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Identification
Name Cephalexin
Accession Number DB00567 (APRD00250)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Cefalessina [DCIT]
Cefalexin
Cefalexin Sodium
Cefalexina [INN-Spanish]
Cefalexine [INN-French]
Cefalexinum [INN-Latin]
Cephalexin 1-hydrate
Cephalexin hydrate
Cephalexin monohydrate
Cephalexine
Cephalexinum
CEX
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Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Alcephin
Alexin
Alsporin
Biocef
Carnosporin
Cefa-iskia
Cefablan
Cefadal
Cefadin
Cefadina
Cefaleksin
Cefalin
Cefaloto
Cefaseptin
Cefax
Ceforal
Cefovit
Celexin
Cepastar
Cepexin
Cephacillin
Cephanasten
Cephaxin
Cephin
Cepol
Ceporex
Ceporex Forte
Ceporexin
Ceporexin-E
Ceporexine
Check
Cophalexin
Durantel
Durantel DS
Ed A-Ceph
Erocetin
Factagard
Felexin
Fexin
Ibilex
Ibrexin
Inphalex
Kefalospes
Keflet
Keflex
Kefolan
Keforal
Keftab
Kekrinal
Kidolex
L-Keflex
Lafarine
Larixin
Lenocef
Lexibiotico
Lonflex
Lopilexin
Madlexin
Mamalexin
Mamlexin
Medoxine
Neokef
Neolexina
Novolexin
Nufex
Oracef
Oriphex
Oroxin
Ortisporina
Ospexin
Palitrex
Panixine Disperdose
Pectril
Pyassan
Roceph
Sanaxin
Sartosona
Sencephalin
Sepexin
Servispor
Sialexin
Sinthecillin
Sporicef
Sporidex
Syncl
Syncle
Synecl
Tepaxin
Tokiolexin
Uphalexin
Voxxim
Winlex
Zozarine
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Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Cephalosporins
CAS number 15686-71-2
Weight Average: 347.389
Monoisotopic: 347.093976737
Chemical Formula C16H17N3O4S
InChI Key InChIKey=ZAIPMKNFIOOWCQ-UEKVPHQBSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H17N3O4S/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23)/t10-,11-,15-/m1/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(6R,7R)-7-[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
SMILES
[H][C@]12SCC(C)=C(N1C(=O)[C@H]2NC(=O)[C@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1)C(O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Phenethylamines
  • Cephalosporins
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Amino Ketones
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Beta Lactams
  • Enamines
  • Phenethylamines
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Cephalosporins
  • Lactams
  • Azetidines
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes; otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Moraxella catarrhalis; skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or Streptococcus pyogenes; bone infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and/or Proteus mirabilis; genitourinary tract infections, including acute prostatitis, caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Pharmacodynamics Cephalexin (also called Cefalexin) is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics, often used for the treatment of superficial infections that result as complications of minor wounds or lacerations. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria.
Mechanism of action Cephalexin, like the penicillins, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, it inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cephalexin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
Absorption Well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 14%
Metabolism
No appreciable biotransformation in the liver (90% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine).
Route of elimination Cephalexin is excreted in the urine by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Studies showed that over 90% of the drug was excreted unchanged in the urine within 8 hours.
Half life 1 hour
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include blood in the urine, diarrhea, nausea, upper abdominal pain, and vomiting. The oral median lethal dose of cephalexin in rats is >5000 mg/kg.
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Acs dobfar info sa
  • Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
  • Aurobindo pharma ltd inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Belcher pharmaceuticals inc
  • Hikma pharmaceuticals
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Lupin ltd
  • Orchid healthcare
  • Purepac pharmaceutical co
  • Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
  • Jerome stevens pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sun pharmaceutical industries ltd
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Yoshitomi pharmaceutical industries ltd
  • Yung shin pharmaceutical industrial co ltd
  • Middlebrook pharmaceuticals inc
  • Vitarine pharmaceuticals inc
  • Lex pharmaceuticals inc
  • Eli lilly and co
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Powder, for solution Oral
Powder, for suspension Oral
Suspension Oral
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Cephalexin 250 mg/5ml Suspension 200ml Bottle 32.76 USD bottle
Cephalexin 250 mg/5ml Suspension 100ml Bottle 19.66 USD bottle
Cephalexin 125 mg/5ml Suspension 200ml Bottle 16.39 USD bottle
Cephalexin 125 mg/5ml Suspension 100ml Bottle 15.99 USD bottle
Keflex 500 mg capsule 5.75 USD capsule
Keflex 500 mg pulvule 4.99 USD each
Keflex 750 mg capsule 3.34 USD capsule
Cephalexin 500 mg tablet 2.25 USD tablet
Keflex 250 mg capsule 2.2 USD capsule
Keflex 250 mg pulvule 1.85 USD each
Cephalexin 500 mg capsule 1.4 USD capsule
Cephalexin 250 mg tablet 1.17 USD tablet
Cephalexin 250 mg capsule 0.72 USD capsule
Apo-Cephalex 500 mg Tablet 0.47 USD tablet
Novo-Lexin 500 mg Capsule 0.47 USD capsule
Novo-Lexin 500 mg Tablet 0.47 USD tablet
Nu-Cephalex 500 mg Tablet 0.47 USD tablet
Apo-Cephalex 250 mg Tablet 0.24 USD tablet
Novo-Lexin 250 mg Capsule 0.24 USD capsule
Novo-Lexin 250 mg Tablet 0.24 USD tablet
Nu-Cephalex 250 mg Tablet 0.24 USD tablet
Novo-Lexin 50 mg/ml Suspension 0.14 USD ml
Novo-Lexin 25 mg/ml Suspension 0.09 USD ml
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 326.8 °C Not Available
water solubility 1789 mg/L Not Available
logP 0.65 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa 4.5 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.97e-01 g/l ALOGPS
logP 0.55 ALOGPS
logP -2.1 ChemAxon
logS -3.1 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 3.45 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 7.44 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 112.73 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 4 ChemAxon
refractivity 88.97 ChemAxon
polarizability 32.52 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00263 Link_out
KEGG Compound C06895 Link_out
PubChem Compound 27447 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506749 Link_out
ChemSpider 25541 Link_out
BindingDB 50139896 Link_out
ChEBI 3534 Link_out
ChEMBL 3534 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000437 Link_out
PharmGKB PA448883 Link_out
Drug Product Database 828858 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/cephalex.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cephalexin.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/kef1213.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalexin Link_out
ATC Codes
  • J01DB01
AHFS Codes
  • 08:12.06.04
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (2.1 MB)
MSDS show (93.2 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Probenecid Probenecid may increase the serum level of cephalexin.
Food Interactions
  • Take on empty stomach: 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Targets

1. Penicillin-binding protein 3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q75Y35 Link_out
Gene: pbp3
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Williamson R, Hakenbeck R, Tomasz A: In vivo interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with the penicillin-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Oct;18(4):629-37. Pubmed

2. Penicillin-binding protein 2a

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q8DNB6 Link_out
Gene: pbp2a
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Williamson R, Hakenbeck R, Tomasz A: In vivo interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with the penicillin-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Oct;18(4):629-37. Pubmed
  2. Mitsuoka K, Kato Y, Kubo Y, Tsuji A: Functional expression of stereoselective metabolism of cephalexin by exogenous transfection of oligopeptide transporter PEPT1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Mar;35(3):356-62. Epub 2006 Dec 1. Pubmed

3. Penicillin-binding protein 1b

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor
Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: Q7CRA4 Link_out
Gene: pbp1b Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Williamson R, Hakenbeck R, Tomasz A: In vivo interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with the penicillin-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Oct;18(4):629-37. Pubmed

4. Penicillin-binding protein 2B

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor
Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P0A3M6 Link_out
Gene: penA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Williamson R, Hakenbeck R, Tomasz A: In vivo interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with the penicillin-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Oct;18(4):629-37. Pubmed

5. Penicillin-binding protein 1A

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Cell wall formation

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: Q8DR59 Link_out
Gene: pbpA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Williamson R, Hakenbeck R, Tomasz A: In vivo interaction of beta-lactam antibiotics with the penicillin-binding proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Oct;18(4):629-37. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ganapathy ME, Huang W, Rajan DP, Carter AL, Sugawara M, Iseki K, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates for OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 21;275(3):1699-707. Pubmed

2. Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products

UniProt ID: P46059 Link_out
Gene: SLC15A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Liang R, Fei YJ, Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Han H, Yang-Feng TL, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH: Human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 24;270(12):6456-63. Pubmed
  2. Wenzel U, Gebert I, Weintraut H, Weber WM, Clauss W, Daniel H: Transport characteristics of differently charged cephalosporin antibiotics in oocytes expressing the cloned intestinal peptide transporter PepT1 and in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 May;277(2):831-9. Pubmed
  3. Covitz KM, Amidon GL, Sadee W: Human dipeptide transporter, hPEPT1, stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Pharm Res. 1996 Nov;13(11):1631-4. Pubmed
  4. Han HK, Rhie JK, Oh DM, Saito G, Hsu CP, Stewart BH, Amidon GL: CHO/hPEPT1 cells overexpressing the human peptide transporter (hPEPT1) as an alternative in vitro model for peptidomimetic drugs. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Mar;88(3):347-50. Pubmed
  5. Guo A, Hu P, Balimane PV, Leibach FH, Sinko PJ: Interactions of a nonpeptidic drug, valacyclovir, with the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPEPT1) expressed in a mammalian cell line. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Apr;289(1):448-54. Pubmed
  6. Luckner P, Brandsch M: Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jan;59(1):17-24. Pubmed
  7. Terada T, Saito H, Mukai M, Inui K: Recognition of beta-lactam antibiotics by rat peptide transporters, PEPT1 and PEPT2, in LLC-PK1 cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 2):F706-11. Pubmed
  8. Ganapathy ME, Brandsch M, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH: Differential recognition of beta -lactam antibiotics by intestinal and renal peptide transporters, PEPT 1 and PEPT 2. J Biol Chem. 1995 Oct 27;270(43):25672-7. Pubmed
  9. Tamai I, Nakanishi T, Hayashi K, Terao T, Sai Y, Shiraga T, Miyamoto K, Takeda E, Higashida H, Tsuji A: The predominant contribution of oligopeptide transporter PepT1 to intestinal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics in the rat small intestine. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;49(8):796-801. Pubmed

3. Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform

Actions: inhibitor

Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides

UniProt ID: Q16348 Link_out
Gene: SLC15A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Liu W, Liang R, Ramamoorthy S, Fei YJ, Ganapathy ME, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH: Molecular cloning of PEPT 2, a new member of the H+/peptide cotransporter family, from human kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 May 4;1235(2):461-6. Pubmed
  2. Ganapathy ME, Brandsch M, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH: Differential recognition of beta -lactam antibiotics by intestinal and renal peptide transporters, PEPT 1 and PEPT 2. J Biol Chem. 1995 Oct 27;270(43):25672-7. Pubmed
  3. Terada T, Saito H, Mukai M, Inui K: Recognition of beta-lactam antibiotics by rat peptide transporters, PEPT1 and PEPT2, in LLC-PK1 cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 2):F706-11. Pubmed
  4. Luckner P, Brandsch M: Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005 Jan;59(1):17-24. Pubmed

4. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jung KY, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Narikawa S, Tojo A, Kim DK, Chairoungdua A, Choi BK, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y, Sekine T, Endou H: Involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) in cephaloridine-induced nephrotoxicity: in comparison with rOAT1. Life Sci. 2002 Mar 8;70(16):1861-74. Pubmed
  2. Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H: The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Aug;290(2):672-7. Pubmed
  3. Uwai Y, Saito H, Inui K: Rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1 mediates transport of urinary-excreted cephalosporins, but not of biliary-excreted cefoperazone. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002;17(2):125-9. Pubmed

5. Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1

Actions: substrate

Solute transporter for tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1- methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, N-methylnicotinamide (NMN), metformin, creatinine, guanidine, procainamide, topotecan, estrone sulfate, acyclovir, ganciclovir and also the zwitterionic cephalosporin, cephalexin and cephradin. Seems to also play a role in the uptake of oxaliplatin (a new platinum anticancer agent). Able to transport paraquat (PQ or N,N-dimethyl-4-4'-bipiridinium); a widely used herbicid. Responsible for the secretion of cationic drugs across the brush border membranes

UniProt ID: Q96FL8 Link_out
Gene: SLC47A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Watanabe S, Tsuda M, Terada T, Katsura T, Inui K: Reduced renal clearance of a zwitterionic substrate cephalexin in MATE1-deficient mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Aug;334(2):651-6. Epub 2010 May 19. Pubmed

6. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: inhibitor

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jung KY, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Narikawa S, Tojo A, Kim DK, Chairoungdua A, Choi BK, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y, Sekine T, Endou H: Involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) in cephaloridine-induced nephrotoxicity: in comparison with rOAT1. Life Sci. 2002 Mar 8;70(16):1861-74. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Serum albumin

Actions: other/unknown

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
Gene: ALB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bratlid D, Bergan T: Displacement of albumin-bound antimicrobial agents by bilirubin. Pharmacology. 1976;14(5):464-72. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19