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Showing drug card for Trandolapril (DB00519)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:08:15
Primary Accession Number DB00519
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD01269
Name Trandolapril
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description Trandolapril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure, it may also be used to treat other conditions. It is marketed by Abbott Laboratories with the brand name Mavik®. Trandolapril is a prodrug that is deesterified to trandolaprilat. It is believed to exert its antihypertenive effect through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Synonyms Not Available
Brand Names
  1. Mavik
  2. Tarka
  3. Trandolaprilum [Latin]
Brand Mixtures
  1. Tarka (Trandolapril + Verapamil hydrochloride)
Chemical IUPAC Name (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino]propanoyl]-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid
Chemical Formula C24H34N2O5
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 87679-37-6
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C24H34N2O5/c1-3-31-24(30)19(14-13-17-9-5-4-6-10-17)25-16(2)22(27)26-20-12-8-7-11-18(20)15-21(26)23(28)29/h4-6,9-10,16,18-21,25H,3,7-8,11-15H2,1-2H3,(H,28,29)/t16-,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1/f/h28H
InChI Key VXFJYXUZANRPDJ-ZUVJKGQHDJ
KEGG Drug D00383 Link Image
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 5484727 Link Image
PubChem Substance 7847449 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA451737 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02239267 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/mavik.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/tar1425.shtml Link Image
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trandolapril Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Not Available
Average Molecular Weight 430.5372
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 430.2468
State Solid
Melting Point 119-123oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 2.07e-02 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 3.5 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 1.32 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -4.32 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CCOC(=O)[C@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@H]2CCCC[C@@H]2C[C@H]1C(O)=O
Canonical SMILES CCOC(=O)C(CCC1=CC=CC=C1)NC(C)C(=O)N1C2CCCCC2CC1C(O)=O
Drug Category
  • Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Antihypertensive Agents
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 24:32.04
Indication For the treatment of hypertension.
Pharmacology Trandolapril is the ethyl ester prodrug of a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, trandolaprilat. Trandolapril is deesterified to the diacid metabolite, trandolaprilat, which is approximately eight times more active as an inhibitor of ACE activity. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent peripheral vasoconstrictor that also stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and provides negative feedback for renin secretion.
Mechanism of Action The effect of trandolapril in hypertension appears to result primarily from the inhibition of circulating and tissue ACE activity thereby reducing angiotensin II formation, decreasing vasoconstriction, decreasing aldosterone secretion, and increasing plasma renin. Decreased aldosterone secretion leads to diuresis, natriuresis, and a small increase of serum potassium.
Absorption Absolute bioavailability after oral administration of trandolapril is about 10% as trandolapril and 70% as trandolaprilat. Food slows absorption of trandolapril, but does not affect the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) or peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of trandolaprilat or Cmax of trandolapril.
Toxicity No data are available with respect to overdosage in humans. The oral LD50 of trandolapril in mice was 4875 mg/Kg in males and 3990 mg/Kg in females. In rats, an oral dose of 5000 mg/Kg caused low mortality (1 male out of 5; 0 females). In dogs, an oral dose of 1000 mg/Kg did not cause mortality and abnormal clinical signs were not observed. In humans the most likely clinical manifestation would be symptoms attributable to severe hypotension.
Protein Binding Serum protein binding of trandolapril is about 80% (independent of concentration) while that of trandolaprilat is 65 to 94% (concentration-dependent).
Biotransformation Cleavage of the ester group of trandolapril, primarily in the liver, is responsible for conversion to trandolaprilat, the active metabolite. Seven other metabolites, resulting primarily from glucuronidation or de-esterification, have been identified.
Half Life The elimination half lives of trandolapril and trandolaprilat are about 6 and 10 hours, respectively, but, like all ACE inhibitors, trandolaprilat also has a prolonged terminal elimination phase, involving a small fraction of administered drug, probably representing binding to plasma and tissue ACE.
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Capsule Oral
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Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Allopurinol The ACE inhibitor, Trandolapril, may increase the risk of hypersensitivity reactions to Allopurinol.
Amifostine Trandolapril may increase the hypotensive effect of Amifostine. At chemotherapeutic doses of Amifostine, Trandolapril should be withheld for 24 hours prior to Amifostine administration. Use caution at lower doses of Amifostine.
Amiloride Increased risk of hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium levels.
Aminosalicylic Acid The salicylate, Aminosalicylic acid, may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril. Monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Aminosalicylic acid is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Aspirin The salicylate, Aspirin, may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril. Monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Aspirin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Azathioprine Trandolapril may increase the risk of neutropenia. Monitor for increased toxic effects of Azathioprine if Trandolapril is initiated or dose increased.
Bendroflumethiazide The thiazide diuretic, Bendroflumethiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Bendroflumethiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Benzphetamine Benzphetamine may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril.
Bumetanide The loop diuretic, Bumetanide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Bumetanide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril.
Candesartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Candesartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Celecoxib The NSAID, Celecoxib, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Celecoxib is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Chlorothiazide The thiazide diuretic, Chlorothiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Chlorothiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Chlorthalidone The thiazide diuretic, Chlorthalidone, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Chlorthalidone may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Cyclosporine The ACE inhibitor, Trandolapril, may increase the nephrotoxicity of Cyclosporine.
Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril.
Diazoxide Diazoxide may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Monitor for changes in blood pressure.
Diclofenac The NSAID, Diclofenac, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Diclofenac is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Diflunisal The NSAID, Diflunisal, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Diflunisal is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Drospirenone Increased risk of hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium levels.
Ephedra Ephedra may antagonize the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Monitor Trandolapril efficacy.
Eplerenone Increased risk of hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium levels.
Epoprostenol The prostacyclin analogue, Epoprostenol, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril.
Eprosartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Eprosartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Ethacrynic acid The loop diuretic, Ethacrynic acid, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Ethacrynic acid may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril.
Etodolac The NSAID, Etodolac, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Etodolac is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Fenoprofen The NSAID, Fenoprofen, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Fenoprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Flurbiprofen The NSAID, Flurbiprofen, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Flurbiprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Furosemide The loop diuretic, Furosemide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Furosemide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril.
Ginseng Ginseng may antagonize the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Monitor Trandolapril efficacy.
Hydrochlorothiazide The thiazide diuretic, Hydrochlorothiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Hydrochlorothiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Hydroflumethiazide The thiazide diuretic, Hydroflumethiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Hydroflumethiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Ibuprofen The NSAID, Ibuprofen, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Ibuprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Iloprost The prostacyclin analogue, Iloprost, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril.
Indapamide The thiazide diuretic, Indapamide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Indapamide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Indomethacin The NSAID, Indomethacin, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Indomethacin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Irbesartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Irbesartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Ketoprofen The NSAID, Ketoprofen, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Ketoprofen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Ketorolac The NSAID, Ketorolac, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Ketorolac is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril.
Lithium Trandolapril may increase the serum concentration of Lithium increasing the risk of Lithium toxicity. Monitor for changes in Lithium serum concentrations, toxicity and efficacy if Trandolapril is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Losartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Losartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Lumiracoxib The NSAID, Lumiracoxib, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Lumiracoxib is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Meclofenamic acid The NSAID, Meclofenamate, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Meclofenamate is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Mefenamic acid The NSAID, Mefenamic acid, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Mefenamic acid is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Meloxicam The NSAID, Meloxicam, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Meloxicam is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Methamphetamine Methamphetamine may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril.
Methyclothiazide The thiazide diuretic, Methyclothiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Methyclothiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Methylphenidate Methylphenidate may antagonize the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Monitor for changes in blood pressure if Methylphenidate is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Metolazone The thiazide diuretic, Metolazone, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Metolazone may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Nabumetone The NSAID, Nabumetone, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Nabumetone is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Naproxen The NSAID, Naproxen, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Naproxen is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Olmesartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Olmesartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Oxaprozin The NSAID, Oxaprozin, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Oxaprozin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril.
Phentermine Phentermine may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril.
Piroxicam The NSAID, Piroxicam, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Piroxicam is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Polythiazide The thiazide diuretic, Polythiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Polythiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Potassium Chloride The potassium salt may increase the hyperkalemic effect of Trandolapril.
Quinine May cause additive hypotensive effects. Monitor for changes in blood pressure if Quinine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Rituximab Trandolapril may incresae the hypotensive effect of Rituximab.
Salsalate The salicylate, Salsalate, may reduce the efficacy of Trandolapril. Monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Salsalate is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Sirolimus Increased risk of angioedema. Monitor for signs and symptoms of facial and systemic edema and/or erythema.
Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate may decrease the absorption of Trandolapril. Administration should be spaced.
Spironolactone Increased risk of hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium levels.
Sulindac The NSAID, Sulindac, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Sulindac is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Telmisartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Telmisartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Temsirolimus Increased risk of angioedema. Monitor for signs and symptoms of facial and systemic edema and/or erythema.
Tiaprofenic acid The NSAID, Tiaprofenic acid, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Tiaprofenic acid is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tolmetin The NSAID, Tolmetin, may reduce the antihypertensive effect of Trandolapril. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Trandolapril efficacy if Tolmetin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Torasemide The loop diuretic, Torasemide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Torasemide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril.
Treprostinil The prostacyclin analogue, Treprostinil, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril.
Triamterene Increased risk of hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium levels.
Trichlormethiazide The thiazide diuretic, Trichlormethiazide, may increase the hypotensive effect of Trandolapril. Trichlormethiazide may also increase the nephrotoxicity of Trandolapril. Monitor for postural hypotension at initiation of concomitant therapy and renal dysfunction during chronic therapy.
Trimethoprim Increased risk of hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium levels.
Valsartan The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Valsartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Trandolapril Pathway SMP00157 Link Image
General References
  1. Wikipedia Link Image
  2. RxList Link Image
  3. PDRhealth Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform
  2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 143
Target 1 Name Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. ACE-T
  2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform precursor
  3. Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
  4. EC 3.2.1.-
  5. EC 3.4.15.1
  6. Kininase II
Target 1 Gene Name ACE
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Angiotensin-converting enzyme, testis-specific isoform precursor 
MGQGWATAGLPSLLFLLLCYGHPLLVPSQEASQQVTVTHGTSSQATTSSQTTTHQATAHQ
TSAQSPNLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTSQVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIA
NHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRIIKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVA
TVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKYEDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAAR
LNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLERLFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGP
IPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPSAPSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLL
PVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHASAWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQ
YFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGDVLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMK
MALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGSITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPG
AKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHEALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLG
FSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSYFKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSE
GPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQWLLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHG
PQFGSEVELRHS
Target 1 Number of Residues 744
Target 1 Molecular Weight 83331
Target 1 Theoretical pI 6.60
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
metallopeptidase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis
Component
cell
membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in metallopeptidase activity
Target 1 Specific Function Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions
  • Release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide!Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II COFACTOR Zinc INHIBITOR (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]g lycine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]- (S)-alanine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]glycine benzyl ester; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]-(S)-alanine benzyl ester EFFECTOR Chloride
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • 1-31
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 685-701
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 338667 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P22966 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ACET_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1UZF Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • single-pass type I membrane protein. Processed form:Secreted protein. A soluble form
Target 1 Gene Sequence >2199 bp 
ATGGGCCAGGGTTGGGCTACTGCAGGACTTCCCAGCCTCCTCTTCCTGCTGCTCTGCTAC
GGGCACCCTCTGCTGGTCCCCAGCCAGGAGGCATCCCAACAGGTGACAGTCACCCATGGG
ACAAGCAGCCAGGCAACAACCAGCAGCCAGACAACCACCCACCAGGCGACGGCCCACCAG
ACATCAGCCCAGAGCCCAAACCTGGTGACTGATGAGGCTGAGGCCAGCAAGTTTGTGGAG
GAATATGACCGGACATCCCAGGTGGTGTGGAACGAGTATGCCGAGGCCAACTGGAACTAC
AACACCAACATCACCACAGAGACCAGCAAGATTCTGCTGCAGAAGAACATGCAAATAGCC
AACCACACCCTGAAGTACGGCACCCAGGCCAGGAAGTTTGATGTGAACCAGTTGCAGAAC
ACCACTATCAAGCGGATCATAAAGAAGGTTCAGGACCTAGAACGGGCAGCGCTGCCTGCC
CAGGAGCTGGAGGAGTACAACAAGATCCTGTTGGATATGGAAACCACCTACAGCGTGGCC
ACTGTGTGCCACCCGAATGGCAGCTGCCTGCAGCTCGAGCCAGATCTGACGAATGTGATG
GCCACATCCCGGAAATATGAAGACCTGTTATGGGCATGGGAGGGCTGGCGAGACAAGGCG
GGGAGAGCCATCCTCCAGTTTTACCCGAAATACGTGGAACTCATCAACCAGGCTGCCCGG
CTCAATGGCTATGTAGATGCAGGGGACTCGTGGAGGTCTATGTACGAGACACCATCCCTG
GAGCAAGACCTGGAGCGGCTCTTCCAGGAGCTGCAGCCACTCTACCTCAACCTGCATGCC
TACGTGCGCCGGGCCCTGCACCGTCACTACGGGGCCCAGCACATCAACCTGGAGGGGCCC
ATTCCTGCTCACCTGCTGGGGAACATGTGGGCGCAGACCTGGTCCAACATCTATGACTTG
GTGGTGCCCTTCCCTTCAGCCCCCTCGATGGACACCACAGAGGCTATGCTAAAGCAGGGC
TGGACGCCCAGGAGGATGTTTAAGGAGGCTGATGATTTCTTCACCTCCCTGGGGCTGCTG
CCCGTGCCTCCTGAGTTCTGGAACAAGTCGATGCTGGAGAAGCCAACCGACGGGCGGGAG
GTGGTCTGCCACGCCTCGGCCTGGGACTTCTACAACGGCAAGGACTTCCGGATCAAGCAG
TGCACCACCGTGAACTTGGAGGACCTGGTGGTGGCCCACCACGAAATGGGCCACATCCAG
TATTTCATGCAGTACAAAGACTTACCTGTGGCCTTGAGGGAGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTC
CATGAGGCCATTGGGGACGTGCTAGCCCTCTCAGTGTCTACGCCCAAGCACCTGCACAGT
CTCAACCTGCTGAGCAGTGAGGGTGGCAGCGACGAGCATGACATCAACTTTCTGATGAAG
ATGGCCCTTGACAAGATCGCCTTTATCCCCTTCAGCTACCTCGTCGATCAGTGGCGCTGG
AGGGTATTTGATGGAAGCATCACCAAGGAGAACTATAACCAGGAGTGGTGGAGCCTCAGG
CTGAAGTACCAGGGCCTCTGCCCCCCAGTGCCCAGGACTCAAGGTGACTTTGACCCAGGG
GCCAAGTTCCACATTCCTTCTAGCGTGCCTTACATCAGGTACTTCGTCAGCTTCATCATC
CAGTTCCAGTTCCACGAGGCACTGTGCCAGGCAGCTGGCCACACGGGCCCCCTGCACAAG
TGTGACATCTACCAGTCCAAGGAGGCCGGGCAGCGCCTGGCGACCGCCATGAAGCTGGGC
TTCAGTAGGCCGTGGCCGGAAGCCATGCAGCTGATCACGGGCCAGCCCAACATGAGCGCC
TCGGCCATGTTGAGCTACTTCAAGCCGCTGCTGGACTGGCTCCGCACGGAGAACGAGCTG
CATGGGGAGAAGCTGGGCTGGCCGCAGTACAACTGGACGCCGAACTCCGCTCGCTCAGAA
GGGCCCCTCCCAGACAGCGGCCGCGTCAGCTTCCTGGGCCTGGACCTGGATGCGCAGCAG
GCCCGCGTGGGCCAGTGGCTGCTGCTCTTCCTGGGCATCGCCCTGCTGGTAGCCACCCTG
GGCCTCAGCCAGCGGCTCTTCAGCATCCGCCACCGCAGCCTCCACCGGCACTCCCACGGG
CCCCAGTTCGGCTCCGAGGTGGAGCTGAGACACTCCTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID ACE Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID ACE Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:2707 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 17
Target 1 Locus 17q23.3
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA: Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet. 1999 May;22(1):59-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL: Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Lett. 2002 Dec 4;532(1-2):107-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ehlers MR, Riordan JF: Angiotensin-converting enzyme: zinc- and inhibitor-binding stoichiometries of the somatic and testis isozymes. Biochemistry. 1991 Jul 23;30(29):7118-26. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Lattion AL, Soubrier F, Allegrini J, Hubert C, Corvol P, Alhenc-Gelas F: The testicular transcript of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme encodes for the ancestral, non-duplicated form of the enzyme. FEBS Lett. 1989 Jul 31;252(1-2):99-104. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ehlers MR, Fox EA, Strydom DJ, Riordan JF: Molecular cloning of human testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme: the testis isozyme is identical to the C-terminal half of endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):7741-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Sturrock ED, Yu XC, Wu Z, Biemann K, Riordan JF: Assignment of free and disulfide-bonded cysteine residues in testis angiotensin-converting enzyme: functional implications. Biochemistry. 1996 Jul 23;35(29):9560-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L: Effect of ACE inhibitor trandolapril on life expectancy of patients with reduced left-ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. TRACE Study Group. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation. Lancet. 1999 Jul 3;354(9172):9-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Reneland R, Alvarez E, Andersson PE, Haenni A, Byberg L, Lithell H: Induction of insulin resistance by beta-blockade but not ACE-inhibition: long-term treatment with atenolol or trandolapril. J Hum Hypertens. 2000 Mar;14(3):175-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Jouquey S, Stepniewski JP, Hamon G: Trandolapril dose-response in spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects on ACE activity, blood pressure, and cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994;23 Suppl 4:S16-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Sanbe A, Tanonaka K, Kobayasi R, Takeo S: Effects of long-term therapy with ACE inhibitors, captopril, enalapril and trandolapril, on myocardial energy metabolism in rats with heart failure following myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995 Oct;27(10):2209-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. : Trandolapril: an ACE inhibitor for treatment of hypertension. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1996 Nov 22;38(988):104-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 244
Target 2 Name Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform precursor
  2. CD143 antigen
  3. Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I
  4. EC 3.4.15.1
  5. Kininase II
Target 2 Gene Name ACE
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Angiotensin-converting enzyme, somatic isoform precursor 
MGAASGRRGPGLLLPLPLLLLLPPQPALALDPGLQPGNFSADEAGAQLFAQSYNSSAEQV
LFQSVAASWAHDTNITAENARRQEEAALLSQEFAEAWGQKAKELYEPIWQNFTDPQLRRI
IGAVRTLGSANLPLAKRQQYNALLSNMSRIYSTAKVCLPNKTATCWSLDPDLTNILASSR
SYAMLLFAWEGWHNAAGIPLKPLYEDFTALSNEAYKQDGFTDTGAYWRSWYNSPTFEDDL
EHLYQQLEPLYLNLHAFVRRALHRRYGDRYINLRGPIPAHLLGDMWAQSWENIYDMVVPF
PDKPNLDVTSTMLQQGWNATHMFRVAEEFFTSLELSPMPPEFWEGSMLEKPADGREVVCH
ASAWDFYNRKDFRIKQCTRVTMDQLSTVHHEMGHIQYYLQYKDLPVSLRRGANPGFHEAI
GDVLALSVSTPEHLHKIGLLDRVTNDTESDINYLLKMALEKIAFLPFGYLVDQWRWGVFS
GRTPPSRYNFDWWYLRTKYQGICPPVTRNETHFDAGAKFHVPNVTPYIRYFVSFVLQFQF
HEALCKEAGYEGPLHQCDIYRSTKAGAKLRKVLQAGSSRPWQEVLKDMVGLDALDAQPLL
KYFQPVTQWLQEQNQQNGEVLGWPEYQWHPPLPDNYPEGIDLVTDEAEASKFVEEYDRTS
QVVWNEYAEANWNYNTNITTETSKILLQKNMQIANHTLKYGTQARKFDVNQLQNTTIKRI
IKKVQDLERAALPAQELEEYNKILLDMETTYSVATVCHPNGSCLQLEPDLTNVMATSRKY
EDLLWAWEGWRDKAGRAILQFYPKYVELINQAARLNGYVDAGDSWRSMYETPSLEQDLER
LFQELQPLYLNLHAYVRRALHRHYGAQHINLEGPIPAHLLGNMWAQTWSNIYDLVVPFPS
APSMDTTEAMLKQGWTPRRMFKEADDFFTSLGLLPVPPEFWNKSMLEKPTDGREVVCHAS
AWDFYNGKDFRIKQCTTVNLEDLVVAHHEMGHIQYFMQYKDLPVALREGANPGFHEAIGD
VLALSVSTPKHLHSLNLLSSEGGSDEHDINFLMKMALDKIAFIPFSYLVDQWRWRVFDGS
ITKENYNQEWWSLRLKYQGLCPPVPRTQGDFDPGAKFHIPSSVPYIRYFVSFIIQFQFHE
ALCQAAGHTGPLHKCDIYQSKEAGQRLATAMKLGFSRPWPEAMQLITGQPNMSASAMLSY
FKPLLDWLRTENELHGEKLGWPQYNWTPNSARSEGPLPDSGRVSFLGLDLDAQQARVGQW
LLLFLGIALLVATLGLSQRLFSIRHRSLHRHSHGPQFGSEVELRHS
Target 2 Number of Residues 1327
Target 2 Molecular Weight 149716
Target 2 Theoretical pI 6.36
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
peptidase activity
metallopeptidase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
protein metabolism
cellular protein metabolism
proteolysis
Component
cell
membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in metallopeptidase activity
Target 2 Specific Function Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions
  • Release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide!Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II COFACTOR Zinc INHIBITOR (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]g lycine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxoprolyl]- (S)-alanine; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]glycine benzyl ester; (S)-N-[3-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-(acetylthio)methyl-1-oxoprolyl ]-(S)-alanine benzyl ester EFFECTOR Chloride
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-29
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 1260-1276
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 178286 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P12821 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ACE_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID 1UZF Link Image
Target 2 PDB File Show
Target 2 3D Structure
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • single-pass type I membrane protein. Processed form:Secreted protein. A soluble form
Target 2 Gene Sequence >3921 bp 
ATGGGGGCCGCCTCGGGCCGCCGGGGGCCGGGGCTGCTGCTGCCGCTGCCGCTGCTGTTG
CTGCTGCCGCCGCAGCCCGCCCTGGCGTTGGACCCCGGGCTGCAGCCCGGCAACTTTTCT
GCTGACGAGGCCGGGGCGCAGCTCTTCGCGCAGAGCTACAACTCCAGCGCCGAACAGGTG
CTGTTCCAGAGCGTGGCCGCCAGCTGGGCGCACGACACCAACATCACCGCGGAGAATGCA
AGGCGCCAGGAGGAAGCAGCCCTGCTCAGCCAGGAGTTTGCGGAGGCCTGGGGCCAGAAG
GCCAAGGAGCTGTATGAACCGATCTGGCAGAACTTCACGGACCCGCAGCTGCGCAGGATC
ATCGGAGCTGTGCGAACCCTGGGCTCTGCCAACCTGCCCCTGGCTAAGCGGCAGCAGTAC
AACGCCCTGCTAAGCAACATGAGCAGGATCTACTCCACCGCCAAGGTCTGCCTCCCCAAC
AAGACTGCCACCTGCTGGTCCCTGGACCCAGATCTCACCAACATCCTGGCTTCCTCGCGA
AGCTACGCCATGCTCCTGTTTGCCTGGGAGGGCTGGCACAACGCTGCGGGCATCCCGCTG
AAACCGCTGTACGAGGATTTCACTGCCCTCAGCAATGAAGCCTACAAGCAGGACGGCTTC
ACAGACACGGGGGCCTACTGGCGCTCCTGGTACAACTCCCCCACCTTCGAGGACGATCTG
GAACACCTCTACCAACAGCTAGAGCCCCTCTACCTGAACCTCCATGCCTTCGTCCGCCGC
GCACTGCATCGCCGATACGGAGACAGATACATCAACCTCAGGGGACCCATCCCTGCTCAT
CTGCTGGGAGACATGTGGGCCCAGAGCTGGGAAAACATCTACGACATGGTGGTGCCTTTC
CCAGACAAGCCCAACCTCGATGTCACCAGTACTATGCTGCAGCAGGGCTGGAACGCCACG
CACATGTTCCGGGTGGCAGAGGAGTTCTTCACCTCCCTGGAGCTCTCCCCCATGCCTCCC
GAGTTCTGGGAAGGGTCGATGCTGGAGAAGCCGGCCGACGGGCGGGAAGTGGTGTGCCAC
GCCTCGGCTTGGGACTTCTACAACAGGAAAGACTTCAGGATCAAGCAGTGCACACGGGTC
ACGATGGACCAGCTCTCCACAGTGCACCATGAGATGGGCCATATACAGTACTACCTGCAG
TACAAGGATCTGCCCGTCTCCCTGCGTCGGGGGGCCAACCCCGGCTTCCATGAGGCCATT
GGGGACGTGCTGGCGCTCTCGGTCTCCACTCCTGAACATCTGCACAAAATCGGCCTGCTG
GACCGTGTCACCAATGACACGGAAAGTGACATCAATTACTTGCTAAAAATGGCACTGGAA
AAAATTGCCTTCCTGCCCTTTGGCTACTTGGTGGACCAGTGGCGCTGGGGGGTCTTTAGT
GGGCGTACCCCCCCTTCCCGCTACAACTTCGACTGGTGGTATCTTCGAACCAAGTATCAG
GGGATCTGTCCTCCTGTTACCCGAAACGAAACCCACTTTGATGCTGGAGCTAAGTTTCAT
GTTCCAAATGTGACACCATACATCAGGTACTTTGTGAGTTTTGTCCTGCAGTTCCAGTTC
CATGAAGCCCTGTGCAAGGAGGCAGGCTATGAGGGCCCACTGCACCAGTGTGACATCTAC
CGGTCCACCAAGGCAGGGGCCAAGCTCCGGAAGGTGCTGCAGGCTGGCTCCTCCAGGCCC
TGGCAGGAGGTGCTGAAGGACATGGTCGGCTTAGATGCCCTGGATGCCCAGCCGCTGCTC
AAGTACTTCCAGCCAGTCACCCAGTGGCTGCAGGAGCAGAACCAGCAGAACGGCGAGGTC
CTGGGCTGGCCCGAGTACCAGTGGCACCCGCCGTTGCCTGACAACTACCCGGAGGGCATA
GACCTGGTGACTGATGAGGCTGAGGCCAGCAAGTTTGTGGAGGAATATGACCGGACATCC
CAGGTGGTGTGGAACGAGTATGCCGAGGCCAACTGGAACTACAACACCAACATCACCACA
GAGACCAGCAAGATTCTGCTGCAGAAGAACATGCAAATAGCCAACCACACCCTGAAGTAC
GGCACCCAGGCCAGGAAGTTTGATGTGAACCAGTTGCAGAACACCACTATCAAGCGGATC
ATAAAGAAGGTTCAGGACCTAGAACGGGCAGCGCTGCCTGCCCAGGAGCTGGAGGAGTAC
AACAAGATCCTGTTGGATATGGAAACCACCTACAGCGTGGCCACTGTGTGCCACCCGAAT
GGCAGCTGCCTGCAGCTCGAGCCAGATCTGACGAATGTGATGGCCACATCCCGGAAATAT
GAAGACCTGTTATGGGCATGGGAGGGCTGGCGAGACAAGGCGGGGAGAGCCATCCTCCAG
TTTTACCCGAAATACGTGGAACTCATCAACCAGGCTGCCCGGCTCAATGGCTATGTAGAT
GCAGGGGACTCGTGGAGGTCTATGTACGAGACACCATCCCTGGAGCAAGACCTGGAGCGG
CTCTTCCAGGAGCTGCAGCCACTCTACCTCAACCTGCATGCCTACGTGCGCCGGGCCCTG
CACCGTCACTACGGGGCCCAGCACATCAACCTGGAGGGGCCCATTCCTGCTCACCTGCTG
GGGAACATGTGGGCGCAGACCTGGTCCAACATCTATGACTTGGTGGTGCCCTTCCCTTCA
GCCCCCTCGATGGACACCACAGAGGCTATGCTAAAGCAGGGCTGGACGCCCAGGAGGATG
TTTAAGGAGGCTGATGATTTCTTCACCTCCCTGGGGCTGCTGCCCGTGCCTCCTGAGTTC
TGGAACAAGTCGATGCTGGAGAAGCCAACCGACGGGCGGGAGGTGGTCTGCCACGCCTCG
GCCTGGGACTTCTACAACGGCAAGGACTTCCGGATCAAGCAGTGCACCACCGTGAACTTG
GAGGACCTGGTGGTGGCCCACCACGAAATGGGCCACATCCAGTATTTCATGCAGTACAAA
GACTTACCTGTGGCCTTGAGGGAGGGTGCCAACCCCGGCTTCCATGAGGCCATTGGGGAC
GTGCTAGCCCTCTCAGTGTCTACGCCCAAGCACCTGCACAGTCTCAACCTGCTGAGCAGT
GAGGGTGGCAGCGACGAGCATGACATCAACTTTCTGATGAAGATGGCCCTTGACAAGATC
GCCTTTATCCCCTTCAGCTACCTCGTCGATCAGTGGCGCTGGAGGGTATTTGATGGAAGC
ATCACCAAGGAGAACTATAACCAGGAGTGGTGGAGCCTCAGGCTGAAGTACCAGGGCCTC
TGCCCCCCAGTGCCCAGGACTCAAGGTGACTTTGACCCAGGGGCCAAGTTCCACATTCCT
TCTAGCGTGCCTTACATCAGGTACTTTGTCAGCTTCATCATCCAGTTCCAGTTCCACGAG
GCACTGTGCCAGGCAGCTGGCCACACGGGCCCCCTGCACAAGTGTGACATCTACCAGTCC
AAGGAGGCCGGGCAGCGCCTGGCGACCGCCATGAAGCTGGGCTTCAGTAGGCCGTGGCCG
GAAGCCATGCAGCTGATCACGGGCCAGCCCAACATGAGCGCCTCGGCCATGTTGAGCTAC
TTCAAGCCGCTGCTGGACTGGCTCCGCACGGAGAACGAGCTGCATGGGGAGAAGCTGGGC
TGGCCGCAGTACAACTGGACGCCGAACTCCGCTCGCTCAGAAGGGCCCCTCCCAGACAGC
GGCCGCGTCAGCTTCCTGGGCCTGGACCTGGATGCGCAGCAGGCCCGCGTGGGCCAGTGG
CTGCTGCTCTTCCTGGGCATCGCCCTGCTGGTAGCCACCCTGGGCCTCAGCCAGCGGCTC
TTCAGCATCCGCCACCGCAGCCTCCACCGGCACTCCCACGGGCCCCAGTTCGGCTCCGAG
GTGGAGCTGAGACACTCCTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID ACE Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID ACE Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:2707 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 17
Target 2 Locus 17q23.3
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA: Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet. 1999 May;22(1):59-62. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K, Hsie L, Shen N, Weder A, Cooper R, Lipshutz R, Chakravarti A: Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ: A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 27;275(43):33238-43. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, Donovan M, Woolf B, Robison K, Jeyaseelan R, Breitbart RE, Acton S: A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res. 2000 Sep 1;87(5):E1-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL: Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Lett. 2002 Dec 4;532(1-2):107-10. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Ehlers MR, Riordan JF: Angiotensin-converting enzyme: zinc- and inhibitor-binding stoichiometries of the somatic and testis isozymes. Biochemistry. 1991 Jul 23;30(29):7118-26. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Takeuchi K, Shimizu T, Ohishi N, Seyama Y, Takaku F, Yotsumoto H: Purification of human lung angiotensin-converting enzyme by high-performance liquid chromatography: properties and N-terminal amino acid sequence. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1989 Sep;106(3):442-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Soubrier F, Alhenc-Gelas F, Hubert C, Allegrini J, John M, Tregear G, Corvol P: Two putative active centers in human angiotensin I-converting enzyme revealed by molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9386-90. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]

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