Ganciclovir

Identification

Summary

Ganciclovir is a DNA polymerase inhibitor used to treat cytomegalovirus and herpetic keratitis of the eye.

Brand Names
Cytovene, Zirgan
Generic Name
Ganciclovir
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01004
Background

An acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 255.2306
Monoisotopic: 255.096753929
Chemical Formula
C9H13N5O4
Synonyms
  • 2-(6-Amino-purin-9-ylmethoxy)-propane-1,3-diol
  • 2-amino-9-((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)methyl)-1H-purin-6(9H)-one
  • 2-amino-9-((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)methyl)-3H-purin-6(9H)-one
  • 2-amino-9-((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)methyl)-9H-purin-6-ol
  • 2-Amino-9-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-ethoxymethyl)-1,9-dihydro-purin-6-one
  • 2-amino-9-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethoxymethyl)-6,9-dihydro-1H-6-purinone
  • 9-((2-Hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methyl)guanine
  • 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine
  • GA2
  • Ganciclovir
  • Ganciclovirum
  • Gancyclovir
External IDs
  • BW 759U
  • BW-759U
  • RS-21592

Pharmacology

Indication

For induction and maintenance in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in immunocompromised patients, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Also used in the treatment of severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, including CMV pneumonia, CMV gastrointestinal disease, and disseminated CMV infections, in immunocompromised patients.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Prophylaxis ofCmv infection••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofCmv infection••• •••••
Treatment ofCmv colitis••• •••••
Treatment ofCmv esophagitis••• •••••
Treatment ofCmv neurological disease••• •••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine that inhibits replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. Sensitive human viruses include cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus -1 and -2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), however clinical studies have been limited to assessment of efficacy in patients with CMV infection. Ganciclovir is a prodrug that is structurally similar to acyclovir. It inhibits virus replication by its encorporation into viral DNA. This encorporation inhibits dATP and leads to defective DNA, ceasing or retarding the viral machinery required to spread the virus to other cells.

Mechanism of action

Ganciclovir's antiviral activity inhibits virus replication. This inhibitory action is highly selective as the drug must be converted to the active form by a virus-encoded cellular enzyme, thymidine kinase (TK). TK catalyzes phosphorylation of ganciclovir to the monophosphate, which is then subsequently converted into the diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and into the triphosphate by a number of cellular enzymes. In vitro, ganciclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DNA. When used as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase, ganciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits dATP leading to the formation of 'faulty' DNA. This is where ganciclovir triphosphate is incorporated into the DNA strand replacing many of the adenosine bases. This results in the prevention of DNA synthesis, as phosphodiester bridges can longer to be built, destabilizing the strand. Ganciclovir inhibits viral DNA polymerases more effectively than it does cellular polymerase, and chain elongation resumes when ganciclovir is removed.

TargetActionsOrganism
ADNA polymerase catalytic subunit
inhibitor
HHV-1
ADNA
incorporation into and destabilization
Humans
AThymidine kinase
substrate
HHV-1
Absorption

Poorly absorbed systemically following oral administration. Bioavailability under fasting conditions is approximately 5%, and when administered with food, 6 to 9% (about 30% with a fatty meal).

Volume of distribution
  • 0.74 ± 0.15 L/kg
Protein binding

1 to 2%

Metabolism

Little to no metabolism, about 90% of plasma ganciclovir is eliminated unchanged in the urine.

Route of elimination

Renal excretion of unchanged drug by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion is the major route of elimination of ganciclovir.

Half-life

2.5 to 3.6 hours (mean 2.9 hours) when administered intravenously in adults. 3.1 to 5.5 hours when administered orally in adults. Renal function impairment causes a marked increase in half life (9 to 30 hours intravenously, 15.7 to 18.2 hours orally).

Clearance
  • 128 +/- 63 mL/min [Patients with Renal Impairment (Clcr=50-79 mL/min)]
  • 57+/- 8 mL/min [Patients with Renal Impairment (Clcr=25-49 mL/min)]
  • 30 +/- 13 mL/min [Patients with Renal Impairment (Clcr<25 mL/min)]
  • 4.7+/- 2.2 mL/min/kg [pediatric patients, aged 9 months to 12 years]
Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Oral, mouse LD50: > 2g/kg. Intravenous, dog LD50: > 150mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include irreversible pancytopenia, worsening GI symptoms, and acute renal failure. Suspected cancer agent.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirThe risk or severity of cytopenia can be increased when Ganciclovir is combined with Abacavir.
AbemaciclibThe excretion of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Ganciclovir.
AcamprosateThe excretion of Acamprosate can be decreased when combined with Ganciclovir.
AceclofenacAceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Ganciclovir which could result in a higher serum level.
AcemetacinAcemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Ganciclovir which could result in a higher serum level.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food. Food increases bioavailability.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Ganciclovir sodium02L083W284107910-75-8JJICLMJFIKGAAU-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
CytovenePowder, for solution500 mg / vialIntravenousCheplapharm Arzneimittel Gmbh Germany1995-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Cytovene - Cap 250mgCapsule250 mg / capOralHoffmann La Roche1995-12-312007-08-02Canada flag
Cytovene Inj 500mg/vialPowder, for solution500 mg / vialIntravenousSyntex Inc.1990-12-311996-09-30Canada flag
Cytovene IVInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousGenentech, Inc.1989-06-232020-01-31US flag
Cytovene IVInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousH2-Pharma, LLC1989-06-23Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
GanciclovirInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution50 mg/1mLIntraventricularSlate Run Pharmaceuticals, Llc2019-01-01Not applicableUS flag
GanciclovirCapsule250 mg/1OralRanbaxy Inc.2003-08-27Not applicableUS flag
GanciclovirInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousLeucadia Pharmaceuticals2019-06-202019-06-20US flag
GanciclovirInjection, solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousPharmascience Inc.2018-04-24Not applicableUS flag
GanciclovirInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution50 mg/1mLIntravenousBedford Pharmaceuticals2010-12-302010-12-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
J05AB06 — GanciclovirS01AD09 — Ganciclovir
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hypoxanthines. These are compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Imidazopyrimidines
Sub Class
Purines and purine derivatives
Direct Parent
Hypoxanthines
Alternative Parents
6-oxopurines / Pyrimidones / Glycerolipids / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / N-substituted imidazoles / Vinylogous amides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary amines / Primary alcohols
show 3 more
Substituents
6-oxopurine / Alcohol / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Glycerolipid / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative
show 14 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
oxopurine, 2-aminopurines (CHEBI:465284)
Affected organisms
  • Human Herpes Virus

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
P9G3CKZ4P5
CAS number
82410-32-0
InChI Key
IRSCQMHQWWYFCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H13N5O4/c10-9-12-7-6(8(17)13-9)11-3-14(7)4-18-5(1-15)2-16/h3,5,15-16H,1-2,4H2,(H3,10,12,13,17)
IUPAC Name
2-amino-9-{[(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-6-one
SMILES
NC1=NC2=C(N=CN2COC(CO)CO)C(=O)N1

References

Synthesis Reference
US4355032
General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015139
KEGG Drug
D00333
PubChem Compound
3454
PubChem Substance
46507294
ChemSpider
3336
BindingDB
50237614
RxNav
4678
ChEBI
465284
ChEMBL
CHEMBL182
ZINC
ZINC000000001505
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000645
PharmGKB
PA449733
PDBe Ligand
GA2
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Ganciclovir
PDB Entries
1ki2 / 4da6
FDA label
Download (489 KB)
MSDS
Download (119 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Roche palo alto llc
  • Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
  • Bausch and lomb inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Alliance Medical Products
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • Bausch & Lomb Inc.
  • Bedford Labs
  • F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd.
  • F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
  • JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
  • Sirion Therapeutics
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionIntravenous543.08 mg
SolutionIntravenous500.000 mg
CapsuleOral250 MG
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral500 MG
CapsuleOral
Injection, powder, for solution
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous
Powder
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous500 MG
Capsule, liquid filledOral250 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg
CapsuleOral250 mg / cap
Powder, for solutionIntravenous500 mg / vial
CapsuleOral500 mg / cap
GelOphthalmic0.15 % w/w
CapsuleOral250 mg/1
CapsuleOral500 mg/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/10mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntraventricular50 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous2 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous500 mg/10mL
Injection, powder, for solution500 MG
Powder, for solutionIntravenous
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous500 mg/1vial
Solution, gel forming / dropsConjunctival150 mg
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous500 mg
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous50 mg
SolutionIntravenous543.10 mg
Injection, solutionIntravenous500 mg
InjectionIntravenous500 mg
SolutionIntravenous543.000 mg
SolutionParenteral500.000 mg
GelOphthalmic
GelOphthalmic1.5 MG/G
OintmentOphthalmic0.15 g/100g
Solution, gel forming / dropsOphthalmic0.15 g
GelOphthalmic1.500 mg
ImplantIntravitreal4.5 mg/1
ImplantIntravitreal4.5 mg / imp
GelOphthalmic1.5 mg/1g
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution500 mg/1vial
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/1vial
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Vitrasert 4.5 mg implant19200.0USD implant
Cytovene 500 mg vial81.06USD vial
Cytovene 500 mg/vial46.41USD vial
Zirgan 0.15% ophthalmic gel33.6USD g
Ganciclovir 500 mg capsule19.66USD capsule
Cytovene 500 mg capsule10.99USD capsule
Cytovene 250 mg capsule5.61USD capsule
Ganciclovir 250 mg capsule4.72USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5378475No1995-01-032012-01-03US flag
US9486530No2016-11-082034-09-02US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)250 dec °CPhysProp
water solubility4300 mg/L (at 25 °C)MERCK INDEX (1996); pH 7
logP-1.66SANGSTER (1993)
Caco2 permeability-6.27ADME Research, USCD
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility11.5 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-1.8ALOGPS
logP-2.2Chemaxon
logS-1.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)10.16Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)0.58Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area134.99 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity61.03 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability24.15 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9443
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9866
Caco-2 permeable-0.8957
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5767
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.932
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8381
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8459
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8907
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8225
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5919
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.907
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.96
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.935
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6094
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8875
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9368
Rat acute toxicity2.0348 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9611
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8943
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-003r-9650000000-8833f26b2a4a485cc527
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0gb9-0090000000-b4bf1558f31e6cd80503
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1090000000-80a7b4d22e1375eb8a4d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-000j-9610000000-c3053bd735d9f92930bf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-007a-9300000000-392c976e03c2a82984cc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-168468ed262e2df62267
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4r-0490000000-0a16ac79577fd707fd15
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0920000000-16d50b83e7be32f4db70
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-2eca31ed3c60988970dc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udu-2900000000-fd85740333fbb29714c8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01pc-3900000000-81b422bf6764161bcb0f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-618946bbba03bdf5db19
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-08fr-0940000000-a4b04c8166c8b8f5c204
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-9230000000-1717b30cc45017c1a8ef
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-fdce3073c9985c74f4fc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0zfr-0900000000-dfb4efab9c6e07d9579a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-06s9-0900000000-0599115279b660f10d10
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-5900000000-95c67b0b5ae4ca575558
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-160.101906
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-157.643106
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-155.05626
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+159.431206
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+157.667306
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+157.41426
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+160.061206
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+164.71614
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
HHV-1
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function
Replicates viral genomic DNA. The replication complex is composed of six viral proteins: the DNA polymerase, processivity factor, primase, primase-associated factor, helicase, and ssDNA-binding pro...
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
P04293
Uniprot Name
DNA polymerase catalytic subunit
Molecular Weight
136419.66 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Boivin G, Goyette N, Gilbert C, Covington E: Analysis of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase (UL54) mutations in solid organ transplant patients receiving valganciclovir or ganciclovir prophylaxis. J Med Virol. 2005 Nov;77(3):425-9. [Article]
  4. Wang JT, Yang PW, Lee CP, Han CH, Tsai CH, Chen MR: Detection of Epstein-Barr virus BGLF4 protein kinase in virus replication compartments and virus particles. J Gen Virol. 2005 Dec;86(Pt 12):3215-25. [Article]
  5. Shi R, Azzi A, Gilbert C, Boivin G, Lin SX: Three-dimensional modeling of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase and preliminary analysis of drug resistance. Proteins. 2006 Aug 1;64(2):301-7. [Article]
Kind
Nucleotide
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Incorporation into and destabilization
DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.
References
  1. Martin M, Azzi A, Lin SX, Boivin G: Opposite effect of two cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase mutations on replicative capacity and polymerase activity. Antivir Ther. 2010;15(4):579-86. doi: 10.3851/IMP1565. [Article]
  2. Boivin G, Goyette N, Gilbert C, Covington E: Analysis of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase (UL54) mutations in solid organ transplant patients receiving valganciclovir or ganciclovir prophylaxis. J Med Virol. 2005 Nov;77(3):425-9. [Article]
  3. Marfori JE, Exner MM, Marousek GI, Chou S, Drew WL: Development of new cytomegalovirus UL97 and DNA polymerase mutations conferring drug resistance after valganciclovir therapy in allogeneic stem cell recipients. J Clin Virol. 2007 Feb;38(2):120-5. Epub 2006 Dec 8. [Article]
  4. Potena L, Holweg CT, Chin C, Luikart H, Weisshaar D, Narasimhan B, Fearon WF, Lewis DB, Cooke JP, Mocarski ES, Valantine HA: Acute rejection and cardiac allograft vascular disease is reduced by suppression of subclinical cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation. 2006 Aug 15;82(3):398-405. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
HHV-1
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Thymidine kinase activity
Specific Function
In latent infection, may allow the virus to be reactivated and to grow in cells lacking a high concentration of phosphorylated nucleic acid precursors, such as nerve cells that do not replicate the...
Gene Name
TK
Uniprot ID
Q9QNF7
Uniprot Name
Thymidine kinase
Molecular Weight
40896.475 Da
References
  1. Champness JN, Bennett MS, Wien F, Visse R, Summers WC, Herdewijn P, de Clerq E, Ostrowski T, Jarvest RL, Sanderson MR: Exploring the active site of herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase by X-ray crystallography of complexes with aciclovir and other ligands. Proteins. 1998 Aug 15;32(3):350-61. [Article]
  2. Beck C, Cayeux S, Lupton SD, Dorken B, Blankenstein T: The thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated "suicide" effect is variable in different tumor cells. Hum Gene Ther. 1995 Dec;6(12):1525-30. doi: 10.1089/hum.1995.6.12-1525. [Article]
  3. Garin MI, Garrett E, Tiberghien P, Apperley JF, Chalmers D, Melo JV, Ferrand C: Molecular mechanism for ganciclovir resistance in human T lymphocytes transduced with retroviral vectors carrying the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Blood. 2001 Jan 1;97(1):122-9. doi: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.122. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnico...
Gene Name
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID
O15245
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Molecular Weight
61153.345 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
  2. Wagner DJ, Hu T, Wang J: Polyspecific organic cation transporters and their impact on drug intracellular levels and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:237-246. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.002. Epub 2016 Jun 16. [Article]
  3. Shugarts S, Benet LZ: The role of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Pharm Res. 2009 Sep;26(9):2039-54. doi: 10.1007/s11095-009-9924-0. Epub 2009 Jun 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
Gene Name
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID
Q4U2R8
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
Molecular Weight
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
Gene Name
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID
Q8TCC7
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 8
Molecular Weight
59855.585 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulf...
Gene Name
SLC22A7
Uniprot ID
Q9Y694
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 7
Molecular Weight
60025.025 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter activity
Specific Function
Solute transporter for tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, N-methylnicotinamide (NMN), metformin, creatinine, guanidine, procainamide, topotecan, estrone sulfat...
Gene Name
SLC47A1
Uniprot ID
Q96FL8
Uniprot Name
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
Molecular Weight
61921.585 Da
References
  1. Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Sato T, Katsura T, Ogawa O, Inui K: Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H(+)-organic cation antiporters. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 15;74(2):359-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.04.010. Epub 2007 Apr 13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Drug transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Solute transporter for tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, N-methylnicotinamide, metformin, creatinine, guanidine, procainamide, topotecan, estrone sulfate, acy...
Gene Name
SLC47A2
Uniprot ID
Q86VL8
Uniprot Name
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2
Molecular Weight
65083.915 Da
References
  1. Tanihara Y, Masuda S, Sato T, Katsura T, Ogawa O, Inui K: Substrate specificity of MATE1 and MATE2-K, human multidrug and toxin extrusions/H(+)-organic cation antiporters. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 15;74(2):359-71. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.04.010. Epub 2007 Apr 13. [Article]
  2. Nies AT, Damme K, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M: Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Dec;8(12):1565-77. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2012.722996. Epub 2012 Sep 13. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48