrogen synthetase
  5. P-450AROM
Target 1 Gene Name CYP19A1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Cytochrome P450 19A1 
MVLEMLNPIHYNITSIVPEAMPAATMPVLLLTGLFLLVWNYEGTSSIPGPGYCMGIGPLI
SHGRFLWMGIGSACNYYNRVYGEFMRVWISGEETLIISKSSSMFHIMKHNHYSSRFGSKL
GLQCIGMHEKGIIFNNNPELWKTTRPFFMKALSGPGLVRMVTVCAESLKTHLDRLEEVTN
ESGYVDVLTLLRRVMLDTSNTLFLRIPLDESAIVVKIQGYFDAWQALLIKPDIFFKISWL
YKKYEKSVKDLKDAIEVLIAEKRRRISTEEKLEECMDFATELILAEKRGDLTRENVNQCI
LEMLIAAPDTMSVSLFFMLFLIAKHPNVEEAIIKEIQTVIGERDIKIDDIQKLKVMENFI
YESMRYQPVVDLVMRKALEDDVIDGYPVKKGTNIILNIGRMHRLEFFPKPNEFTLENFAK
NVPYRYFQPFGFGPRGCAGKYIAMVMMKAILVTLLRRFHVKTLQGQCVESIQKIHDLSLH
PDETKNMLEMIFTPRNSDRCLEH
Target 1 Number of Residues 511
Target 1 Molecular Weight 57884
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.56
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
tetrapyrrole binding
heme binding
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
iron ion binding
catalytic activity
oxidoreductase activity
monooxygenase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
generation of precursor metabolites and energy
electron transport
Component
Not Available
Target 1 General Function Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Target 1 Specific Function Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Fatty acid metabolism SMP00051 Link Image map00071 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • RH + reduced flavoprotein + O2 = ROH + oxidized flavoprotein + H2O
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 179002 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P11511 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CP19A_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • peripheral membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1512 bp 
ATGGTTTTGGAAATGCTGAACCCGATACATTATAACATCACCAGCATCGTGCCTGAAGCC
ATGCCTGCTGCCACCATGCCAGTCCTGCTCCTCACTGGCCTTTTTCTCTTGGTGTGGAAT
TATGAGGGCACATCCTCAATACCAGGTCCTGGCTACTGCATGGGAATTGGACCCCTCATC
TCCCACGGCAGATTCCTGTGGATGGGGATCGGCAGTGCCTGCAACTACTACAACCGGGTA
TATGGAGAATTCATGCGAGTCTGGATCTCTGGAGAGGAAACACTCATTATCAGCAAGTCC
TCAAGTATGTTCCACATAATGAAGCACAATCATTACAGCTCTCGATTCGGCAGCAAACTT
GGGCTGCAGTGCATCGGTATGCATGAGAAAGGCATCATATTTAACAACAATCCAGAGCTC
TGGAAAACAACTCGACCCTTCTTTATGAAAGCTCTGTCAGGCCCCGGCCTTGTTCGTATG
GTCACAGTCTGTGCTGAATCCCTCAAAACACATCTGGACAGGTTGGAGGAGGTGACCAAT
GAATCGGGCTATGTGGACGTGTTGACCCTTCTGCGTCGTGTCATGCTGGACACCTCTAAC
ACGCTCTTCTTGAGGATCCCTTTGGACGAAAGTGCTATCGTGGTTAAAATCCAAGGTTAT
TTTGATGCATGGCAAGCTCTCCTCATCAAACCAGACATCTTCTTTAAGATTTCTTGGCTA
TACAAAAAGTATGAGAAGTCTGTCAAGGATTTGAAAGATGCCATAGAAGTTCTGATAGCA
GAAAAAAGACGCAGGATTTCCACAGAAGAGAAACTGGAAGAATGTATGGACTTTGCCACT
GAGTTGATTTTAGCAGAGAAACGTGGTGACCTGACAAGAGAGAATGTGAACCAGTGCATA
TTGGAAATGCTGATCGCAGCTCCTGACACCATGTCTGTCTCTTTGTTCTTCATGCTATTT
CTCATTGCAAAGCACCCTAATGTTGAAGAGGCAATAATAAAGGAAATCCAGACTGTTATT
GGTGAGAGAGACATAAAGATTGATGATATACAAAAATTAAAAGTGATGGAAAACTTCATT
TATGAGAGCATGCGGTACCAGCCTGTCGTGGACTTGGTCATGCGCAAAGCCTTAGAAGAT
GATGTAATCGATGGCTACCCAGTGAAAAAGGGGACAAACATTATCCTGAATATTGGAAGG
ATGCACAGACTCGAGTTTTTCCCCAAACCCAATGAATTTACTCTTGAAAATTTTGCAAAG
AATGTTCCTTATAGGTACTTTCAGCCATTTGGCTTTGGGCCCCGTGGCTGTGCAGGAAAG
TACATCGCCATGGTGATGATGAAAGCCATCCTCGTTACACTTCTGAGACGATTCCACGTG
AAGACATTGCAAGGACAGTGTGTTGAGAGCATACAGAAGATACACGACTTGTCCTTGCAC
CCAGATGAGACTAAAAACATGCTGGAAATGATCTTTACCCCAAGAAGCTCAGACAGGTGT
CTGGAACACTAG
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID CYP19A1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID CYP19A1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:2594 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 15
Target 1 Locus 15q21.1
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Harada N, Ogawa H, Shozu M, Yamada K, Suhara K, Nishida E, Takagi Y: Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses on placental aromatase (P-450AROM) deficiency. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4781-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Mahendroo MS, Means GD, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Tissue-specific expression of human P-450AROM. The promoter responsible for expression in adipose tissue is different from that utilized in placenta. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 15;266(17):11276-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Toda K, Terashima M, Mitsuuchi Y, Yamasaki Y, Yokoyama Y, Nojima S, Ushiro H, Maeda T, Yamamoto Y, Sagara Y, et al.: Alternative usage of different poly(A) addition signals for two major species of mRNA encoding human aromatase P-450. FEBS Lett. 1989 Apr 24;247(2):371-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Pompon D, Liu RY, Besman MJ, Wang PL, Shively JE, Chen S: Expression of human placental aromatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;3(9):1477-87. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Means GD, Mahendroo MS, Corbin CJ, Mathis JM, Powell FE, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Structural analysis of the gene encoding human aromatase cytochrome P-450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis. J Biol Chem. 1989 Nov 15;264(32):19385-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Corbin CJ, Graham-Lorence S, McPhaul M, Mason JI, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Isolation of a full-length cDNA insert encoding human aromatase system cytochrome P-450 and its expression in nonsteroidogenic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):8948-52. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Harada N: Cloning of a complete cDNA encoding human aromatase: immunochemical identification and sequence analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 31;156(2):725-32. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Evans CT, Ledesma DB, Schulz TZ, Simpson ER, Mendelson CR: Isolation and characterization of a complementary DNA specific for human aromatase-system cytochrome P-450 mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(17):6387-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Chen SA, Besman MJ, Sparkes RS, Zollman S, Klisak I, Mohandas T, Hall PF, Shively JE: Human aromatase: cDNA cloning, Southern blot analysis, and assignment of the gene to chromosome 15. DNA. 1988 Jan-Feb;7(1):27-38. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Simpson ER, Evans CT, Corbin CJ, Powell FE, Ledesma DB, Mendelson CR: Sequencing of cDNA inserts encoding aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P-450AROM). Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1987 Aug;52(3):267-72. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 3964273 Chen S, Shively JE, Nakajin S, Shinoda M, Hall PF: Amino terminal sequence analysis of human placenta aromatase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Mar 28;135(3):713-9.
  12. 7690033 Mahendroo MS, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER: Tissue-specific and hormonally controlled alternative promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue. J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 15;268(26):19463-70.
  13. 8117272 Honda S, Harada N, Takagi Y: Novel exon 1 of the aromatase gene specific for aromatase transcripts in human brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Feb 15;198(3):1153-60.
  14. 8265607 Ito Y, Fisher CR, Conte FA, Grumbach MM, Simpson ER: Molecular basis of aromatase deficiency in an adult female with sexual infantilism and polycystic ovaries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 15;90(24):11673-7.
  15. 8530621 Morishima A, Grumbach MM, Simpson ER, Fisher C, Qin K: Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Dec;80(12):3689-98.
  16. 9211678 Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, Faustini-Fustini M, Serpente S, Boyd J, Korach KS, Simpson ER: Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 10;337(2):91-5.
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Martinez-Campa C, Gonzalez A, Mediavilla MD, Alonso-Gonzalez C, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Cos S: Melatonin enhances the inhibitory effect of aminoglutethimide on aromatase activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Dec;94(3):249-54. Epub 2005 Oct 22. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Greco F, Vicent MJ, Penning NA, Nicholson RI, Duncan R: HPMA copolymer-aminoglutethimide conjugates inhibit aromatase in MCF-7 cell lines. J Drug Target. 2005 Sep-Nov;13(8-9):459-70. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Shirakawa H, Katsuki H, Kume T, Kaneko S, Akaike A: Aminoglutethimide prevents excitotoxic and ischemic injuries in cortical neurons. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;147(7):729-36. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.