Showing drug card for Azelaic Acid (DB00548)

• APRD00812
• EXPT00598

• Approved
• Small Molecule

1. Anchoic acid
2. Azalaic Acid
3. Azelainic acid
4. Heptanedicarboxylic acid
5. Lepargylic acid
6. Nonanedioic acid
7. n-Nonanedioic acid

1. Azelex
2. Emerox 1110
3. Emerox 1144
4. Emery's L-110
5. Finacea
6. Finevin
7. Skinoren

• Show PDF (issued on 2002-12-01)

• Show PDF

• Antineoplastic Agents
• Dermatologic Agents

• D10AX03

1. RxList
2. PDRhealth

• Various aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

1. Tyrosinase
2. Thioredoxin reductase
3. DNA polymerase I
4. 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2
5. Tyrosinase
6. Diaminopimelate decarboxylase

1. EC 1.14.18.1
2. LB24-AB
3. Monophenol monooxygenase
4. SK29-AB
5. Tumor rejection antigen AB
6. Tyrosinase precursor

MLLAVLYCLLWSFQTSAGHFPRACVSSKNLMEKECCPPWSGDRSPCGQLSGRGSCQNILL
SNAPLGPQFPFTGVDDRESWPSVFYNRTCQCSGNFMGFNCGNCKFGFWGPNCTERRLLVR
RNIFDLSAPEKDKFFAYLTLAKHTISSDYVIPIGTYGQMKNGSTPMFNDINIYDLFVWMH
YYVSMDALLGGSEIWRDIDFAHEAPAFLPWHRLFLLRWEQEIQKLTGDENFTIPYWDWRD
AEKCDICTDEYMGGQHPTNPNLLSPASFFSSWQIVCSRLEEYNSHQSLCNGTPEGPLRRN
PGNHDKSRTPRLPSSADVEFCLSLTQYESGSMDKAANFSFRNTLEGFASPLTGIADASQS
SMHNALHIYMNGTMSQVQGSANDPIFLLHHAFVDSIFEQWLRRHRPLQEVYPEANAPIGH
NRESYMVPFIPLYRNGDFFISSKDLGYDYSYLQDSDPDSFQDYIKSYLEQASRIWSWLLG
AAMVGAVLTALLAGLVSLLCRHKRKQLPEEKQPLLMEKEDYHSLYQSHL

• L-tyrosine + L-dopa + O2 = L-dopa + dopaquinone + H2O

• Tyrosinase (PF00264 )

• 1-18

• 477-497

• Melanosome
• melanosomal membrane
• single- pass type I membrane protein

ATGCTCCTGGCTGTTTTGTACTGCCTGCTGTGGAGTTTCCAGACCTCCGCTGGCCATTTC
CCTAGAGCCTGTGTCTCCTCTAAGAACCTGATGGAGAAGGAATGCTGTCCACCGTGGAGC
GGGGACAGGAGTCCCTGTGGCCAGCTTTCAGGCAGAGGTTCCTGTCAGAATATCCTTCTG
TCCAATGCACCACTTGGGCCTCAATTTCCCTTCACAGGGGTGGATGACCGGGAGTCGTGG
CCTTCCGTCTTTTATAATAGGACCTGCCAGTGCTCTGGCAACTTCATGGGATTCAACTGT
GGAAACTGCAAGTTTGGCTTTTGGGGACCAAACTGCACAGAGAGACGACTCTTGGTGAGA
AGAAACATCTTCGATTTGAGTGCCCCAGAGAAGGACAAATTTTTTGCCTACCTCACTTTA
GCAAAGCATACCATCAGCTCAGACTATGTCATCCCCATAGGGACCTATGGCCAAATGAAA
AATGGATCAACACCCATGTTTAACGACATCAATATTTATGACCTCTTTGTCTGGATGCAT
TATTATGTGTCAATGGATGCACTGCTTGGGGGATCTGAAATCTGGAGAGACATTGATTTT
GCCCATGAAGCACCAGCTTTTCTGCCTTGGCATAGACTCTTCTTGTTGCGGTGGGAACAA
GAAATCCAGAAGCTGACAGGAGATGAAAACTTCACTATTCCATATTGGGACTGGCGGGAT
GCAGAAAAGTGTGACATTTGCACAGATGAGTACATGGGAGGTCAGCACCCCACAAATCCT
AACTTACTCAGCCCAGCATCATTCTTCTCCTCTTGGCAGATTGTCTGTAGCCGATTGGAG
GAGTACAACAGCCATCAGTCTTTATGCAATGGAACGCCCGAGGGACCTTTACGGCGTAAT
CCTGGAAACCATGACAAATCCAGAACCCCAAGGCTCCCCTCTTCAGCTGATGTAGAATTT
TGCCTGAGTTTGACCCAATATGAATCTGGTTCCATGGATAAAGCTGCCAATTTCAGCTTT
AGAAATACACTGGAAGGATTTGCTAGTCCACTTACTGGGATAGCGGATGCCTCTCAAAGC
AGCATGCACAATGCCTTGCACATCTATATGAATGGAACAATGTCCCAGGTACAGGGATCT
GCCAACGATCCTATCTTCCTTCTTCACCATGCATTTGTTGACAGTATTTTTGAGCAGTGG
CTCCGAAGGCACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACAT
AACCGGGAATCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATT
TCATCCAAAGATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAGACCCAGACTCTTTT
CAAGACTACATTAAGTCCTATTTGGAACAAGCGAGTCGGATCTGGTCATGGCTCCTTGGG
GCGGCGATGGTAGGGGCCGTCCTCACTGCCCTGCTGGCAGGGCTTGTGAGCTTGCTGTGT
CGTCACAAGAGAAAGCAGCTTCCTGAAGAAAAGCAGCCACTCCTCATGGAGAAAGAGGAT
TACCACAGCTTGTATCAGAGCCATTTATAA

1. Oetting WS, King RA: Molecular basis of albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of pigmentation genes associated with albinism. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(2):99-115. [PubMed ]
2. Tsai CH, Tsai FJ, Wu JY, Lin SP, Chang JG, Yang CF, Lee CC: Insertion/deletion mutations of type I oculocutaneous albinism in chinese patients from Taiwan. Hum Mutat. 1999 Dec;14(6):542. [PubMed ]
3. Passmore LA, Kaesmann-Kellner B, Weber BH: Novel and recurrent mutations in the tyrosinase gene and the P gene in the German albino population. Hum Genet. 1999 Sep;105(3):200-10. [PubMed ]
4. Martinez-Arias R, Comas D, Andres A, Abello MT, Domingo-Roura X, Bertranpetit J: The tyrosinase gene in gorillas and the albinism of 'Snowflake'. Pigment Cell Res. 2000 Dec;13(6):467-70. [PubMed ]
5. Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ: Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature. 2001 Feb 1;409(6820):614-8. [PubMed ]
6. Camand O, Marchant D, Boutboul S, Pequignot M, Odent S, Dollfus H, Sutherland J, Levin A, Menasche M, Marsac C, Dufier JL, Heon E, Abitbol M: Mutation analysis of the tyrosinase gene in oculocutaneous albinism. Hum Mutat. 2001 Apr;17(4):352. [PubMed ]
7. Nakamura E, Miyamura Y, Matsunaga J, Kano Y, Dakeishi-Hara M, Tanita M, Kono M, Tomita Y: A novel mutation of the tyrosinase gene causing oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1). J Dermatol Sci. 2002 Feb;28(2):102-5. [PubMed ]
8. Oetting WS, King RA: Molecular analysis of type I-A (tyrosinase negative) oculocutaneous albinism. Hum Genet. 1992 Nov;90(3):258-62. [PubMed ]
9. Tripathi RK, Strunk KM, Giebel LB, Weleber RG, Spritz RA: Tyrosinase gene mutations in type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism define two clusters of missense substitutions. Am J Med Genet. 1992 Jul 15;43(5):865-71. [PubMed ]
10. Chintamaneni CD, Halaban R, Kobayashi Y, Witkop CJ Jr, Kwon BS: A single base insertion in the putative transmembrane domain of the tyrosinase gene as a cause for tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 15;88(12):5272-6. [PubMed ]
11. 1899321 Spritz RA, Strunk KM, Hsieh CL, Sekhon GS, Francke U: Homozygous tyrosinase gene mutation in an American black with tyrosinase-negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Feb;48(2):318-24.
12. 1900309 Giebel LB, Tripathi RK, King RA, Spritz RA: A tyrosinase gene missense mutation in temperature-sensitive type I oculocutaneous albinism. A human homologue to the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse. J Clin Invest. 1991 Mar;87(3):1119-22.
13. 1903356 Giebel LB, Strunk KM, Spritz RA: Organization and nucleotide sequences of the human tyrosinase gene and a truncated tyrosinase-related segment. Genomics. 1991 Mar;9(3):435-45.
14. 1903591 Giebel LB, Tripathi RK, Strunk KM, Hanifin JM, Jackson CE, King RA, Spritz RA: Tyrosinase gene mutations associated with type IB ("yellow") oculocutaneous albinism. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Jun;48(6):1159-67.
15. 1943686 King RA, Mentink MM, Oetting WS: Non-random distribution of missense mutations within the human tyrosinase gene in type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism. Mol Biol Med. 1991 Feb;8(1):19-29.
16. 1970634 Giebel LB, Strunk KM, King RA, Hanifin JM, Spritz RA: A frequent tyrosinase gene mutation in classic, tyrosinase-negative (type IA) oculocutaneous albinism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 May;87(9):3255-8.
17. 2342539 Spritz RA, Strunk KM, Giebel LB, King RA: Detection of mutations in the tyrosinase gene in a patient with type IA oculocutaneous albinism. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jun 14;322(24):1724-8.
18. 2480811 Kikuchi H, Miura H, Yamamoto H, Takeuchi T, Dei T, Watanabe M: Characteristic sequences in the upstream region of the human tyrosinase gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Dec 22;1009(3):283-6.
19. 2499655 Bouchard B, Fuller BB, Vijayasaradhi S, Houghton AN: Induction of pigmentation in mouse fibroblasts by expression of human tyrosinase cDNA. J Exp Med. 1989 Jun 1;169(6):2029-42.
20. 2504160 Takeda A, Tomita Y, Okinaga S, Tagami H, Shibahara S: Functional analysis of the cDNA encoding human tyrosinase precursor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Aug 15;162(3):984-90.
21. 2823263 Kwon BS, Haq AK, Pomerantz SH, Halaban R: Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone for human tyrosinase that maps at the mouse c-albino locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(21):7473-7.
22. 7902671 Tripathi RK, Bundey S, Musarella MA, Droetto S, Strunk KM, Holmes SA, Spritz RA: Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in Indo-Pakistani patients with type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Dec;53(6):1173-9.
23. 7955413 Breimer LH, Winder AF, Jay B, Jay M: Initiation codon mutation of the tyrosinase gene as a cause of human albinism. Clin Chim Acta. 1994 Jun;227(1-2):17-22.
24. 8128955 Gershoni-Baruch R, Rosenmann A, Droetto S, Holmes S, Tripathi RK, Spritz RA: Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in patients with oculocutaneous albinism from various ethnic groups in Israel. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Apr;54(4):586-94.
25. 8340755 Brichard V, Van Pel A, Wolfel T, Wolfel C, De Plaen E, Lethe B, Coulie P, Boon T: The tyrosinase gene codes for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanomas. J Exp Med. 1993 Aug 1;178(2):489-95.
26. 8477259 Oetting WS, King RA: Molecular basis of type I (tyrosinase-related) oculocutaneous albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of the human tyrosinase gene. Hum Mutat. 1993;2(1):1-6.
27. 8644824 Summers CG, Oetting WS, King RA: Diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism with molecular analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jun;121(6):724-6.
28. 9158138 Morell R, Spritz RA, Ho L, Pierpont J, Guo W, Friedman TB, Asher JH Jr: Apparent digenic inheritance of Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) and autosomal recessive ocular albinism (AROA). Hum Mol Genet. 1997 May;6(5):659-64.
29. 9259202 Spritz RA, Oh J, Fukai K, Holmes SA, Ho L, Chitayat D, France TD, Musarella MA, Orlow SJ, Schnur RE, Weleber RG, Levin AV: Novel mutations of the tyrosinase (TYR) gene in type I oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1). Hum Mutat. 1997;10(2):171-4.

1. Schallreuter KU, Wood JW: A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1990;282(3):168-71. [PubMed ]
2. Nazzaro-Porro M: Azelaic acid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987 Dec;17(6):1033-41. [PubMed ]
3. Picardo M, Passi S, Sirianni MC, Fiorilli M, Russo GD, Cortesi E, Barile G, Breathnach AS, Nazzaro-Porro M: Activity of azelaic acid on cultures of lymphoma- and leukemia-derived cell lines, normal resting and stimulated lymphocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 May 15;34(10):1653-8. [PubMed ]
4. Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Balus L, Breathnach A, Martin B, Morpurgo G: Effect of dicarboxylic acids on lentigo maligna. J Invest Dermatol. 1979 Jun;72(6):296-305. [PubMed ]

1. EC 1.8.1.9
2. TRXR

MTEIDFDIAIIGAGPAGMTAAVYASRANLKTVMIERGIPGGQMANTEEVENFPGFEMITG
PDLSTKMFEHAKKFGAVYQYGDIKSVEDKGEYKVINFGNKELTAKAVIIATGAEYKKIGV
PGEQELGGRGVSYCAVCDGAFFKNKRLFVIGGGDSAVEEGTFLTKFADKVTIVHRRDELR
AQRILQDRAFKNDKIDFIWSHTLKSINEKDGKVGSVTLTSTKDGSEETHEADGVFIYIGM
KPLTAPFKDLGITNDVGYIVTKDDMTTSVPGIFAAGDVRDKGLRQIVTATGDGSIAAQSA
AEYIEHLNDQA

• thioredoxin + NADP+ = thioredoxin disulfide + NADPH + H+

• Pyr_redox (PF00070 )
• Pyr_redox_2 (PF07992 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGACTGAAATAGATTTTGATATAGCAATTATCGGTGCAGGTCCAGCTGGTATGACTGCT
GCAGTATACGCATCACGTGCTAATTTAAAAACAGTTATGATTGAAAGAGGTATTCCAGGC
GGTCAAATGGCTAATACAGAAGAAGTAGAGAACTTCCCTGGTTTCGAAATGATTACAGGT
CCAGATTTATCTACAAAAATGTTTGAACACGCTAAAAAGTTTGGTGCAGTTTATCAATAT
GGAGATATTAAATCTGTAGAAGATAAAGGCGAATATAAAGTGATTAACTTTGGTAATAAA
GAATTAACAGCGAAAGCGGTCATTATTGCTACAGGTGCAGAATACAAGAAAATTGGTGTT
CCGGGTGAACAAGAACTTGGTGGACGCGGTGTAAGTTATTGTGCAGTATGTGATGGTGCA
TTCTTTAAAAATAAACGCCTATTCGTTATCGGTGGTGGTGACTCAGCAGTAGAAGAGGGA
ACATTCTTAACTAAATTTGCTGACAAAGTAACAATCGTTCACCGTCGTGATGAGTTACGT
GCACAGCGTATTTTACAAGATAGAGCATTCAAAAATGATAAAATCGACTTTATTTGGAGT
CATACTTTGAAATCAATTAATGAAAAAGACGGCAAAGTGGGTTCTGTGACATTAACGTCT
ACAAAAGATGGTTCAGAAGAAACACACGAGGCTGATGGTGTATTCATCTATATTGGTATG
AAACCATTAACAGCGCCATTTAAAGACTTAGGTATTACGAATGATGTTGGTTATATTGTG
ACAAAAGATGATATGACAACATCAGTACCAGGTATTTTTGCAGCAGGAGATGTTCGTGAC
AAAGGTTTACGCCAAATTGTCACTGCTACTGGCGATGGTAGTATTGCAGCGCAAAGTGCA
GCGGAATATATTGAACATTTAAACGATCAAGCTTAA

1. Kuroda M, Ohta T, Uchiyama I, Baba T, Yuzawa H, Kobayashi I, Cui L, Oguchi A, Aoki K, Nagai Y, Lian J, Ito T, Kanamori M, Matsumaru H, Maruyama A, Murakami H, Hosoyama A, Mizutani-Ui Y, Takahashi NK, Sawano T, Inoue R, Kaito C, Sekimizu K, Hirakawa H, Kuhara S, Goto S, Yabuzaki J, Kanehisa M, Yamashita A, Oshima K, Furuya K, Yoshino C, Shiba T, Hattori M, Ogasawara N, Hayashi H, Hiramatsu K: Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 2001 Apr 21;357(9264):1225-40. [PubMed ]

1. Hojo Y, Saito Y, Tanimoto T, Hoefen RJ, Baines CP, Yamamoto K, Haendeler J, Asmis R, Berk BC: Fluid shear stress attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation via a glutathione reductase-mediated mechanism. Circ Res. 2002 Oct 18;91(8):712-8. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
4. Schallreuter KU, Wood JW: A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1990;282(3):168-71. [PubMed ]
5. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM: Azelaic acid as a competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase in human melanoma cells. Cancer Lett. 1987 Sep;36(3):297-305. [PubMed ]

1. EC 2.7.7.7
2. POL I

MVQIPQNPLILVDGSSYLYRAYHAFPPLTNSAGEPTGAMYGVLNMLRSLIMQYKPTHAAV
VFDAKGKTFRDELFEHYKSHRPPMPDDLRAQIEPLHAMVKAMGLPLLAVSGVEADDVIGT
LAREAEKAGRPVLISTGDKDMAQLVTPNITLINTMTNTILGPEEVVNKYGVPPELIIDFL
ALMGDSSDNIPGVPGVGEKTAQALLQGLGGLDTLYAEPEKIAGLSFRGAKTMAAKLEQNK
EVAYLSYQLATIKTDVELELTCEQLEVQQPAAEELLGLFKKYEFKRWTADVEAGKWLQAK
GAKPAAKPQETSVADEAPEVTATVISYDNYVTILDEETLKAWIAKLEKAPVFAFDTETDS
LDNISANLVGLSFAIEPGVAAYIPVAHDYLDAPDQISRERALELLKPLLEDEKALKVGQN
LKYDRGILANYGIELRGIAFDTMLESYILNSVAGRHDMDSLAERWLKHKTITFEEIAGKG
KNQLTFNQIALEEAGRYAAEDADVTLQLHLKMWPDLQKHKGPLNVFENIEMPLVPVLSRI
ERNGVKIDPKVLHNHSEELTLRLAELEKKAHEIAGEEFNLSSTKQLQTILFEKQGIKPLK
KTPGGAPSTSEEVLEELALDYPLPKVILEYRGLAKLKSTYTDKLPLMINPKTGRVHTSYH
QAVTATGRLSSTDPNLQNIPVRNEEGRRIRQAFIAPEDYVIVSADYSQIELRIMAHLSRD
KGLLTAFAEGKDIHRATAAEVFGLPLETVTSEQRRSAKAINFGLIYGMSAFGLARQLNIP
RKEAQKYMDLYFERYPGVLEYMERTRAQAKEQGYVETLDGRRLYLPDIKSSNGARRAAAE
RAAINAPMQGTAADIIKRAMIAVDAWLQAEQPRVRMIMQVHDELVFEVHKDDVDAVAKQI
HQLMENCTRLDVPLLVEVGSGENWDQAH

• deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn = diphosphate + DNAn+1

• DNA_pol_A (PF00476 )
• 5_3_exonuc (PF01367 )
• 3_5_exonuc (PF01612 )
• 5_3_exonuc_N (PF02739 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasmic

ATGGTTCAGATCCCCCAAAATCCACTTATCCTTGTAGATGGTTCATCTTATCTTTATCGC
GCATATCACGCGTTTCCCCCGCTGACTAACAGCGCAGGCGAGCCGACCGGTGCGATGTAT
GGTGTCCTCAACATGCTGCGCAGTCTGATCATGCAATATAAACCGACGCATGCAGCGGTG
GTCTTTGACGCCAAGGGAAAAACCTTTCGTGATGAACTGTTTGAACATTACAAATCACAT
CGCCCGCCAATGCCGGACGATCTGCGTGCACAAATCGAACCCTTGCACGCGATGGTTAAA
GCGATGGGACTGCCGCTGCTGGCGGTTTCTGGCGTAGAAGCGGACGACGTTATCGGTACT
CTGGCGCGCGAAGCCGAAAAAGCCGGGCGTCCGGTGCTGATCAGCACTGGCGATAAAGAT
ATGGCGCAGCTGGTGACGCCAAATATTACGCTTATCAATACCATGACGAATACCATCCTC
GGACCGGAAGAGGTGGTGAATAAGTACGGCGTGCCGCCAGAACTGATCATCGATTTCCTG
GCGCTGATGGGTGACTCCTCTGATAACATTCCTGGCGTACCGGGCGTCGGTGAAAAAACC
GCGCAGGCATTGCTGCAAGGTCTTGGCGGACTGGATACGCTGTATGCCGAGCCAGAAAAA
ATTGCTGGGTTGAGCTTCCGTGGCGCGAAAACAATGGCAGCGAAGCTCGAGCAAAACAAA
GAAGTTGCTTATCTCTCATACCAGCTGGCGACGATTAAAACCGACGTTGAACTGGAGCTG
ACCTGTGAACAACTGGAAGTGCAGCAACCGGCAGCGGAAGAGTTGTTGGGGCTGTTCAAA
AAGTATGAGTTCAAACGCTGGACTGCTGATGTCGAAGCGGGCAAATGGTTACAGGCCAAA
GGGGCAAAACCAGCCGCGAAGCCACAGGAAACCAGTGTTGCAGACGAAGCACCAGAAGTG
ACGGCAACGGTGATTTCTTATGACAACTACGTCACCATCCTTGATGAAGAAACACTGAAA
GCGTGGATTGCGAAGCTGGAAAAAGCGCCGGTATTTGCATTTGATACCGAAACCGACAGC
CTTGATAACATCTCTGCTAACCTGGTCGGGCTTTCTTTTGCTATCGAGCCAGGCGTAGCG
GCATATATTCCGGTTGCTCATGATTATCTTGATGCGCCCGATCAAATCTCTCGCGAGCGT
GCACTCGAGTTGCTAAAACCGCTGCTGGAAGATGAAAAGGCGCTGAAGGTCGGGCAAAAC
CTGAAATACGATCGCGGTATTCTGGCGAACTACGGCATTGAACTGCGTGGGATTGCGTTT
GATACCATGCTGGAGTCCTACATTCTCAATAGCGTTGCCGGGCGTCACGATATGGACAGC
CTCGCGGAACGTTGGTTGAAGCACAAAACCATCACTTTTGAAGAGATTGCTGGTAAAGGC
AAAAATCAACTGACCTTTAACCAGATTGCCCTCGAAGAAGCCGGACGTTACGCCGCCGAA
GATGCAGATGTCACCTTGCAGTTGCATCTGAAAATGTGGCCGGATCTGCAAAAACACAAA
GGGCCGTTGAACGTCTTCGAGAATATCGAAATGCCGCTGGTGCCGGTGCTTTCACGCATT
GAACGTAACGGTGTGAAGATCGATCCGAAAGTGCTGCACAATCATTCTGAAGAGCTCACC
CTTCGTCTGGCTGAGCTGGAAAAGAAAGCGCATGAAATTGCAGGTGAGGAATTTAACCTT
TCTTCCACCAAGCAGTTACAAACCATTCTCTTTGAAAAACAGGGCATTAAACCGCTGAAG
AAAACGCCGGGTGGCGCGCCGTCAACGTCGGAAGAGGTACTGGAAGAACTGGCGCTGGAC
TATCCGTTGCCAAAAGTGATTCTGGAGTATCGTGGTCTGGCGAAGCTGAAATCGACCTAC
ACCGACAAGCTGCCGCTGATGATCAACCCGAAAACCGGGCGTGTGCATACCTCTTATCAC
CAGGCAGTAACTGCAACGGGACGTTTATCGTCAACCGATCCTAACCTGCAAAACATTCCG
GTGCGTAACGAAGAAGGTCGTCGTATCCGCCAGGCGTTTATTGCGCCAGAGGATTATGTG
ATTGTCTCAGCGGACTACTCGCAGATTGAACTGCGCATTATGGCGCATCTTTCGCGTGAC
AAAGGCTTGCTGACCGCATTCGCGGAAGGAAAAGATATCCACCGGGCAACGGCGGCAGAA
GTGTTTGGTTTGCCACTGGAAACCGTCACCAGCGAGCAACGCCGTAGCGCGAAAGCGATC
AACTTTGGTCTGATTTATGGCATGAGTGCTTTCGGTCTGGCGCGGCAATTGAACATTCCA
CGTAAAGAAGCGCAGAAGTACATGGACCTTTACTTCGAACGCTACCCTGGCGTGCTGGAG
TATATGGAACGCACCCGTGCTCAGGCGAAAGAGCAGGGCTACGTTGAAACGCTGGACGGA
CGCCGTCTGTATCTGCCGGATATCAAATCCAGCAATGGTGCTCGTCGTGCAGCGGCTGAA
CGTGCAGCCATTAACGCGCCAATGCAGGGAACCGCCGCCGACATTATCAAACGGGCGATG
ATTGCCGTTGATGCGTGGTTACAGGCTGAGCAACCGCGTGTACGTATGATCATGCAGGTA
CACGATGAACTGGTATTTGAAGTTCATAAAGATGATGTTGATGCCGTCGCGAAGCAGATT
CATCAACTGATGGAAAACTGTACCCGTCTGGATGTGCCGTTGCTGGTGGAAGTGGGGAGT
GGCGAAAACTGGGATCAGGCGCACTAA

1. Teplova M, Wallace ST, Tereshko V, Minasov G, Symons AM, Cook PD, Manoharan M, Egli M: Structural origins of the exonuclease resistance of a zwitterionic RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Dec 7;96(25):14240-5. [PubMed ]
2. Beese LS, Steitz TA: Structural basis for the 3'-5' exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I: a two metal ion mechanism. EMBO J. 1991 Jan;10(1):25-33. [PubMed ]
3. Ollis DL, Brick P, Hamlin R, Xuong NG, Steitz TA: Structure of large fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I complexed with dTMP. Nature. 1985 Feb 28-Mar 6;313(6005):762-6. [PubMed ]
4. Joyce CM, Grindley ND: Identification of two genes immediately downstream from the polA gene of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1982 Dec;152(3):1211-9. [PubMed ]
5. Joyce CM, Kelley WS, Grindley ND: Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli polA gene and primary structure of DNA polymerase I. J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb 25;257(4):1958-64. [PubMed ]
6. Kelley WS, Joyce CM: Genetic characterization of early amber mutations in the Escherichia coli polA gene and purification of the amber peptides. J Mol Biol. 1983 Mar 15;164(4):529-60. [PubMed ]
7. Brown WE, Stump KH, Kelley WS: Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Sequence characterization and secondary structure prediction. J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb 25;257(4):1965-72. [PubMed ]
8. Beese LS, Friedman JM, Steitz TA: Crystal structures of the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I complexed with deoxynucleoside triphosphate and pyrophosphate. Biochemistry. 1993 Dec 28;32(51):14095-101. [PubMed ]
9. Plunkett G 3rd, Burland V, Daniels DL, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. III. DNA sequence of the region from 87.2 to 89.2 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Jul 25;21(15):3391-8. [PubMed ]
10. Mullen GP, Vaughn JB Jr, Mildvan AS: Sequential proton NMR resonance assignments, circular dichroism, and structural properties of a 50-residue substrate-binding peptide from DNA polymerase I. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993 Feb 15;301(1):174-83. [PubMed ]
11. 8469987 Beese LS, Derbyshire V, Steitz TA: Structure of DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment bound to duplex DNA. Science. 1993 Apr 16;260(5106):352-5.
12. 9278503 Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-74.
13. 9514742 Brautigam CA, Steitz TA: Structural principles for the inhibition of the 3'-5' exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I by phosphorothioates. J Mol Biol. 1998 Mar 27;277(2):363-77.
14. 9888810 Brautigam CA, Sun S, Piccirilli JA, Steitz TA: Structures of normal single-stranded DNA and deoxyribo-3'-S-phosphorothiolates bound to the 3'-5' exonucleolytic active site of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 1999 Jan 12;38(2):696-704.

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. 5 alpha-SR2
2. EC 1.3.99.5
3. SR type 2
4. Steroid 5- alpha-reductase 2
5. Type II 5-alpha reductase

MQVQCQQSPVLAGSATLVALGALALYVAKPSGYGKHTESLKPAATRLPARAAWFLQELPS
FAVPAGILARQPLSLFGPPGTVLLGLFCVHYFHRTFVYSLLNRGRPYPAILILRGTAFCT
GNGVLQGYYLIYCAEYPDGWYTDIRFSLGVFLFILGMGINIHSDYILRQLRKPGEISYRI
PQGGLFTYVSGANFLGEIIEWIGYALATWSLPALAFAFFSLCFLGLRAFHHHRFYLKMFE
DYPKSRKALIPFIF

• a 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-Delta4-steroid + reduced acceptor

• Steroid_dh (PF02544 )

• None

• 8-28
• 72-92
• 146-166
• 206-226

• Microsome
• microsomal membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGCAGGTTCAGTGCCAGCAGAGCCCAGTGCTGGCAGGCAGCGCCACTTTGGTCGCCCTT
GGGGCACTGGCCTTGTACGTCGCGAAGCCCTCCGGCTACGGGAAGCACACGGAGAGCCTG
AAGCCGGCGGCTACCCGCCTGCCAGCCCGCGCCGCCTGGTTCCTGCAGGAGCTGCCTTCC
TTCGCGGTGCCCGCGGGGATCCTCGCCCGGCAGCCCCTCTCCCTCTTCGGGCCACCTGGG
ACGGTACTTCTGGGCCTCTTCTGCGTACATTACTTCCACAGGACATTTGTGTACTCACTG
CTCAATCGAGGGAGGCCTTATCCAGCTATACTCATTCTCAGAGGCACTGCCTTCTGCACT
GGAAATGGAGTCCTTCAAGGCTACTATCTGATTTACTGTGCTGAATACCCTGATGGGTGG
TACACAGACATACGGTTTAGCTTGGGTGTCTTCTTATTTATTTTGGGAATGGGAATAAAC
ATTCATAGTGACTATATATTGCGCCAGCTCAGGAAGCCTGGAGAAATCAGCTACAGGATT
CCACAAGGTGGCTTGTTTACGTATGTTTCTGGAGCCAATTTCCTCGGTGAGATCATTGAA
TGGATCGGCTATGCCCTGGCCACTTGGTCCCTCCCAGCACTTGCATTTGCATTTTTCTCA
CTTTGTTTCCTTGGGCTGCGAGCTTTTCACCACCATAGGTTCTACCTCAAGATGTTTGAG
GACTACCCCAAATCTCGGAAAGCCCTTATTCCATTCATCTTTTAA

1. Makridakis NM, Ross RK, Pike MC, Crocitto LE, Kolonel LN, Pearce CL, Henderson BE, Reichardt JK: Association of mis-sense substitution in SRD5A2 gene with prostate cancer in African-American and Hispanic men in Los Angeles, USA. Lancet. 1999 Sep 18;354(9183):975-8. [PubMed ]
2. Vilchis F, Mendez JP, Canto P, Lieberman E, Chavez B: Identification of missense mutations in the SRD5A2 gene from patients with steroid 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Mar;52(3):383-7. [PubMed ]
3. Chavez B, Valdez E, Vilchis F: Uniparental disomy in steroid 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep;85(9):3147-50. [PubMed ]
4. Pearce CL, Makridakis NM, Ross RK, Pike MC, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Reichardt JK: Steroid 5-alpha reductase type II V89L substitution is not associated with risk of prostate cancer in a multiethnic population study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Apr;11(4):417-8. [PubMed ]
5. Labrie F, Sugimoto Y, Luu-The V, Simard J, Lachance Y, Bachvarov D, Leblanc G, Durocher F, Paquet N: Structure of human type II 5 alpha-reductase gene. Endocrinology. 1992 Sep;131(3):1571-3. [PubMed ]
6. Thigpen AE, Davis DL, Milatovich A, Mendonca BB, Imperato-McGinley J, Griffin JE, Francke U, Wilson JD, Russell DW: Molecular genetics of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1992 Sep;90(3):799-809. [PubMed ]
7. Andersson S, Berman DM, Jenkins EP, Russell DW: Deletion of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene in male pseudohermaphroditism. Nature. 1991 Nov 14;354(6349):159-61. [PubMed ]
8. Boudon C, Lobaccaro JM, Lumbroso S, Ogur G, Ocal G, Belon C, Sultan C: A new deletion of the 5 alpha-reductase type 2 gene in a Turkish family with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995 Aug;43(2):183-8. [PubMed ]
9. Cai LQ, Zhu YS, Katz MD, Herrera C, Baez J, DeFillo-Ricart M, Shackleton CH, Imperato-McGinley J: 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene mutations in the Dominican Republic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 May;81(5):1730-5. [PubMed ]
10. Hochberg Z, Chayen R, Reiss N, Falik Z, Makler A, Munichor M, Farkas A, Goldfarb H, Ohana N, Hiort O: Clinical, biochemical, and genetic findings in a large pedigree of male and female patients with 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Aug;81(8):2821-7. [PubMed ]
11. 9208814 Anwar R, Gilbey SG, New JP, Markham AF: Male pseudohermaphroditism resulting from a novel mutation in the human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2). Mol Pathol. 1997 Feb;50(1):51-2.
12. 9745434 Nordenskjold A, Ivarsson SA: Molecular characterization of 5 alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency and fertility in a Swedish family. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3236-8.
13. 9843052 Nordenskjold A, Magnus O, Aagenaes O, Knudtzon J: Homozygous mutation (A228T) in the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene in a boy with 5alpha-reductase deficiency: genotype-phenotype correlations. Am J Med Genet. 1998 Nov 16;80(3):269-72.

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 1.14.18.1
2. Monophenol monooxygenase
3. Tyrosinase precursor

STDIKFAITGVPTTPSSNGAVPLRRELRDLQQNYPEQFNLYLLGLRDFQGLDEAKLDSYY
QVAGIHGMPFKPWAGVPSDTDWSQPGSSGFGGYCTHSSILFITWHRPYLALYEQALYASV
QAVAQKFPVEGGLRAKYVAAAKDFRAPYFDWASQPPKGTLAFPESLSSRTIQVVDVDGKT
KSINNPLHRFTFHPVNPSPGDFSAAWSRYPSTVRYPNRLTGASRDERIAPILANELASLR
NNVSLLLLSYKDFDAFSYNRWDPNTNPGDFGSLEDVHNEIHDRTGGNGHMSSLEVSAFDP
LFWLHHVNVDRLWSIWQDLNPNSFMTPRPAPYSTFVAQEGESQSKSTPLEPFWDKSAANF
WTSEQVKDSITFGYAYPETQKWKYSSVKEYQAAIRKSVTALYGSNVFANFVENVADRTPA
LKKPQATGEESKSTVSAAAAHAVELSGAKKVAEKVHNVFQHAEEKAQKPVVPVKDTKAES
STAAGMMIGLSIKRPSKLTASPGPIPESLKYLAPDGKYTDWIVNVRAQKHGLGQSFRVIV
FLGEFNPDPETWDDEFNCVGRVSVLGRSAETQCGKCRKDNANGLIVSGTVPLTSLCCRIL
WAASSRASSLRMSSRICAPT

• L-tyrosine + L-dopa + O2 = L-dopa + dopaquinone + H2O

• Tyrosinase (PF00264 )

• None

• None

ATGAGCACCGACATCAAATTTGCCATCACGGGTGTACCCACCCCTCCCTCCAGCAATGGA
GCGGTCCCTCTCCGCCGCGAGCTCCGCGACCTCCAACAAAACTACCCGGAGCAGTTCAAT
CTCTACCTCCTCGGCCTGCGCGACTTCCAAGGCCTCGACGAAGCCAAGCTAGACTCGTAC
TACCAAGTCGCTGGCATTCACGGTATGCCCTTCAAGCCGTGGGCCGGTGTCCCTTCCGAC
ACGGACTGGTCCCAACCCGGCAGCAGCGGCTTTGGCGGCTACTGCACGCACTCGTCCATC
CTCTTCATCACCTGGCACAGGCCCTACCTTGCTCTGTACGAGCAGGCCCTCTACGCCTCC
GTGCAAGCCGTTGCCCAAAAGTTCCCTGTCGAAGGGGGGCTGAGAGCCAAGTATGTCGCG
GCCGCCAAGGATTTCAGGGCGCCGTACTTTGATTGGGCTAGTCAGCCTCCTAAAGGAACG
CTGGCGTTTCCGGAGTCCCTCTCATCGCGTACCATACAGGTGGTGGATGTCGACGGGAAG
ACCAAGAGCATCAACAACCCGCTGCACCGGTTTACTTTCCACCCGGTCAACCCTAGCCCT
GGTGACTTCAGCGCGGCGTGGAGCAGATACCCAAGCACGGTCCGGTATCCAAACCGGCTG
ACAGGGGCATCGCGGGATGAGCGGATTGCGCCCATCTTGGCGAACGAGCTGGCGTCATTG
AGAAATAATGTCAGTTTGTTGTTGCTGAGCTACAAGGACTTTGATGCGTTCAGTTATAAC
AGGTGGGATCCGAATACCAACCCGGGTGATTTCGGTAGTTTGGAGGATGTGCATAATGAG
ATTCATGATCGGACAGGCGGAAATGGACATATGTCGAGCCTGGAGGTGTCGGCTTTTGAT
CCGCTGTTTTGGTTGCACCATGTTAACGTCGACCGCCTCTGGTCTATCTGGCAAGACCTT
AACCCCAACAGCTTCATGACTCCCCGACCCGCTCCCTACTCGACCTTCGTCGCACAGGAG
GGTGAAAGCCAGAGTAAGAGCACGCCTCTGGAGCCGTTCTGGGACAAATCTGCTGCCAAC
TTTTGGACCTCTGAGCAGGTCAAGGACAGCATCACCTTCGGATACGCGTATCCTGAGACG
CAGAAGTGGAAGTACTCGTCCGTAAAGGAGTACCAAGCAGCCATCAGGAAGTCTGTCACG
GCGCTGTACGGGAGCAATGTGTTTGCCAACTTTGTTGAGAATGTCGCCGACCGAACGCCG
GCGTTGAAGAAACCGCAGGCAACTGGCGAGGAGAGCAAGAGCACCGTCTCGGCTGCTGCT
GCTCATGCAGTTGAGCTTTCCGGGGCCAAGAAGGTCGCAGAGAAGGTCCATAATGTGTTC
CAGCACGCTGAGGAGAAGGCGCAGAAGCCGGTGGTGCCTGTTAAGGATACAAAGGCCGAG
TCGAGCACGGCCGCAGGTATGATGATCGGCTTGAGCATAAAACGTCCATCCAAGCTGACA
GCTTCACCAGGCCCAATTCCAGAGAGCCTCAAGTACCTCGCCCCAGACGGAAAGTACACC
GACTGGATTGTCAACGTTCGCGCCCAGAAACACGGTCTGGGGCAATCCTTCCGTGTCATC
GTCTTCTTGGGCGAGTTCAACCCCGACCCAGAGACCTGGGACGACGAGTTCAACTGCGTC
GGTCGTGTGTCCGTGTTGGGACGGAGCGCCGAAACCCAGTGTGGCAAGTGCCGCAAGGAT
AACGCAAACGGTCTGATCGTCTCAGGCACTGTGCCCCTGACCTCGCTTTGCTGCAGGATA
TTGTGGGCGGCGAGCTCCAGAGCCTCAAGCCTGAGGATGTCATCCCGCATCTGCGCGCCA
ACTTGA

1. Kupper U, Niedermann DM, Travaglini G, Lerch K: Isolation and characterization of the tyrosinase gene from Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 15;264(29):17250-8. [PubMed ]
2. Lerch K: Primary structure of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa. II. Complete amino acid sequence and chemical structure of a tripeptide containing an unusual thioether. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jun 10;257(11):6414-9. [PubMed ]
3. Ruegg C, Ammer D, Lerch K: Comparison of amino acid sequence and thermostability of tyrosinase from three wild type strains of Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jun 10;257(11):6420-6. [PubMed ]

1. Perez-Bernal A, Munoz-Perez MA, Camacho F: Management of facial hyperpigmentation. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000 Sep-Oct;1(5):261-8. [PubMed ]
2. Ortonne JP: Retinoid therapy of pigmentary disorders. Dermatol Ther. 2006 Sep-Oct;19(5):280-8. [PubMed ]
3. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
4. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. DAP decarboxylase
2. EC 4.1.1.20

MKIMFLGNDTVEIKDGRFFIDGYDAIELAEKFGTPLYVMSEEQIKINYNRYIEAFKRWEE
ETGKEFIVAYAYKANANLAITRLLAKLGCGADVVSGGELYIAKLSNVPSKKIVFNGNCKT
KEEIIMGIEANIRAFNVDSISELILINETAKELGETANVAFRINPNVNPKTHPKISTGLK
KNKFGLDVESGIAMKAIKMALEMEYVNVVGVHCHIGSQLTDISPFIEETRKVMDFVVELK
EEGIEIEDVNLGGGLGIPYYKDKQIPTQKDLADAIINTMLKYKDKVEMPNLILEPGRSLV
ATAGYLLGKVHHIKETPVTKWVMIDAGMNDMMRPAMYEAYHHIINCKVKNEKEVVSIAGG
LCESSDVFGRDRELDKVEVGDVLAIFDVGAYGISMANNYNARGRPRMVLTSKKGVFLIRE
RETYADLIAKDIVPPHLL

• meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate = L-lysine + CO2

• Orn_DAP_Arg_deC (PF00278 )
• Orn_Arg_deC_N (PF02784 )

• None

• None

TTACAATAAATGTGGTGGAACTATATCCTTAGCAATTAAATCAGCATAAGTTTCCCTCTC
TCTAATTAAGAATACTCCCTTCTTACTTGTTAAAACCATTCTTGGTCTTCCTCTTGCGTT
ATAGTTGTTAGCCATACTAATTCCATAAGCTCCAACATCAAATATAGCCAATACATCACC
AACCTCTACTTTGTCAAGCTCTCTATCTCTACCAAAAACATCACTACTCTCACATAAACC
TCCTGCTATGCTTACAACCTCTTTTTCATTCTTAACTTTGCAGTTTATTATATGATGATA
TGCCTCATACATTGCCGGTCTCATCATGTCATTCATTCCAGCATCGATCATAACCCATTT
TGTTACTGGTGTTTCTTTTATGTGATGAACTTTTCCTAATAGATAGCCAGCAGTAGCTAC
CAAACTTCTTCCAGGCTCTAAGATGAGATTTGGCATCTCTACTTTATCTTTGTATTTTAA
CATTGTGTTTATTATTGCATCAGCTAAATCTTTTTGAGTAGGGATTTGTTTATCTTTGTA
GTAGGGAATTCCTAAACCTCCCCCTAAATTGACATCTTCAATCTCAATGCCCTCTTCTTT
TAATTCAACAACAAAATCCATAACTTTCCTTGTTTCTTCAATAAATGGGCTTATATCTGT
TAATTGAGAACCAATGTGGCAATGAACTCCAACAACATTCACATACTCCATCTCTAAAGC
CATTTTTATTGCTTTCATTGCAATTCCTGATTCAACATCCAAACCAAACTTGTTTTTCTT
TAAACCAGTTGAAATCTTTGGATGTGTCTTTGGATTGACATTAGGGTTTATTCTGAAAGC
TACATTAGCAGTTTCTCCCAACTCTTTTGCTGTCTCATTTATTAAGATTAATTCGCTTAT
ACTATCAACATTGAAAGCCCTTATATTTGCTTCAATACCCATTATAATTTCTTCTTTTGT
TTTACAATTTCCGTTGAAAACAATTTTCTTTGAAGGAACGTTTGATAGCTTTGCTATATA
CAACTCTCCTCCACTAACAACATCTGCTCCACAGCCAAGTTTAGCTAACAATCTTGTTAT
AGCTAAGTTTGCATTTGCTTTATATGCATAGGCAACAATAAACTCCTTCCCAGTCTCTTC
TTCCCATCTTTTGAAAGCTTCAATGTATCTGTTGTAATTTATCTTTATTTGCTCTTCTGA
CATCACATATAAGGGGGTTCCAAACTTCTCTGCTAATTCAATTGCATCATACCCATCTAT
GAAGAATCTTCCATCCTTTATCTCTACTGTGTCATTACCTAAAAACATTATTTTCAC

1. Bult CJ, White O, Olsen GJ, Zhou L, Fleischmann RD, Sutton GG, Blake JA, FitzGerald LM, Clayton RA, Gocayne JD, Kerlavage AR, Dougherty BA, Tomb JF, Adams MD, Reich CI, Overbeek R, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Merrick JM, Glodek A, Scott JL, Geoghagen NS, Venter JC: Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii. Science. 1996 Aug 23;273(5278):1058-73. [PubMed ]

1. Ray SS, Bonanno JB, Rajashankar KR, Pinho MG, He G, De Lencastre H, Tomasz A, Burley SK: Cocrystal structures of diaminopimelate decarboxylase: mechanism, evolution, and inhibition of an antibiotic resistance accessory factor. Structure. 2002 Nov;10(11):1499-508. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]