Levamisole

Identification

Summary

Levamisole is levamisole is a nicotinic receptor agonist used to treat helminth infections and some skin infections.

Generic Name
Levamisole
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00848
Background

Levamisole is an antihelminthic drug that was commonly used for the treatment of parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections. 4 It was manufactured by Janssen and first used in 1969 as an agent to treat worm infestations6 Levamisole was approved by the FDA in 1990 as an adjuvant treatment for colon cancer.7 Prior to this, levamisole was used as an antirheumatic therapy in the 1970s and 1980s for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.6

Because of its immunomodulatory effects, this drug has been studied in the treatment of various immune-mediated diseases, with some studies showing positive results. 4 This drug has also been used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of various cancers. 4,6

Levamisole was withdrawn from the American market in 2000 due to its ability to cause serious adverse effects, including agranulocytosis. 6 Interestingly, levamisole has been found as an adulterant in cocaine and can lead to a variety of adverse effects in individuals using this drug.5

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Vet approved, Withdrawn
Structure
Weight
Average: 204.291
Monoisotopic: 204.072119084
Chemical Formula
C11H12N2S
Synonyms
  • Levamisol
  • Levamisole
  • Levamisolum
External IDs
  • R12564

Pharmacology

Indication

For adjuvant treatment in combination with fluorouracil after surgical resection in patients with Dukes' stage C colon cancer. Also used to treat malignant melanoma and head/neck cancer.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofAdenocarcinoma of colon••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofAncylostoma duodenale infection••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofAscaris lumbricoides infection••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofCarcinoma, colorectal••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofEnterobius vermicularis infection••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative that has been widely used in treatment of worm infestations in both humans and animals. As an anthelmintic, it probably works by targeting the nematode nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor. As an immunomodulator, it appears that Levamisole is an immunostimulant which has been shown to increase NK cells and activated T-cells in patients receiving this adjuvantly along with 5FU for Stage III colon cancer.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of levamisole as an antiparasitic agent appears to be tied to its agnositic activity towards the L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles. This agonistic action reduces the capacity of the males to control their reproductive muscles and limits their ability to copulate. The mechanism of action of Levamisole as an anticancer drug in combination with fluorouracil is unknown. The effects of levamisole on the immune system are complex. The drug appears to restore depressed immune function rather than to stimulate response to above-normal levels. Levamisole can stimulate formation of antibodies to various antigens, enhance T-cell responses by stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, potentiate monocyte and macrophage functions including phagocytosis and chemotaxis, and increase neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis.

TargetActionsOrganism
ANeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3
agonist
Humans
UAlkaline phosphatase, germ cell type
inhibitor
Humans
UAcetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type unc-38
activator
Caenorhabditis elegans
UAcetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type unc-63
activator
Caenorhabditis elegans
UAcetylcholine receptor subunit beta-type lev-1
activator
Caenorhabditis elegans
UAcetylcholine receptor subunit beta-type unc-29
activator
Caenorhabditis elegans
Absorption

Levamisole is rapidly absorbed (2 hours) from the gastrointestinal tract.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

20-25%

Metabolism

Primarily hepatic (extensive) with both active and inactive metabolites.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

4.4-5.6 hours (biphasic)

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50 = 40 mg/kg (Pigs, subcutaneous); LD50 = 180 mg/kg (rat, oral)

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AlbendazoleThe bioavailability of Albendazole can be increased when combined with Levamisole.
IvermectinThe bioavailability of Ivermectin can be increased when combined with Levamisole.
Food Interactions
  • Take on an empty stomach.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Levamisole hydrochlorideDL9055K80916595-80-5LAZPBGZRMVRFKY-HNCPQSOCSA-N
Levamisole phosphateFIG89N8AZY32093-35-9QEMMFDPTLWDHKP-HNCPQSOCSA-N
Levamisole resinateNot AvailableNot AvailableNot applicable
International/Other Brands
Ergamisol (Janssen) / Ketrax (AstraZeneca)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Ergamisol Tab 50mgTablet50 mgOralJanssen Pharmaceuticals1990-12-312003-10-17Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Novo-levamisoleTablet50 mgOralNovopharm Limited1997-10-172005-08-10Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
P02CE01 — Levamisole
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as imidazothiazoles. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing an imidazole ring fused to a thiazole ring. Imidazole is 5-membered ring consisting of three carbon atoms, and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3-positions. Thiazole is a 6-membered ring that contains both sulfur and nitrogen.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Imidazothiazoles
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Imidazothiazoles
Alternative Parents
Benzene and substituted derivatives / Thiazolidines / Imidazolines / Isothioureas / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidamides / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
2-imidazoline / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carboximidamide / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imidazothiazole / Isothiourea / Monocyclic benzene moiety / Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole (CHEBI:6432)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
2880D3468G
CAS number
14769-73-4
InChI Key
HLFSDGLLUJUHTE-SNVBAGLBSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C11H12N2S/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)10-8-13-6-7-14-11(13)12-10/h1-5,10H,6-8H2/t10-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(6S)-6-phenyl-2H,3H,5H,6H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole
SMILES
C1CN2C[C@@H](N=C2S1)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

U.S. Patents 3,274,209; 3,364,112; 3,463,786; 3,579,530 and 3,646,051.

US3274209
General References
  1. Grishchenko SV, Lavrukhina LA, Ketiladze ES, Krylov VF, Ershov FI: [Results of combined therapy using levamisole for patients with influenza complicated by pneumonia]. Vopr Virusol. 1984 Mar-Apr;29(2):175-9. [Article]
  2. Authors unspecified: Levamisole for corticosteroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in childhood. British Association for Paediatric Nephrology. Lancet. 1991 Jun 29;337(8757):1555-7. [Article]
  3. Van Belle H: Alkaline phosphatase. I. Kinetics and inhibition by levamisole of purified isoenzymes from humans. Clin Chem. 1976 Jul;22(7):972-6. [Article]
  4. Scheinfeld N, Rosenberg JD, Weinberg JM: Levamisole in dermatology : a review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2004;5(2):97-104. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200405020-00004. [Article]
  5. Brunt TM, van den Berg J, Pennings E, Venhuis B: Adverse effects of levamisole in cocaine users: a review and risk assessment. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Jun;91(6):2303-2313. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1947-4. Epub 2017 Mar 17. [Article]
  6. Lee KC, Ladizinski B, Federman DG: Complications associated with use of levamisole-contaminated cocaine: an emerging public health challenge. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Jun;87(6):581-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.03.010. [Article]
  7. FDA approval: Levamisole [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014986
KEGG Drug
D08114
KEGG Compound
C07070
PubChem Compound
26879
PubChem Substance
46509052
ChemSpider
25037
BindingDB
50241179
RxNav
6371
ChEBI
6432
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1454
ZINC
ZINC000000119839
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000570
PharmGKB
PA450205
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Levamisole
MSDS
Download (75.3 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentAscariasis / Trichuriasis1
4RecruitingTreatmentNephrotic Syndrome in Children1
3CompletedTreatmentColorectal Cancer3
3CompletedTreatmentFirst Manifestation of Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome1
3CompletedTreatmentStage III Colon Cancer1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Janssen pharmaceutica products lp
Packagers
  • Professional Co.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
TabletOral50 mg
SolutionOral
PowderOral
TabletOral40 mg
Syrup
SolutionTopical
Tablet, coated40 mg
Syrup40 mg/5ml
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Levamisole hcl powder7.5USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)227-227.5 U.S. Patents 3,274,209; 3,364,112; 3,463,786; 3,579,530 and 3,646,051.
water solubility210 mg/mLNot Available
logP1.84BIOBYTE (1995)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.44 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.2ALOGPS
logP2.36Chemaxon
logS-2.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)6.98Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area15.6 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity60.08 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability22.35 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9868
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9513
Caco-2 permeable+0.5286
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.6429
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7329
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8382
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.728
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8531
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.5639
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7161
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9107
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8026
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9238
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.837
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6514
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.935
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.6601 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.7472
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8734
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0udi-6900000000-5160cd42f946bfd44b1d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-3287b9f97484db3f8259
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0290000000-2a8784dae8e131756f29
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-0930000000-975ff964afb959f70b6f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-a8c5505d0b7fdeaf0370
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00o0-0900000000-80c580945e5a7ddd9141
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-0930000000-d376a4d6ffa974193618
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-d856a825b29504cf56b6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-29757710d68d19c20f76
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-e4e9e3b226281380147b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6r-0980000000-ac1adb2c160be1dafe12
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-1920000000-4c40f20cc8cba971e7f6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00bc-2900000000-9a1379a30cf72af41c53
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-7b7b26cae9b220d1caab
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-1bbcf954ce60d0b1fcaa
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-07d289ec95e677a1b3aa
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6r-0890000000-c2231044d3a23c9eb270
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-1920000000-0a9caf1aaab83df71159
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00bc-2900000000-46aebcf766e13a170e5d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0920000000-eed44b98c34d9c4e1c34
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-4a3cc348fa14a506c8bd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-49a9ae546ec3a269617e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-0930000000-339380648feb3e65ef30
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00b9-0900000000-408cd49d75c26186b6e2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01ec-1900000000-ca0f7799112d42972b0d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0090000000-7ddaa102dc18fbcb369b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-7090000000-552fead73534680dc007
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-7bfb527434b002c9d9de
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-6490000000-6984601a7861b3366798
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0kbf-4900000000-7f756400cbbdcc36f996
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0007-1900000000-3a806c5042fc23f04e52
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-148.8375071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-148.8479071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-139.50072
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+148.9302071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+148.6483071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+141.89629
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+148.9877071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+149.3811071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+147.80882
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
Gene Name
CHRNA3
Uniprot ID
P32297
Uniprot Name
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3
Molecular Weight
57479.54 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Culetto E, Baylis HA, Richmond JE, Jones AK, Fleming JT, Squire MD, Lewis JA, Sattelle DB: The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-63 gene encodes a levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42476-83. Epub 2004 Jul 27. [Article]
  4. Rayes D, Flamini M, Hernando G, Bouzat C: Activation of single nicotinic receptor channels from Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 May;71(5):1407-15. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [Article]
  5. Parker S, Peterkin HS, Baylis HA: Muscular dystrophy associated mutations in caveolin-1 induce neurotransmission and locomotion defects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Invert Neurosci. 2007 Sep;7(3):157-64. Epub 2007 Jul 13. [Article]
  6. Hu Y, Xiao SH, Aroian RV: The new anthelmintic tribendimidine is an L-type (levamisole and pyrantel) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Aug 11;3(8):e499. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000499. [Article]
  7. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ALPPL2
Uniprot ID
P10696
Uniprot Name
Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like
Molecular Weight
57376.515 Da
References
  1. Chang YL, Stanford CM, Keller JC: Calcium and phosphate supplementation promotes bone cell mineralization: implications for hydroxyapatite (HA)-enhanced bone formation. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000 Nov;52(2):270-8. [Article]
  2. Funk CJ: Alkaline phosphatase activity in whitefly salivary glands and saliva. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2001 Apr;46(4):165-74. [Article]
  3. de Aguiar Matos JA, Borges FP, Tasca T, Bogo MR, De Carli GA, da Graca Fauth M, Dias RD, Bonan CD: Characterisation of an ATP diphosphohydrolase (Apyrase, EC 3.6.1.5) activity in Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Parasitol. 2001 Jun;31(8):770-5. [Article]
  4. McDougall K, Plumb C, King WA, Hahnel A: Inhibitor profiles of alkaline phosphatases in bovine preattachment embryos and adult tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 2002 Mar;50(3):415-22. [Article]
  5. Soory M, Suchak A: Effects of alkaline phosphatase and its inhibitor levamisole on the modulation of androgen metabolism by nicotine and minocycline in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol. 2003 Jan;48(1):69-76. [Article]
  6. Mota A, Silva P, Neves D, Lemos C, Calhau C, Torres D, Martel F, Fraga H, Ribeiro L, Alcada MN, Pinho MJ, Negrao MR, Pedrosa R, Guerreiro S, Guimaraes JT, Azevedo I, Martins MJ: Characterization of rat heart alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and modulation of activity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008 Jul;41(7):600-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Caenorhabditis elegans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
Specific Function
Acetylcholine receptor.
Gene Name
unc-38
Uniprot ID
Q23022
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type unc-38
Molecular Weight
59453.83 Da
References
  1. Culetto E, Baylis HA, Richmond JE, Jones AK, Fleming JT, Squire MD, Lewis JA, Sattelle DB: The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-63 gene encodes a levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42476-83. Epub 2004 Jul 27. [Article]
  2. Rayes D, Flamini M, Hernando G, Bouzat C: Activation of single nicotinic receptor channels from Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 May;71(5):1407-15. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Caenorhabditis elegans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function
Acetylcholine receptor.
Gene Name
unc-63
Uniprot ID
Q9N587
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-type unc-63
Molecular Weight
57390.645 Da
References
  1. Culetto E, Baylis HA, Richmond JE, Jones AK, Fleming JT, Squire MD, Lewis JA, Sattelle DB: The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-63 gene encodes a levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42476-83. Epub 2004 Jul 27. [Article]
  2. Rayes D, Flamini M, Hernando G, Bouzat C: Activation of single nicotinic receptor channels from Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 May;71(5):1407-15. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Caenorhabditis elegans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
Specific Function
Acetylcholine receptor.
Gene Name
lev-1
Uniprot ID
Q27218
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-type lev-1
Molecular Weight
58025.88 Da
References
  1. Culetto E, Baylis HA, Richmond JE, Jones AK, Fleming JT, Squire MD, Lewis JA, Sattelle DB: The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-63 gene encodes a levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42476-83. Epub 2004 Jul 27. [Article]
  2. Rayes D, Flamini M, Hernando G, Bouzat C: Activation of single nicotinic receptor channels from Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 May;71(5):1407-15. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Caenorhabditis elegans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity
Specific Function
Acetylcholine receptor.
Gene Name
unc-29
Uniprot ID
P48181
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-type unc-29
Molecular Weight
56496.52 Da
References
  1. Culetto E, Baylis HA, Richmond JE, Jones AK, Fleming JT, Squire MD, Lewis JA, Sattelle DB: The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-63 gene encodes a levamisole-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 8;279(41):42476-83. Epub 2004 Jul 27. [Article]
  2. Rayes D, Flamini M, Hernando G, Bouzat C: Activation of single nicotinic receptor channels from Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 May;71(5):1407-15. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 03, 2024 02:34