Paromomycin

Identification

Summary

Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal amebiasis, and as an adjunct for the management of hepatic coma.

Brand Names
Humatin
Generic Name
Paromomycin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01421
Background

An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various streptomyces. [PubChem]

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 615.6285
Monoisotopic: 615.296301173
Chemical Formula
C23H45N5O14
Synonyms
  • (1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside
  • Aminosidin
  • Aminosidine
  • Catenulin
  • Crestomycin
  • Estomycin
  • Hydroxymycin
  • Monomycin A
  • Neomycin E
  • Paromomicina
  • Paromomycin
  • Paromomycin I
  • Paromomycine
  • Paromomycinum
  • Paucimycin
  • Paucimycinum
  • Zygomycin A1
External IDs
  • ANTIBIOTIC 503-3
  • ANTIBIOTIC SF 767B
  • R 400
  • R-400

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal amebiasis (it is not effective in extraintestinal amebiasis). Also for the management of hepatic coma as adjunctive therapy.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofDientamoeba fragilis infection••• •••••
Adjunct therapy in treatment ofHepatic coma••••••••••••
Treatment ofAcute intestinal amebiasis••••••••••••
Treatment ofChronic intestinal amebiasis••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Paromomycin is a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rimosus var. paromomycinus. The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial action of paromomycin closely parallels that of neomycin.

Mechanism of action

Paromomycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 16S ribosomal RNA. Bacterial proteins are synthesized by ribosomal RNA complexes which are composed of 2 subunits, a large subunit (50s) and small (30s) subunit, which forms a 70s ribosomal subunit. tRNA binds to the top of this ribosomal structure. Paramomycin binds to the A site, which causes defective polypeptide chains to be produced. Continuous production of defective proteins eventually leads to bacterial death.

TargetActionsOrganism
A30S ribosomal protein S10
inhibitor
Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579)
A16S ribosomal RNA
inhibitor
Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
A40S ribosomal protein SA
inhibitor
Humans
A60S ribosomal protein L10-like
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Poorly absorbed after oral administration, with almost 100% of the drug recoverable in the stool.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Paromomycin Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirParomomycin may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Paromomycin is combined with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of nephrotoxicity can be increased when Paromomycin is combined with Acemetacin.
AcenocoumarolThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Paromomycin is combined with Acenocoumarol.
AcetaminophenParomomycin may decrease the excretion rate of Acetaminophen which could result in a higher serum level.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Paromomycin sulfate845NU6GJPS1263-89-4LJRDOKAZOAKLDU-UDXJMMFXSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
HumatinCapsule250 mgOralSearchlight Pharma Inc1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
HumatinCapsule250 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1994-03-112011-05-31US flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
HumatinCapsule250 mg/1OralWaylis Therapeutics LLC2021-04-08Not applicableUS flag
HumatinCapsule250 mg/1OralWoodward Pharma Services Llc2021-02-19Not applicableUS flag
HumatinCapsule250 mg/1OralMonarch Pharmaceuticals, Inc.1981-01-032008-11-11US flag
Paromomycin SulfateCapsule, gelatin coated250 mg/1OralX Gen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2007-12-172009-05-01US flag
Paromomycin SulfateCapsule250 mg/1OralHeritage Pharmaceuticals Inc. d/b/a Avet Pharmaceuticals Inc.2009-10-222024-03-31US flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
HumatinParomomycin sulfate (250 mg/1)CapsuleOralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1994-03-112011-05-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
A07AA06 — Paromomycin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 4,5-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines. These are 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides that a glycosidically linked to a pyranose of furanose unit at the C4- and C5-positions.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic oxygen compounds
Class
Organooxygen compounds
Sub Class
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct Parent
4,5-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines
Alternative Parents
O-glycosyl compounds / Disaccharides / Aminocyclitols and derivatives / Cyclohexylamines / Cyclohexanols / Oxanes / Tetrahydrofurans / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Oxacyclic compounds / Acetals
show 4 more
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / 4,5-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine / Acetal / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Amine / Aminocyclitol or derivatives / Cyclic alcohol / Cyclitol or derivatives / Cyclohexanol
show 16 more
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
aminoglycoside antibiotic, amino cyclitol glycoside (CHEBI:7934)
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
61JJC8N5ZK
CAS number
7542-37-2
InChI Key
UOZODPSAJZTQNH-LSWIJEOBSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C23H45N5O14/c24-2-7-13(32)15(34)10(27)21(37-7)41-19-9(4-30)39-23(17(19)36)42-20-12(31)5(25)1-6(26)18(20)40-22-11(28)16(35)14(33)8(3-29)38-22/h5-23,29-36H,1-4,24-28H2/t5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10-,11-,12+,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23+/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-amino-6-{[(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-4-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol
SMILES
NC[C@@H]1O[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C[C@H](N)[C@H]3O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3N)[C@@H]2O)[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O

References

Synthesis Reference

Federico Arcamone, Giuseppe Cassinelli, "Paromomycin derivatives and process for the preparation thereof." U.S. Patent US4021601, issued October, 1967.

US4021601
General References
  1. Vicens Q, Westhof E: Crystal structure of paromomycin docked into the eubacterial ribosomal decoding A site. Structure. 2001 Aug;9(8):647-58. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015490
KEGG Compound
C00832
PubChem Compound
165580
PubChem Substance
46505391
ChemSpider
145115
BindingDB
50240054
RxNav
7934
ChEBI
7934
ChEMBL
CHEMBL370143
ZINC
ZINC000060183170
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000407
PharmGKB
PA164784023
PDBe Ligand
PAR
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Paromomycin
PDB Entries
1fjg / 1fyp / 1ibk / 1ibl / 1j7t / 1n32 / 1n33 / 1vvj / 1xmo / 1xmq
show 86 more

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentVisceral Leishmaniasis1
3CompletedTreatmentCutaneous Leishmaniasis2
3CompletedTreatmentVisceral Leishmaniasis7
2CompletedTreatmentCryptosporidiosis infection / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections1
2CompletedTreatmentCutaneous Leishmaniasis3

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs
  • Heritage Pharmaceuticals
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet
SyrupOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
Injection0.5 g
CapsuleOral
CapsuleOral250 mg
CapsuleOral250 mg/1
SyrupOral2.5 g/100ml
SyrupOral25 MG/ML
Powder, for solutionOral1 g
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral250 mg/1
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Paromomycin 250 mg capsule5.67USD capsule
Humatin 250 mg capsule2.67USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility79.7 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-2.9ALOGPS
logP-8.3Chemaxon
logS-0.89ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.23Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.68Chemaxon
Physiological Charge5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count19Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count13Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area347.32 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count9Chemaxon
Refractivity134.24 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability59.03 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption-0.8617
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9659
Caco-2 permeable-0.7502
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5164
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8023
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8764
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.7886
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8231
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8041
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6473
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9157
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9147
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9034
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9471
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8446
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6934
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9505
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8587
Rat acute toxicity1.4850 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9728
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.81
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-001i-9342160000-31e82797142b42a04602
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0900243000-391e5d680995c4f52a94
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0200229000-214394e095d99937e833
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0910412000-1667b87148afdec68ca0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-2322098000-5e652eabee097d1e4b62
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014l-3922675000-023593715a5bbc0afeac
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-022c-1459755000-97b6d11091399b4bbcb3
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-231.0261204
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-235.7068204
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-234.54387
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+230.0119204
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+233.1818204
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+236.30786
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+234.3119204
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+234.5308204
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+242.5352
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Trna binding
Specific Function
Part of the top of the 30S subunit head.
Gene Name
rpsJ
Uniprot ID
Q5SHN7
Uniprot Name
30S ribosomal protein S10
Molecular Weight
11929.82 Da
References
  1. Dlugosz M, Trylska J: Aminoglycoside association pathways with the 30S ribosomal subunit. J Phys Chem B. 2009 May 21;113(20):7322-30. doi: 10.1021/jp8112914. [Article]
Kind
Nucleotide
Organism
Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
In prokaryotes, the 16S rRNA is essential for recognizing the 5' end of mRNA and hence positioning it correctly on the ribosome. The 16S rRNA has a characteristic secondary structure in which half of the nucleotides are base-paired. The 16S rRNA sequence has been highly conserved and is often used for evolutionary and species comparative analysis.
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Konno T, Kurita D, Takahashi T, Muto A, Himeno H: Initiation-shift of trans-translation by aminoglycosides. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2004;(48):299-300. [Article]
  4. Chao PW, Chow CS: Monitoring aminoglycoside-induced conformational changes in 16S rRNA through acrylamide quenching. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 Jun 1;15(11):3825-31. Epub 2007 Mar 13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Virus receptor activity
Specific Function
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal s...
Gene Name
RPSA
Uniprot ID
P08865
Uniprot Name
40S ribosomal protein SA
Molecular Weight
32853.79 Da
References
  1. Prokhorova I, Altman RB, Djumagulov M, Shrestha JP, Urzhumtsev A, Ferguson A, Chang CT, Yusupov M, Blanchard SC, Yusupova G: Aminoglycoside interactions and impacts on the eukaryotic ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Dec 19;114(51):E10899-E10908. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1715501114. Epub 2017 Dec 5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Structural constituent of ribosome
Specific Function
May play a role in compensating for the inactivated X-linked gene during spermatogenesis.
Gene Name
RPL10L
Uniprot ID
Q96L21
Uniprot Name
60S ribosomal protein L10-like
Molecular Weight
24518.595 Da
References
  1. Prokhorova I, Altman RB, Djumagulov M, Shrestha JP, Urzhumtsev A, Ferguson A, Chang CT, Yusupov M, Blanchard SC, Yusupova G: Aminoglycoside interactions and impacts on the eukaryotic ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Dec 19;114(51):E10899-E10908. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1715501114. Epub 2017 Dec 5. [Article]

Drug created at July 24, 2007 10:03 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:50