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Identification
Name Dorzolamide
Accession Number DB00869 (APRD00577, DB04507)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor. It is used in ophthalmic solutions (Trusopt) to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms Not Available
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Trusopt
Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Cosopt Dorzolamide (Dorzolamide Hydrochloride) + Timolol (Timolol Maleate)
Categories
  • Antihypertensive Agents
  • Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
CAS number 120279-96-1
Weight Average: 324.44
Monoisotopic: 324.02721908
Chemical Formula C10H16N2O4S3
InChI Key InChIKey=IAVUPMFITXYVAF-XPUUQOCRSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H16N2O4S3/c1-3-12-8-4-6(2)18(13,14)10-7(8)5-9(17-10)19(11,15)16/h5-6,8,12H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H2,11,15,16)/t6-,8-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(2S,4S)-4-(ethylamino)-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2H,3H,4H-1$l^{6},7-thieno[2,3-b][1$l^{6}]thiopyran-6-sulfonamide
SMILES
CCN[C@H]1C[C@H](C)S(=O)(=O)C2=C1C=C(S2)S(N)(=O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Also used prophylatically for the inhibition of perioperative IOP increase (before neodynium yttrium aluminum garnet laser posterior capsulotomy).
Pharmacodynamics Dorzolamide is topical CA inhibitor that is indicated for the reduction of elevated IOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who are insufficiently responsive to beta-blockers. Dorzolamide reduces IOP by approximately 17-23% in patients with elevater IOP.
Mechanism of action Dorzolamide is a sulfonamide and a highly specific carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) inhibitor, which is the main CA isoenzyme involved in aqueous humor secretion. Inhibition of CA-II in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion, presumably by slowing the formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport. Dorzolamide also accumulates in red blood cells as a result of CA-II binding, as CA-II is found predominantly in erythrocytes. However, sufficient CA-II activity remains so that adverse effects due to systemic CA inhibition are not observed.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding ~33%
Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination Dorzolamide is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine; the metabolite also is excreted in urine.
Half life 4 months
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, severe asthma, cardiac arrest
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Alcon inc
  • Apotex inc
  • Bausch and lomb inc
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • Pharmaforce inc
  • Sandoz canada inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Merck research laboratories div merck co inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Solution Ophthalmic
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Trusopt 2% Solution 10ml 79.25 USD bottle
Dorzolamide HCl 2% Solution 10ml Bottle 69.42 USD bottle
Dorzolamide hcl 2% eye drops 6.86 USD ml
Trusopt 2% eye drops 6.73 USD ml
Trusopt (Preservative-Free) 2 % Solution 3.93 USD ml
Trusopt 2 % Solution 3.93 USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
Canada 1329211 1994-05-03 2011-05-03
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 283-285 °C Not Available
logP -1 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 6.99e-01 g/l ALOGPS
logP -0.5 ALOGPS
logP -0.15 ChemAxon
logS -2.7 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 8.18 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 7.14 ChemAxon
physiological charge 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 106.33 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon
refractivity 72.46 ChemAxon
polarizability 31.55 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Plummer CE, MacKay EO, Gelatt KN: Comparison of the effects of topical administration of a fixed combination of dorzolamide-timolol to monotherapy with timolol or dorzolamide on IOP, pupil size, and heart rate in glaucomatous dogs. Vet Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul-Aug;9(4):245-9. Pubmed
  2. Grover S, Apushkin MA, Fishman GA: Topical dorzolamide for the treatment of cystoid macular edema in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 May;141(5):850-8. Epub 2006 Mar 20. Pubmed
  3. Almeida GC Jr, Faria e Souza SJ: Effect of topical dorzolamide on rabbit central corneal thickness. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 Feb;39(2):277-81. Epub 2006 Feb 2. Pubmed
  4. Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Banditt P: Clinical pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(3):197-205. Pubmed
  5. Balfour JA, Wilde MI: Dorzolamide. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 1997 May;10(5):384-403. Pubmed
  6. Ponticello GS, Sugrue MF, Plazonnet B, Durand-Cavagna G: Dorzolamide, a 40-year wait. From an oral to a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for the treatment of glaucoma. Pharm Biotechnol. 1998;11:555-74. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D07871 Link_out
KEGG Compound C06969 Link_out
BindingDB 50043906 Link_out
ChEBI 4702 Link_out
ChEMBL 4702 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000775 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164748765 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2216205 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/dorzolamide.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/dorzolamide-drops.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorzolamide Link_out
ATC Codes
  • S01EC03
AHFS Codes
  • 52:10.00
PDB Entries
FDA label show (569 KB)
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Brinzolamide As both brinzolamide and dorzolamide are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, there is an increased risk of adverse effects.The development of acid-base disorders with concurrent use of ophthalmic and oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors has been reported. Avoid concurrent use of different carbonic anhydrase inhibitors when possible.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Carbonic anhydrase 2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00918 Link_out
Gene: CA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Lachmann C, Jorg KM, Trinkmann R: [Postoperative behavior of intraocular pressure after posterior Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy—critical evaluation in preventive administration of local carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor dorzolamide hydrochloride (Trusopt)] Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1998 Dec;213(6):326-30. Pubmed
  2. Wong BK, Bruhin PJ, Barrish A, Lin JH: Nonlinear dorzolamide pharmacokinetics in rats: concentration-dependent erythrocyte distribution and drug-metabolite displacement interaction. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Jun;24(6):659-63. Pubmed
  3. Berg JT, Ramanathan S, Gabrielli MG, Swenson ER: Carbonic anhydrase in mammalian vascular smooth muscle. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004 Aug;52(8):1101-6. Pubmed
  4. Hasegawa T, Hara K, Hata S: Binding of dorzolamide and its metabolite, N-deethylated dorzolamide, to human erythrocytes in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 1994 May-Jun;22(3):377-82. Pubmed
  5. Maren TH, Conroy CW, Wynns GC, Levy NS: Ocular absorption, blood levels, and excretion of dorzolamide, a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Feb;13(1):23-30. Pubmed
  6. Sugrue MF: Pharmacological and ocular hypotensive properties of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000 Jan;19(1):87-112. Pubmed
  7. Sugrue MF: The preclinical pharmacology of dorzolamide hydrochloride, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Fall;12(3):363-76. Pubmed
  8. Srinivas SP, Ong A, Zhai CB, Bonanno JA: Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells by dorzolamide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Oct;43(10):3273-8. Pubmed
  9. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. Carbonic anhydrase 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. May stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P22748 Link_out
Gene: CA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sugrue MF: The preclinical pharmacology of dorzolamide hydrochloride, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Fall;12(3):363-76. Pubmed

3. Carbonic anhydrase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00915 Link_out
Gene: CA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hasegawa T, Hara K, Hata S: Binding of dorzolamide and its metabolite, N-deethylated dorzolamide, to human erythrocytes in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 1994 May-Jun;22(3):377-82. Pubmed
  2. Maren TH, Conroy CW, Wynns GC, Levy NS: Ocular absorption, blood levels, and excretion of dorzolamide, a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Feb;13(1):23-30. Pubmed
  3. Sugrue MF: The preclinical pharmacology of dorzolamide hydrochloride, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Fall;12(3):363-76. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19