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Identification
Name Trifluridine
Accession Number DB00432 (APRD01275)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

An antiviral derivative of thymidine used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to herpes simplex virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557)
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms Not Available
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
F3DThd
F3T
F3TDR
Fluridine
TFDU
Trifluoromethyldeoxyuridine
Trifluorothymidine
trifluorothymine deoxyriboside
Trifluridina [INN-Spanish]
Trifluridine [USAN:INN]
Trifluridinum [INN-Latin]
Virophta
Viroptic
First Prev Next Last
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antiviral Agents
  • Antimetabolites
CAS number 70-00-8
Weight Average: 296.1999
Monoisotopic: 296.062006087
Chemical Formula C10H11F3N2O5
InChI Key InChIKey=VSQQQLOSPVPRAZ-RRKCRQDMSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H11F3N2O5/c11-10(12,13)4-2-15(9(19)14-8(4)18)7-1-5(17)6(3-16)20-7/h2,5-7,16-17H,1,3H2,(H,14,18,19)/t5-,6+,7+/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
1-[(2R,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione
SMILES
OC[C@H]1O[C@H](C[C@@H]1O)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C(F)(F)F
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Glycerol and Derivatives
  • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Glycerol and Derivatives
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Ethers
  • Halogen Derivatives
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Furans
  • Cyanamides
Pharmacology
Indication Ophthalmic solution for the treatment of primay keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2.
Pharmacodynamics Trifluridine is a fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside with in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2 and vacciniavirus. Some strains of adenovirus are also inhibited in vitro. Trifluridine is also effective in the treatment of epithelial keratitis that has not responded clinically to the topical administration of idoxuridine or when ocular toxicity or hypersensitivity to idoxuridine has occurred. In a smaller number of patients found to be resistant to topical vidarabine, trifluridine was also effective. Trifluridine interferes with DNA synthesis in cultured mammalian cells. However, its antiviral mechanism of action is not completely known.
Mechanism of action The mechanism of action of trifluridine has not been fully determined, but appears to involve the inhibition of viral replication. Trifluridine does this by incorporating into viral DNA during replication, which leads to the formation of defective proteins and an increased mutation rate. This drug also reversibly inhibits thymidylate synthetase, an enzyme that is necessary for DNA synthesis.
Absorption Systemic absorption of trifluridine following therapeutic dosing with trifluridine ophthalmic appears to be negligible.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism One major metabolite, 5-carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine found on the endothelial side of the cornea, indicating localized metabolism.
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Approximately 12 to 18 minutes following ophthalmic administration.
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Overdosage by ocular instillation is unlikely because any excess solution should be quickly expelled from the conjunctival sac. Acute overdosage by accidental oral ingestion has not occurred. However, should such ingestion occur, the 75 mg dosage of trifluridine in a 7.5 mL bottle of trifluridine is not likely to produce adverse effects. Single intravenous doses of 1.5 to 30 mg/kg/day in children and adults with neoplastic disease produce reversible bone marrow depression as the only potentially serious toxic effect and only after three to five courses of therapy. The acute oral LD50 in the mouse and rat was 4379 mg/kg or higher.
Affected organisms
  • Human Herpes Virus
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Alcon laboratories inc
  • Monarch pharmaceuticals inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Solution Ophthalmic
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Viroptic 1% Solution 7.5ml Bottle 160.07 USD bottle
Trifluridine 1% Solution 7.5ml Bottle 153.4 USD bottle
Trifluridine 1% eye drops 19.69 USD ml
Viroptic 1% eye drops 18.63 USD ml
Trifluridine 1 % opth soln 15.21 USD ml
Sandoz Trifluridine 1 % Solution 3.41 USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 186-189 °C PhysProp
water solubility 1560 mg/L Not Available
logP -0.46 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa 7.95 SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 6.69e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP -0.45 ALOGPS
logP -0.75 ChemAxon
logS -1.6 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 7.6 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -3 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 99.1 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon
refractivity 56.34 ChemAxon
polarizability 23.07 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Costin D, Dogaru M, Popa AS, Cijevschi I: [Trifluridine therapy in herpetic in keratitis] Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2004 Apr-Jun;108(2):409-12. Pubmed
  2. Kuster P, Taravella M, Gelinas M, Stepp P: Delivery of trifluridine to human cornea and aqueous using collagen shields. CLAO J. 1998 Apr;24(2):122-4. Pubmed
  3. O’Brien WJ, Taylor JL: Therapeutic response of herpes simplex virus-induced corneal edema to trifluridine in combination with immunosuppressive agents. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Aug;32(9):2455-61. Pubmed
  4. Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Varadhachary G, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, Wolff RA, Hoff P, Xiong H, Abbruzzese JL: Phase I clinical study of three times a day oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Invest. 2008 Oct;26(8):794-9. Pubmed
  5. Hong DS, Abbruzzese JL, Bogaard K, Lassere Y, Fukushima M, Mita A, Kuwata K, Hoff PM: Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer. 2006 Sep 15;107(6):1383-90. Pubmed
  6. Temmink OH, Prins HJ, van Gelderop E, Peters GJ: The Hollow Fibre Assay as a model for in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;96(1):61-6. Epub 2006 Dec 19. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00391 Link_out
PubChem Compound 6256 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506192 Link_out
ChemSpider 6020 Link_out
BindingDB 50132298 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000760 Link_out
PharmGKB PA451775 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2248529 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/trifluridine.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/trifluridine-drops.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluridine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • S01AD02
AHFS Codes
  • 52:04.20
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (55.2 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Searched, but no interactions found.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Thymidylate synthase

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P04818 Link_out
Gene: TYMS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  2. De Clercq E: Antiviral drugs in current clinical use. J Clin Virol. 2004 Jun;30(2):115-33. Pubmed
  3. Bijnsdorp IV, Kruyt FA, Fukushima M, Smid K, Gokoel S, Peters GJ: Molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic interaction between trifluorothymidine and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Cancer Sci. 2010 Feb;101(2):440-7. Epub 2009 Sep 29. Pubmed
  4. Bijnsdorp IV, Peters GJ, Temmink OH, Fukushima M, Kruyt FA: Differential activation of cell death and autophagy results in an increased cytotoxic potential for trifluorothymidine compared to 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2010 May 15;126(10):2457-68. Pubmed
  5. Bijnsdorp IV, Kruyt FA, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Trifluorothymidine induces cell death independently of p53. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2008 Jun;27(6):699-703. Pubmed
  6. Madeira VM, Antunes-Madeira MC: Chemical composition of sarcolemma isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1973 Mar 16;298(2):230-8. Pubmed
  7. Temmink OH, Hoogeland MF, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Low folate conditions may enhance the interaction of trifluorothymidine with antifolates in colon cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;57(2):171-9. Epub 2005 Jul 12. Pubmed
  8. Oberg B, Johansson NG: The relative merits and drawbacks of new nucleoside analogues with clinical potential. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984 Aug;14 Suppl A:5-26. Pubmed
  9. Temmink OH, Comijn EM, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Intracellular thymidylate synthase inhibition by trifluorothymidine in FM3A cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1491-4. Pubmed
  10. Shintani M, Urano M, Takakuwa Y, Kuroda M, Kamoshida S: Immunohistochemical characterization of pyrimidine synthetic enzymes, thymidine kinase-1 and thymidylate synthase, in various types of cancer. Oncol Rep. 2010 May;23(5):1345-50. Pubmed
  11. Emura T, Nakagawa F, Fujioka A, Ohshimo H, Kitazato K: Thymidine kinase and thymidine phosphorylase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to TAS-102 in a mouse model. Oncol Rep. 2004 Feb;11(2):381-7. Pubmed
  12. Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Varadhachary G, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, Wolff RA, Hoff P, Xiong H, Abbruzzese JL: Phase I clinical study of three times a day oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Invest. 2008 Oct;26(8):794-9. Pubmed
  13. Hong DS, Abbruzzese JL, Bogaard K, Lassere Y, Fukushima M, Mita A, Kuwata K, Hoff PM: Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer. 2006 Sep 15;107(6):1383-90. Pubmed
  14. Temmink OH, Prins HJ, van Gelderop E, Peters GJ: The Hollow Fibre Assay as a model for in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;96(1):61-6. Epub 2006 Dec 19. Pubmed
  15. Bassler R, Buchwald W: [Experimental inflammation and fibrosis of the lung framework caused by ionizing rays. Light and electron microscopic studies] Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1966 Feb;104(2):192-206. Pubmed

2. DNA

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: other/unknown

DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.

Gene Sequence: FASTA

References:
  1. Bijnsdorp IV, Kruyt FA, Fukushima M, Smid K, Gokoel S, Peters GJ: Molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic interaction between trifluorothymidine and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Cancer Sci. 2010 Feb;101(2):440-7. Epub 2009 Sep 29. Pubmed
  2. Bijnsdorp IV, Peters GJ, Temmink OH, Fukushima M, Kruyt FA: Differential activation of cell death and autophagy results in an increased cytotoxic potential for trifluorothymidine compared to 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2010 May 15;126(10):2457-68. Pubmed
  3. Bijnsdorp IV, Kruyt FA, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Trifluorothymidine induces cell death independently of p53. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2008 Jun;27(6):699-703. Pubmed
  4. Madeira VM, Antunes-Madeira MC: Chemical composition of sarcolemma isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1973 Mar 16;298(2):230-8. Pubmed
  5. Temmink OH, Hoogeland MF, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Low folate conditions may enhance the interaction of trifluorothymidine with antifolates in colon cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006 Jan;57(2):171-9. Epub 2005 Jul 12. Pubmed
  6. Oberg B, Johansson NG: The relative merits and drawbacks of new nucleoside analogues with clinical potential. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984 Aug;14 Suppl A:5-26. Pubmed
  7. Emura T, Nakagawa F, Fujioka A, Ohshimo H, Kitazato K: Thymidine kinase and thymidine phosphorylase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to TAS-102 in a mouse model. Oncol Rep. 2004 Feb;11(2):381-7. Pubmed
  8. Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Varadhachary G, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, Wolff RA, Hoff P, Xiong H, Abbruzzese JL: Phase I clinical study of three times a day oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Invest. 2008 Oct;26(8):794-9. Pubmed
  9. Hong DS, Abbruzzese JL, Bogaard K, Lassere Y, Fukushima M, Mita A, Kuwata K, Hoff PM: Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer. 2006 Sep 15;107(6):1383-90. Pubmed
  10. Temmink OH, Prins HJ, van Gelderop E, Peters GJ: The Hollow Fibre Assay as a model for in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;96(1):61-6. Epub 2006 Dec 19. Pubmed
  11. Bassler R, Buchwald W: [Experimental inflammation and fibrosis of the lung framework caused by ionizing rays. Light and electron microscopic studies] Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1966 Feb;104(2):192-206. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Thymidine kinase, cytosolic

Actions: substrate

ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5'- phosphate

UniProt ID: P04183 Link_out
Gene: TK1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Temmink OH, Comijn EM, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Intracellular thymidylate synthase inhibition by trifluorothymidine in FM3A cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1491-4. Pubmed
  2. Shintani M, Urano M, Takakuwa Y, Kuroda M, Kamoshida S: Immunohistochemical characterization of pyrimidine synthetic enzymes, thymidine kinase-1 and thymidylate synthase, in various types of cancer. Oncol Rep. 2010 May;23(5):1345-50. Pubmed
  3. Emura T, Nakagawa F, Fujioka A, Ohshimo H, Yokogawa T, Okabe H, Kitazato K: An optimal dosing schedule for a novel combination antimetabolite, TAS-102, based on its intracellular metabolism and its incorporation into DNA. Int J Mol Med. 2004 Feb;13(2):249-55. Pubmed
  4. Emura T, Nakagawa F, Fujioka A, Ohshimo H, Kitazato K: Thymidine kinase and thymidine phosphorylase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to TAS-102 in a mouse model. Oncol Rep. 2004 Feb;11(2):381-7. Pubmed

2. Thymidine phosphorylase

Actions: substrate

Catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis

UniProt ID: P19971 Link_out
Gene: ECGF1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Temmink OH, Comijn EM, Fukushima M, Peters GJ: Intracellular thymidylate synthase inhibition by trifluorothymidine in FM3A cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1491-4. Pubmed
  2. Emura T, Nakagawa F, Fujioka A, Ohshimo H, Kitazato K: Thymidine kinase and thymidine phosphorylase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to TAS-102 in a mouse model. Oncol Rep. 2004 Feb;11(2):381-7. Pubmed
  3. Overman MJ, Kopetz S, Varadhachary G, Fukushima M, Kuwata K, Mita A, Wolff RA, Hoff P, Xiong H, Abbruzzese JL: Phase I clinical study of three times a day oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Invest. 2008 Oct;26(8):794-9. Pubmed
  4. Hong DS, Abbruzzese JL, Bogaard K, Lassere Y, Fukushima M, Mita A, Kuwata K, Hoff PM: Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of TAS-102 in patients with solid tumors. Cancer. 2006 Sep 15;107(6):1383-90. Pubmed
  5. Temmink OH, Prins HJ, van Gelderop E, Peters GJ: The Hollow Fibre Assay as a model for in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluoropyrimidines in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;96(1):61-6. Epub 2006 Dec 19. Pubmed
  6. Bassler R, Buchwald W: [Experimental inflammation and fibrosis of the lung framework caused by ionizing rays. Light and electron microscopic studies] Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1966 Feb;104(2):192-206. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wada S, Tsuda M, Sekine T, Cha SH, Kimura M, Kanai Y, Endou H: Rat multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) transports zidovudine, acyclovir, and other antiviral nucleoside analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Sep;294(3):844-9. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19