Identification
- Summary
Tolevamer is a potassium-binding resin used in the treatment of hyperkalemia.
- Brand Names
- Kayexalate, Kionex, Resonium Calcium, Solystat
- Generic Name
- Tolevamer
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01344
- Background
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a medication used to treat abnormally high potassium levels. It may be taken orally or by rectum, as an enema, and functions as a potassium-binding resin in the intestines. It is also an effective topical microbicide and spermicide, inhibiting the genital transfection of, among others, HIV.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Synonyms
- poly(styrene-4-sulfonic acid)
- Polystyrene sulfonate
- Polystyrene sulfonic acid
- polystyrenesulfonic acid
- Tolevamer
Pharmacology
- Indication
Used to treat abnormally high potassium levels.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Hyperkalemia •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Polystyrene sulfonate affects the exchange of sodium and potassium in the body. Polystyrene sulfonate is used to treat high levels of potassium in the blood, also called hyperkalemia. It is a potassium-binding ion-exchange resin that can be administered orally (25 grams in 20% sorbitol) or rectally (50 grams in 20% sorbitol).
- Mechanism of action
Polystyrene sulfonate, which is not absorbed, binds excess potassium, carrying it out of the body. The indigestible potassium polystryene sulfonate complex is excreted with the faeces, preventing the absorption of potassium into the blood stream. Hence, the serum potassium level decreases.
Target Actions Organism APotassium binderHumans - Absorption
Not absorbed following oral administration.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
none
- Route of elimination
Feces.
- Half-life
none
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
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Overdose symptoms may include confusion, irritability, trouble thinking or concentrating, muscle weakness, or trouble breathing.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcetyldigitoxin The risk or severity of Cardiac Arrhythmia can be increased when Tolevamer is combined with Acetyldigitoxin. Almasilate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tolevamer is combined with Almasilate. Aluminium The therapeutic efficacy of Tolevamer can be decreased when used in combination with Aluminium. Aluminium phosphate The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tolevamer is combined with Aluminium phosphate. Aluminum hydroxide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tolevamer is combined with Aluminum hydroxide. - Food Interactions
- Avoid multivalent ions.
- Take on an empty stomach.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Tolevamer calcium HUI2S00793 37286-92-3 Not applicable Tolevamer potassium sodium 4A5OM7PI18 1011713-07-7 Not applicable Tolevamer sodium 1699G8679Z 9080-79-9 Not applicable - International/Other Brands
- Resonium A / Sorbisterit
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image K-exit Poudre Powder, for solution 100 % Oral; Rectal Omega Laboratories Limited 1988-12-31 2022-06-20 Canada 
Kayexalate Powder, for suspension 1 g / g Oral; Rectal Sanofi Aventis 1961-12-31 Not applicable Canada Kayexalate Powder, for suspension 4.1 meq/1g Oral; Rectal Covis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2013-07-15 2018-06-30 US 
Kayexalate Powder, for suspension 4.1 meq/1g Oral; Rectal Sanofi Aventis 1958-01-08 2013-04-04 US Kayexalate Powder, for suspension 4.1 meq/1g Oral; Rectal Concordia Pharmaceuticals, Inc 2013-07-15 2018-06-30 US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Jamp Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate Powder, for suspension 999 mg / g Oral; Rectal Jamp Pharma Corporation 2022-05-02 Not applicable Canada Jamp Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Powder, for suspension 1 g / g Oral; Rectal Jamp Pharma Corporation 2021-02-04 Not applicable Canada Kionex Suspension 15 g/60mL Oral; Rectal Paddock Laboratories, LLC 2008-12-30 Not applicable US Kionex Powder, for suspension 4.1 meq/1g Oral; Rectal Paddock Laboratories, Inc. 1998-02-01 2018-07-31 US Odan-sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Suspension 250 mg / mL Oral; Rectal Odan Laboratories Ltd 2018-12-11 Not applicable Canada - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image PMS-SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE POWDER FOR SUSPENSION 94.3 mg/g Powder, for suspension 94.3 mg/g Oral; Rectal MEDICELL PHARMACEUTICAL (S) PTE. LTD. 1991-05-14 Not applicable Singapore 
PMS-SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE SUSPENSION 15 g/60 ml Suspension 15 g/60ml Oral MEDICELL PHARMACEUTICAL (S) PTE. LTD. 1991-06-20 Not applicable Singapore RESINSODIO POWDER Powder, for suspension Oral THE ZYFAS MEDICAL CO., 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
RESINSODIO POWDER 4.95 g/5 g Powder, for suspension 4.95 g/5g Oral ZYFAS MEDICAL CO 1997-06-11 Not applicable Singapore
Categories
- ATC Codes
- V03AE01 — Polystyrene sulfonate
- Drug Categories
- Acids
- Acids, Noncarboxylic
- Benzene Derivatives
- Benzylidene Compounds
- Cation Exchange Resins
- Chelating Agents
- Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
- Drugs for Treatment of Hyperkalemia and Hyperphosphatemia
- Ion Exchange Resins
- Laboratory Chemicals
- Macromolecular Substances
- Plastics
- Polymers
- Polystyrene Sulfonates
- Potassium Binder
- Potassium Ion Exchange Activity
- Potassium-removing Agents
- Sequestering Agents
- Styrene
- Styrenes
- Sulfur Acids
- Sulfur Compounds
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- ZSL2FB6GXN
- CAS number
- 28210-41-5
References
- Synthesis Reference
Chris Ho, Jugminder Chawla, Hitesh R. Bhagat, "Polystyrene sulfonate polymer tablets, their preparation and use." U.S. Patent US20080299198, issued December 04, 2008.
US20080299198- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- PubChem Substance
- 46507832
- 1546436
- ChEBI
- 53278
- PharmGKB
- PA164749386
- Wikipedia
- Polystyrene_sulfonate
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Hyperkalemia / Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Failure 1 4 Recruiting Treatment Acute Hyperkalemia / Oral Potassium Binders 1 4 Terminated Supportive Care Hyperkalemia 1 3 Completed Treatment Clostridium Difficle Colitis / Clostridium Enterocolitis 1 3 Completed Treatment Clostridium Enterocolitis / Diarrhea 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Bayer Healthcare
- Carolina Medical Products Co.
- KVK-Tech Inc.
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medisca Inc.
- Paddock Labs
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Sanofi-Aventis Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Powder, for suspension Oral Granule Granule 880 mg/g Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 999 mg / g Powder, for solution Oral; Rectal 100 % Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 5 g Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 1 g / g Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 4.1 meq/1g Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 453.7 g Powder, for suspension Oral 99 g Powder, for suspension Oral 9900000 g Granule 880 mg Suspension Oral 14.96 g Suspension Oral; Rectal 250 mg / mL Powder Oral; Rectal 94.3 mg / g Suspension Rectal 250 mg / mL Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 94.3 mg/g Suspension Oral 15 g/60ml Powder Granule 880 mg/1g Powder, for suspension Oral 99.75 g/100g Powder, for suspension Oral 99.75 g Powder, for suspension Oral 9975000 g Powder, for suspension Oral 4.95 g/5g Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 14.99 g/15g Powder, for solution Oral; Rectal 999 mg / g Powder Oral 1 g/1g Powder Oral; Rectal 1 g/1g Powder, for suspension Oral 4.1 meq/1g Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 1 g/1g Suspension Oral; Rectal 15 g/60mL Suspension Oral; Rectal 4.1 meq/1g Suspension Oral 250 mg / mL Powder, for suspension Oral; Rectal 854 mg/g Suspension Oral; Rectal 85 % Suspension Oral; Rectal 15 g / 60 mL - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Pms-Sod Polystyr Sulf (120 Ml) 30 g/enm Retention Enema 15.36USD enema Kayexalate Powder 0.9USD gm Kayexalate powder 0.86USD g Sod poly sulfonate powder 0.69USD g Kionex Powder 0.46USD gm Kionex powder 0.44USD g Kalexate powder 0.39USD g Sodium polystyrene sulf powder 0.39USD g Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Powder 0.31USD gm Kayexalate Powder 0.2USD g Pms-Sodium Polystyrene Sulf. Powder 0.15USD g Pms-Sodium Polystyrene Sulf. 250 mg/ml Suspension 0.13USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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Yes
Binder
References
- Watson M, Abbott KC, Yuan CM: Damned if you do, damned if you don't: potassium binding resins in hyperkalemia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Oct;5(10):1723-6. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03700410. Epub 2010 Aug 26. [Article]
- Sterns RH, Rojas M, Bernstein P, Chennupati S: Ion-exchange resins for the treatment of hyperkalemia: are they safe and effective? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 May;21(5):733-5. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010010079. Epub 2010 Feb 18. [Article]
- Hoffman RS, Stringer JA, Feinberg RS, Goldfrank LR: Comparative efficacy of thallium adsorption by activated charcoal, prussian blue, and sodium polystyrene sulfonate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(7):833-7. [Article]
Drug created at June 30, 2007 18:12 / Updated at April 18, 2024 09:15