Carbidopa

Identification

Summary

Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor used in combination with levodopa for the symptomatic treatment of idiopathic Parkinson disease and other conditions associated with parkinsonian symptoms.

Brand Names
Dhivy, Duodopa, Duopa, Lodosyn, Parcopa, Rytary, Sinemet, Stalevo
Generic Name
Carbidopa
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00190
Background

Carbidopa presents a chemical denomination of N-amino-alpha-methyl-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine monohydrate. It potently inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DDC) and due to its chemical properties, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Due to its activity, carbidopa is always administered concomitantly with levodopa. An individual formulation containing solely carbidopa was generated to treat nausea in patients where the combination therapy levodopa/carbidopa is not efficient reducing nausea.9

The first approved product by the FDA containing only carbidopa was developed by Amerigens Pharmaceuticals Ltd and approved on 2014.10 On the other hand, the combination treatment of carbidopa/levodopa was originally developed by Watson Labs but the historical information by the FDA brings back to the approval of this combination therapy developed by Mayne Pharma in 1992.11

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 226.2292
Monoisotopic: 226.095356946
Chemical Formula
C10H14N2O4
Synonyms
  • (-)-L-alpha-Hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid monohydrate
  • (S)-(−)-carbidopa
  • (S)-carbidopa
  • (αS)-α-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-α-methylbenzenepropanoic acid
  • Carbidopa
  • Carbidopa (anhydrous)
  • Carbidopa anhydrous
  • Carbidopum
  • L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-2-hydrazinopropionic acid
  • L-α-methyldopahydrazine
External IDs
  • MK-486

Pharmacology

Indication

Carbidopa is indicated with levodopa for the treatment of symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson disease, postencephalitic parkinsonism and symptomatic parkinsonism followed by carbon monoxide or manganese intoxication.Label

The combination therapy is administered for the reduction of levodopa-driven nausea and vomiting.Label

The product of carbidopa should be used in patients where the combination therapy of carbidopa/levodopa provide less than the adequate daily dosage.Label

As well carbidopa can be used in patients where the dosages of carbidopa and levodopa require individual titration.Label

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to manageParkinson's diseaseCombination Product in combination with: Levodopa (DB01235)••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatPostencephalitic parkinsonismCombination Product in combination with: Levodopa (DB01235)••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatSymptomatic parkinson diseaseCombination Product in combination with: Levodopa (DB01235)•••••••••••••••••• •••••••• ••••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••••••
Symptomatic treatment ofLevodopa-driven nausea and vomiting••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

When mixed with levodopa, carbidopa inhibits the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine and the decarboxylation of oxitriptan to serotonin by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. This results in an increased amount of levodopa and oxitriptan available for transport to the central nervous system. Carbidopa also inhibits the metabolism of levodopa in the GI tract, thus, increasing the bioavailability of levodopa.4

The presence of additional units of circulating levodopa can increase the effectiveness of the still functional dopaminergic neurons and it has been shown to alleviate symptoms for a time. The action of carbidopa is very important as levodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier while dopamine cannot.8 Hence the administration of carbidopa is essential to prevent the transformation of external levodopa to dopamine before reaching the main action site in the brain.

The coadministration of carbidopa with levodopa has been shown to increase the half-life of levodopa more than 1.5 times while increasing the plasma level and decreasing clearance. The combination therapy has also shown an increase of the recovery of levodopa in urine instead of dopamine which proves a reduced metabolism. This effect has been highly observed by a significant reduction in levodopa requirements and a significant reduction in the presence of side effects such as nausea. It has been observed that the effect of carbidopa is not dose-dependent.9

Mechanism of action

Carbidopa is an inhibitor of the DDC which in order, inhibits the peripheral metabolism of levodopa.3 DDC is very important in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan to serotonin and the modification of L-DOPA to dopamine.4

DDC can be found in the body periphery and in the blood-brain barrier.4 The action of carbidopa is focused on peripheral DDC as this drug cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.8 Hence, it will prevent the metabolism of levodopa in the periphery but it will not have any activity on the generation of dopamine in the brain.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

When levodopa/carbidopa is administered orally, 40-70% of the administered dose is absorbed.12 Once absorbed, carbidopa shows bioavailability of 58%.5 A maximum concentration of 0.085 mcg/ml was achieved after 143 min with an AUC of 19.28 mcg.min/ml.6

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution reported for the combination therapy of carbidopa/levodopa is of 3.6 L/kg.7 However, carbidopa is widely distributed in the tissues, except in the brain.12 After one hour, carbidopa is found mainly in the kidney, lungs, small intestine and liver.1

Protein binding

It is widely accepted that the protein binding of carbidopa is 76%. However, more studies are required or the presentation of the source of this information.

Metabolism

The loss of the hydrazine functional group (probably as molecular nitrogen) represents the major metabolic pathway for carbidopa. There are several metabolites of carbidopa metabolism including 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyllactic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methyllactic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone (1,2).1

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

In animal studies, 66% of the administered dose of carbidopa was eliminated via the urine while 11% was found in feces. These studies were performed in humans and it was observed a urine excretion covering 50% of the administered dose.1

Half-life

The reported half-life of carbidopa is of approximately 107 minutes.6

Clearance

The reported clearance rate for the combination therapy of levodopa/carbidopa is 51.7 L/h.7

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

The LD50 of carbidopa is reported to be in the rat of 4810 mg/kg.MSDS In animal studies, carbidopa showed no incidences on neoplasia and showed no effect on the fertility status and development.Label

No reports of overdosage have been registered with the carbidopa-only product. In the event of overdosage, immediate gastric lavage is recommended as well as intravenous fluid administration. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is required.Label

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirCarbidopa may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AcebutololThe risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Carbidopa is combined with Acebutolol.
AceclofenacAceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Carbidopa which could result in a higher serum level.
AcemetacinAcemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Carbidopa which could result in a higher serum level.
AcetaminophenCarbidopa may decrease the excretion rate of Acetaminophen which could result in a higher serum level.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Carbidopa hydrateMNX7R8C5VO38821-49-7QTAOMKOIBXZKND-PPHPATTJSA-N
Product Images
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
LodosynTablet25 mg/1OralAvera McKennan Hospital2015-11-132017-05-24US flag
LodosynTablet25 mg/1OralBristol Myers Squibb Pharma Company2009-06-012013-10-19US flag
LodosynTablet25 mg/1OralKAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS2012-09-252017-06-30US flag
LodosynTablet25 mg/1OralBausch Health US, LLC2010-04-13Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
CarbidopaTablet25 mg/1OralZydus Lifesciences Limited2018-09-06Not applicableUS flag
CarbidopaTablet25 mg/1OralLupin Pharmaceuticals,Inc.2017-10-20Not applicableUS flag
CarbidopaTablet25 mg/1OralZydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2018-09-06Not applicableUS flag
CarbidopaTablet25 mg/1OralTrupharma, Llc2013-11-012014-08-19US flag
CarbidopaTablet25 mg/1Oralbryant ranch prepack2014-03-102023-09-30US flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Aa-levocarb CRCarbidopa (50 mg) + Levodopa (200 mg)Tablet, extended releaseOralAa Pharma Inc2003-11-13Not applicableCanada flag
Aa-levocarb CRCarbidopa (25 mg) + Levodopa (100 mg)Tablet, extended releaseOralAa Pharma Inc2009-02-04Not applicableCanada flag
ANTIPAR 100 MG/ 25 MG/ 200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADETCarbidopa hydrate (25 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) + Levodopa (100 mg)Tablet, film coatedOralİLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2017-08-11Not applicableTurkey flag
ANTIPAR 125 MG/ 31.25 MG/ 200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADETCarbidopa hydrate (31.25 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) + Levodopa (125 mg)Tablet, film coatedOralİLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2017-08-11Not applicableTurkey flag
ANTİPAR 150 MG/37.5 MG/200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADETCarbidopa hydrate (37.5 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) + Levodopa (150 mg)Tablet, film coatedOralİLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2017-07-26Not applicableTurkey flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanoic acids. These are compounds with a structure containing a benzene ring conjugated to a propanoic acid.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Phenylpropanoic acids
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Phenylpropanoic acids
Alternative Parents
Amphetamines and derivatives / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Phenylpropanes / Catechols / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Alkylhydrazines / Organopnictogen compounds
show 3 more
Substituents
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Alkylhydrazine / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid
show 14 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monocarboxylic acid, catechols, hydrazines (CHEBI:39585)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
KR87B45RGH
CAS number
28860-95-9
InChI Key
TZFNLOMSOLWIDK-JTQLQIEISA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H14N2O4/c1-10(12-11,9(15)16)5-6-2-3-7(13)8(14)4-6/h2-4,12-14H,5,11H2,1H3,(H,15,16)/t10-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropanoic acid
SMILES
C[C@@](CC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1)(NN)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Sweta GUPTA, "EXTENDED RELEASE PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS OF CARBIDOPA AND LEVODOPA AND PROCESS OF PREPARATION THEREOF." U.S. Patent US20130195973, issued August 01, 2013.

US20130195973
General References
  1. Vickers S, Stuart EK, Bianchine JR, Hucker HB, Jaffe ME, Rhodes RE, Vandenheuvel WJ: Metabolism of carbidopa (1-(-)-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid monohydrate), an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, in the rat, rhesus monkey, and man. Drug Metab Dispos. 1974 Jan-Feb;2(1):9-22. [Article]
  2. Vickers S, Stuart EK, Hucker HB: Further studies on the metabolism of carbidopa, (minus)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate, in the human, Rhesus monkey, dog, and rat. J Med Chem. 1975 Feb;18(2):134-8. [Article]
  3. Mittur A, Gupta S, Modi NB: Pharmacokinetics of Rytary((R)), An Extended-Release Capsule Formulation of Carbidopa-Levodopa. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017 Sep;56(9):999-1014. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0511-y. [Article]
  4. Gilbert JA, Frederick LM, Ames MM: The aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa is selectively cytotoxic to human pulmonary carcinoid and small cell lung carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Nov;6(11):4365-72. [Article]
  5. Yeh KC, August TF, Bush DF, Lasseter KC, Musson DG, Schwartz S, Smith ME, Titus DC: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sinemet CR: a summary of human studies. Neurology. 1989 Nov;39(11 Suppl 2):25-38. [Article]
  6. Nyholm D, Lewander T, Gomes-Trolin C, Backstrom T, Panagiotidis G, Ehrnebo M, Nystrom C, Aquilonius SM: Pharmacokinetics of levodopa/carbidopa microtablets versus levodopa/benserazide and levodopa/carbidopa in healthy volunteers. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012 May-Jun;35(3):111-7. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31825645d1. [Article]
  7. Chana P, Fierro A, Reyes-Parada M, Saez-Briones P: [Pharmacokinetic comparison of Sinemet and Grifoparkin (levodopa/carbidopa 250/25 mg) in Parkinson s disease: a single dose study]. Rev Med Chil. 2003 Jun;131(6):623-31. [Article]
  8. Rang, H. P. and Dale, M. M. (2012). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
  9. Ahlskog J. (2009). Parkinson's disease treatment guide for physicians. Oxford University Press. [ISBN:978-0-19-537177-2]
  10. FDA approvals [Link]
  11. FDA approvals [Link]
  12. Glown [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014336
KEGG Drug
D00558
PubChem Compound
34359
PubChem Substance
46508775
ChemSpider
31640
BindingDB
50418773
RxNav
2019
ChEBI
39585
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1201236
ZINC
ZINC000019168887
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000592
PharmGKB
PA448794
PDBe Ligand
142
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Carbidopa
PDB Entries
1js3 / 7cx0
FDA label
Download (280 KB)
MSDS
Download (73.4 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentAdvanced Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease1
4CompletedTreatmentAkinesia / Delayed Levodopa Onset / Mobility decreased / Motor Symptoms / Parkinson's Disease (PD)1
4CompletedTreatmentAnhedonia / Depression1
4CompletedTreatmentDepression1
4CompletedTreatmentDyskinesia / Parkinson's Disease (PD)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Aton pharma inc
Packagers
  • Aton Pharma Inc.
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Medisca Inc.
  • Merck & Co.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
PowderNot applicable1 kg/1kg
TabletOral
TabletOral10 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral25 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral25 mg
GelEnteral
GelIntraduodenal
SuspensionEnteral
Tablet, coatedOral
TabletOral25 mg/1
CapsuleOral
Tablet, for suspensionOral
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral50 mg
GelIntraileal
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Carbidopa powder27.54USD g
Lodosyn 25 mg tablet2.53USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6500867No2002-12-312020-06-29US flag
US6797732No2004-09-282020-06-29US flag
US9089607No2015-07-282028-12-26US flag
US8377474No2013-02-192028-12-26US flag
US8454998No2013-06-042028-12-26US flag
US7094427No2006-08-222022-05-29US flag
US8557283No2013-10-152028-12-26US flag
US9089608No2015-07-282028-12-26US flag
US9463246No2016-10-112028-12-26US flag
US9533046No2017-01-032028-12-26US flag
US9901640No2018-02-272028-12-26US flag
US11033521No2021-06-152039-03-28US flag
US11439613No2019-03-282039-03-28US flag
US11819485No2019-03-282039-03-28US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)203-208 °C'MSDS'
boiling point (°C)DecomposesChemspider
water solubility3.8 mg/L'MSDS'
logP-1.9Kirk K., Yoshida S., and Haufe G. Fluorine and Health. (2008)
pKa2.3Konduru N. and Madhuri G. (2014). IJPSR. Vol. 5
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.73 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.16ALOGPS
logP-1.2Chemaxon
logS-1.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.35Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)5.66Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count5Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area115.81 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity68.77 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability21.81 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.8638
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9659
Caco-2 permeable-0.7517
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5584
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9619
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9952
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9484
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7843
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8017
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6267
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9106
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8308
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9615
Ames testAMES toxic0.9107
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7848
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9741
Rat acute toxicity2.0520 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9868
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9413
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0590000000-47d60b8745b7253310e8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-002b-0930000000-e578be602978f34e8c8c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01vk-2900000000-6a116e1e9fd4b13094f9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-1900000000-472e8e2a55ca7a96b5b8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0aos-9400000000-cb0a4bc67b6a2100f49f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00r6-9500000000-db85df80540a68dbbd38
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-158.2051426
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-146.96864
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+157.7696426
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+149.36421
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+157.4271426
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+155.27672
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine.
Gene Name
DDC
Uniprot ID
P20711
Uniprot Name
Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
Molecular Weight
53925.815 Da
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  2. Durso R, Evans JE, Josephs E, Szabo G, Evans B, Fernandez HH, Browne TR: Variable absorption of carbidopa affects both peripheral and central levodopa metabolism. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Aug;40(8):854-60. [Article]
  3. Yee RE, Cheng DW, Huang SC, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR: Blood-brain barrier and neuronal membrane transport of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001 Nov 15;62(10):1409-15. [Article]
  4. Kaufmann H, Saadia D, Voustianiouk A, Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Yahr MD, Nardin R, Freeman R: Norepinephrine precursor therapy in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Circulation. 2003 Aug 12;108(6):724-8. Epub 2003 Jul 28. [Article]
  5. Orlefors H, Sundin A, Lu L, Oberg K, Langstrom B, Eriksson B, Bergstrom M: Carbidopa pretreatment improves image interpretation and visualisation of carcinoid tumours with 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006 Jan;33(1):60-5. Epub 2005 Sep 24. [Article]
  6. Calabrese V, Mancuso C, Ravagna A, Perluigi M, Cini C, De Marco C, Butterfield DA, Stella AM: In vivo induction of heat shock proteins in the substantia nigra following L-DOPA administration is associated with increased activity of mitochondrial complex I and nitrosative stress in rats: regulation by glutathione redox state. J Neurochem. 2007 May;101(3):709-17. Epub 2007 Jan 4. [Article]
  7. Gilbert JA, Frederick LM, Ames MM: The aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa is selectively cytotoxic to human pulmonary carcinoid and small cell lung carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Nov;6(11):4365-72. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:43