Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Details
- Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Synonyms
- NR1C3
- Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3
- PPAR-gamma
- Gene Name
- PPARG
- Organism
- Humans
- Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0000429|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma MGETLGDSPIDPESDSFTDTLSANISQEMTMVDTEMPFWPTNFGISSVDLSVMEDHSHSF DIKPFTTVDFSSISTPHYEDIPFTRTDPVVADYKYDLKLQEYQSAIKVEPASPPYYSEKT QLYNKPHEEPSNSLMAIECRVCGDKASGFHYGVHACEGCKGFFRRTIRLKLIYDRCDLNC RIHKKSRNKCQYCRFQKCLAVGMSHNAIRFGRMPQAEKEKLLAEISSDIDQLNPESADLR ALAKHLYDSYIKSFPLTKAKARAILTGKTTDKSPFVIYDMNSLMMGEDKIKFKHITPLQE QSKEVAIRIFQGCQFRSVEAVQEITEYAKSIPGFVNLDLNDQVTLLKYGVHEIIYTMLAS LMNKDGVLISEGQGFMTREFLKSLRKPFGDFMEPKFEFAVKFNALELDDSDLAIFIAVII LSGDRPGLLNVKPIEDIQDNLLQALELQLKLNHPESSQLFAKLLQKMTDLRQIVTEHVQL LQVIKKTETDMSLHPLLQEIYKDLY
- Number of residues
- 505
- Molecular Weight
- 57619.58
- Theoretical pI
- 5.77
- GO Classification
- Functionsactivating transcription factor binding / alpha-actinin binding / arachidonic acid binding / chromatin binding / core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding / DNA binding / drug binding / enzyme binding / ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity / prostaglandin receptor activity / retinoid X receptor binding / RNA polymerase II regulatory region DNA binding / RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding / steroid hormone receptor activity / transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding / transcription regulatory region DNA binding / transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding / zinc ion bindingProcessesactivation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process / brown fat cell differentiation / cell fate commitment / cell maturation / cellular response to hyperoxia / cellular response to insulin stimulus / cellular response to lithium ion / cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus / cellular response to retinoic acid / cellular response to vitamin E / diet induced thermogenesis / epithelial cell differentiation / fatty acid oxidation / G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway / gene expression / glucose homeostasis / heart development / innate immune response / lipid homeostasis / lipid metabolic process / lipoprotein transport / long-chain fatty acid transport / low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process / monocyte differentiation / negative regulation of acute inflammatory response / negative regulation of cell growth / negative regulation of cholesterol storage / negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process / negative regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway / negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation / negative regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation / negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process / negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride / negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation / negative regulation of telomerase activity / negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter / negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated / organ regeneration / peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway / placenta development / positive regulation of fat cell differentiation / positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation / positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation / positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment / positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity / positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter / positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated / regulation of blood pressure / regulation of cholesterol transporter activity / regulation of circadian rhythm / regulation of transcription involved in cell fate commitment / response to caffeine / response to cold / response to diuretic / response to estrogen / response to immobilization stress / response to lipid / response to low-density lipoprotein particle / response to mechanical stimulus / response to metformin / response to nutrient / response to retinoic acid / response to starvation / response to vitamin A / rhythmic process / signal transduction / transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter / white fat cell differentiationComponentscytosol / Golgi apparatus / intracellular membrane-bounded organelle / nucleoplasm / nucleus / perinuclear region of cytoplasm / RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL/BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity).
- Pfam Domain Function
- Transmembrane Regions
- Not Available
- Cellular Location
- Nucleus
- Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0021642|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) ATGACCATGGTTGACACAGAGATGCCATTCTGGCCCACCAACTTTGGGATCAGCTCCGTG GATCTCTCCGTAATGGAAGACCACTCCCACTCCTTTGATATCAAGCCCTTCACTACTGTT GACTTCTCCAGCATTTCTACTCCACATTACGAAGACATTCCATTCACAAGAACAGATCCA GTGGTTGCAGATTACAAGTATGACCTGAAACTTCAAGAGTACCAAAGTGCAATCAAAGTG GAGCCTGCATCTCCACCTTATTATTCTGAGAAGACTCAGCTCTACAATAAGCCTCATGAA GAGCCTTCCAACTCCCTCATGGCAATTGAATGTCGTGTCTGTGGAGATAAAGCTTCTGGA TTTCACTATGGAGTTCATGCTTGTGAAGGATGCAAGGGTTTCTTCCGGAGAACAATCAGA TTGAAGCTTATCTATGACAGATGTGATCTTAACTGTCGGATCCACAAAAAAAGTAGAAAT AAATGTCAGTACTGTCGGTTTCAGAAATGCCTTGCAGTGGGGATGTCTCATAATGCCATC AGGTTTGGGCGGATGCCACAGGCCGAGAAGGAGAAGCTGTTGGCGGAGATCTCCAGTGAT ATCGACCAGCTGAATCCAGAGTCCGCTGACCTCCGGGCCCTGGCAAAACATTTGTATGAC TCATACATAAAGTCCTTCCCGCTGACCAAAGCAAAGGCGAGGGCGATCTTGACAGGAAAG ACAACAGACAAATCACCATTCGTTATCTATGACATGAATTCCTTAATGATGGGAGAAGAT AAAATCAAGTTCAAACACATCACCCCCCTGCAGGAGCAGAGCAAAGAGGTGGCCATCCGC ATCTTTCAGGGCTGCCAGTTTCGCTCCGTGGAGGCTGTGCAGGAGATCACAGAGTATGCC AAAAGCATTCCTGGTTTTGTAAATCTTGACTTGAACGACCAAGTAACTCTCCTCAAATAT GGAGTCCACGAGATCATTTACACAATGCTGGCCTCCTTGATGAATAAAGATGGGGTTCTC ATATCCGAGGGCCAAGGCTTCATGACAAGGGAGTTTCTAAAGAGCCTGCGAAAGCCTTTT GGTGACTTTATGGAGCCCAAGTTTGAGTTTGCTGTGAAGTTCAATGCACTGGAATTAGAT GACAGCGACTTGGCAATATTTATTGCTGTCATTATTCTCAGTGGAGACCGCCCAGGTTTG CTGAATGTGAAGCCCATTGAAGACATTCAAGACAACCTGCTACAAGCCCTGGAGCTCCAG CTGAAGCTGAACCACCCTGAGTCCTCACAGCTGTTTGCCAAGCTGCTCCAGAAAATGACA GACCTCAGACAGATTGTCACGGAACACGTGCAGCTACTGCAGGTGATCAAGAAGACGGAG ACAGACATGAGTCTTCACCCGCTCCTGCAGGAGATCTACAAGGACTTGTACTAG
- Chromosome Location
- 3
- Locus
- 3p25
- External Identifiers
Resource Link UniProtKB ID P37231 UniProtKB Entry Name PPARG_HUMAN GenBank Protein ID 1711117 GenBank Gene ID U79012 GenAtlas ID PPARG HGNC ID HGNC:9236 - General References
- Mukherjee R, Jow L, Croston GE, Paterniti JR Jr: Identification, characterization, and tissue distribution of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms PPARgamma2 versus PPARgamma1 and activation with retinoid X receptor agonists and antagonists. J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 21;272(12):8071-6. [Article]
- Elbrecht A, Chen Y, Cullinan CA, Hayes N, Leibowitz Md, Moller DE, Berger J: Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of human peroxisome proliferator activated receptors gamma 1 and gamma 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jul 16;224(2):431-7. [Article]
- Yanase T, Yashiro T, Takitani K, Kato S, Taniguchi S, Takayanagi R, Nawata H: Differential expression of PPAR gamma1 and gamma2 isoforms in human adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Apr 17;233(2):320-4. [Article]
- Greene ME, Blumberg B, McBride OW, Yi HF, Kronquist K, Kwan K, Hsieh L, Greene G, Nimer SD: Isolation of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma cDNA: expression in hematopoietic cells and chromosomal mapping. Gene Expr. 1995;4(4-5):281-99. [Article]
- Okazawa H, Mori H, Tamori Y, Araki S, Niki T, Masugi J, Kawanishi M, Kubota T, Shinoda H, Kasuga M: No coding mutations are detected in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in Japanese patients with lipoatrophic diabetes. Diabetes. 1997 Nov;46(11):1904-6. [Article]
- Lambe KG, Tugwood JD: A human peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is activated by inducers of adipogenesis, including thiazolidinedione drugs. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jul 1;239(1):1-7. [Article]
- Kim HJ, Woo IS, Kang ES, Eun SY, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim JH, Seo HG: Identification of a truncated alternative splicing variant of human PPARgamma1 that exhibits dominant negative activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 1;347(3):698-706. Epub 2006 Jul 5. [Article]
- Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. [Article]
- Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Kaul R, Wang J, Yu J, Sudbrak R, Buhay CJ, Chen R, Cree A, Ding Y, Dugan-Rocha S, Gill R, Gunaratne P, Harris RA, Hawes AC, Hernandez J, Hodgson AV, Hume J, Jackson A, Khan ZM, Kovar-Smith C, Lewis LR, Lozado RJ, Metzker ML, Milosavljevic A, Miner GR, Morgan MB, Nazareth LV, Scott G, Sodergren E, Song XZ, Steffen D, Wei S, Wheeler DA, Wright MW, Worley KC, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Adams CQ, Ansari-Lari MA, Ayele M, Brown MJ, Chen G, Chen Z, Clendenning J, Clerc-Blankenburg KP, Chen R, Chen Z, Davis C, Delgado O, Dinh HH, Dong W, Draper H, Ernst S, Fu G, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Garcia DK, Gillett W, Gu J, Hao B, Haugen E, Havlak P, He X, Hennig S, Hu S, Huang W, Jackson LR, Jacob LS, Kelly SH, Kube M, Levy R, Li Z, Liu B, Liu J, Liu W, Lu J, Maheshwari M, Nguyen BV, Okwuonu GO, Palmeiri A, Pasternak S, Perez LM, Phelps KA, Plopper FJ, Qiang B, Raymond C, Rodriguez R, Saenphimmachak C, Santibanez J, Shen H, Shen Y, Subramanian S, Tabor PE, Verduzco D, Waldron L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Williams GA, Wong GK, Yao Z, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Nelson D, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Naylor SL, Yang H, Olson M, Weinstock G, Gibbs RA: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1194-8. [Article]
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [Article]
- Caira F, Antonson P, Pelto-Huikko M, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA: Cloning and characterization of RAP250, a novel nuclear receptor coactivator. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5308-17. [Article]
- Zhou XP, Smith WM, Gimm O, Mueller E, Gao X, Sarraf P, Prior TW, Plass C, von Deimling A, Black PM, Yates AJ, Eng C: Over-representation of PPARgamma sequence variants in sporadic cases of glioblastoma multiforme: preliminary evidence for common low penetrance modifiers for brain tumour risk in the general population. J Med Genet. 2000 Jun;37(6):410-4. [Article]
- Qi C, Chang J, Zhu Y, Yeldandi AV, Rao SM, Zhu YJ: Identification of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 as a coactivator for estrogen receptor alpha. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 9;277(32):28624-30. Epub 2002 May 30. [Article]
- Shao W, Halachmi S, Brown M: ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 May;22(10):3358-72. [Article]
- Bu H, Kashireddy P, Chang J, Zhu YT, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Rao SM, Zhu YJ: ERBP, a novel estrogen receptor binding protein enhancing the activity of estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Apr 23;317(1):54-9. [Article]
- Drori S, Girnun GD, Tou L, Szwaya JD, Mueller E, Xia K, Shivdasani RA, Spiegelman BM: Hic-5 regulates an epithelial program mediated by PPARgamma. Genes Dev. 2005 Feb 1;19(3):362-75. [Article]
- Tomaru T, Satoh T, Yoshino S, Ishizuka T, Hashimoto K, Monden T, Yamada M, Mori M: Isolation and characterization of a transcriptional cofactor and its novel isoform that bind the deoxyribonucleic acid-binding domain of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Endocrinology. 2006 Jan;147(1):377-88. Epub 2005 Oct 20. [Article]
- Yin Y, Yuan H, Wang C, Pattabiraman N, Rao M, Pestell RG, Glazer RI: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb;20(2):268-78. Epub 2005 Sep 8. [Article]
- Burgermeister E, Chuderland D, Hanoch T, Meyer M, Liscovitch M, Seger R: Interaction with MEK causes nuclear export and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Feb;27(3):803-17. Epub 2006 Nov 13. [Article]
- Park SH, Choi HJ, Yang H, Do KH, Kim J, Lee DW, Moon Y: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated C/EBP homologous protein enhances nuclear factor-kappaB signals via repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 12;285(46):35330-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.136259. Epub 2010 Sep 9. [Article]
- Park UH, Yoon SK, Park T, Kim EJ, Um SJ: Additional sex comb-like (ASXL) proteins 1 and 2 play opposite roles in adipogenesis via reciprocal regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma}. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jan 14;286(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.177816. Epub 2010 Nov 3. [Article]
- Khurana S, Chakraborty S, Lam M, Liu Y, Su YT, Zhao X, Saleem MA, Mathieson PW, Bruggeman LA, Kao HY: Familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)-linked alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) protein mutants lose ability to activate transcription by nuclear hormone receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 6;287(15):12027-35. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.345421. Epub 2012 Feb 17. [Article]
- Katano-Toki A, Satoh T, Tomaru T, Yoshino S, Ishizuka T, Ishii S, Ozawa A, Shibusawa N, Tsuchiya T, Saito T, Shimizu H, Hashimoto K, Okada S, Yamada M, Mori M: THRAP3 interacts with HELZ2 and plays a novel role in adipocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol. 2013 May;27(5):769-80. doi: 10.1210/me.2012-1332. Epub 2013 Mar 22. [Article]
- Uppenberg J, Svensson C, Jaki M, Bertilsson G, Jendeberg L, Berkenstam A: Crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of the human nuclear receptor PPARgamma. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 20;273(47):31108-12. [Article]
- Nolte RT, Wisely GB, Westin S, Cobb JE, Lambert MH, Kurokawa R, Rosenfeld MG, Willson TM, Glass CK, Milburn MV: Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Nature. 1998 Sep 10;395(6698):137-43. [Article]
- Gampe RT Jr, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Miller AB, Bledsoe RK, Milburn MV, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Xu HE: Asymmetry in the PPARgamma/RXRalpha crystal structure reveals the molecular basis of heterodimerization among nuclear receptors. Mol Cell. 2000 Mar;5(3):545-55. [Article]
- Xu HE, Lambert MH, Montana VG, Plunket KD, Moore LB, Collins JL, Oplinger JA, Kliewer SA, Gampe RT Jr, McKee DD, Moore JT, Willson TM: Structural determinants of ligand binding selectivity between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13919-24. Epub 2001 Nov 6. [Article]
- Cronet P, Petersen JF, Folmer R, Blomberg N, Sjoblom K, Karlsson U, Lindstedt EL, Bamberg K: Structure of the PPARalpha and -gamma ligand binding domain in complex with AZ 242; ligand selectivity and agonist activation in the PPAR family. Structure. 2001 Aug;9(8):699-706. [Article]
- Ebdrup S, Pettersson I, Rasmussen HB, Deussen HJ, Frost Jensen A, Mortensen SB, Fleckner J, Pridal L, Nygaard L, Sauerberg P: Synthesis and biological and structural characterization of the dual-acting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist ragaglitazar. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 10;46(8):1306-17. [Article]
- Ostberg T, Svensson S, Selen G, Uppenberg J, Thor M, Sundbom M, Sydow-Backman M, Gustavsson AL, Jendeberg L: A new class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists with a novel binding epitope shows antidiabetic effects. J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 24;279(39):41124-30. Epub 2004 Jul 15. [Article]
- Haffner CD, Lenhard JM, Miller AB, McDougald DL, Dwornik K, Ittoop OR, Gampe RT Jr, Xu HE, Blanchard S, Montana VG, Consler TG, Bledsoe RK, Ayscue A, Croom D: Structure-based design of potent retinoid X receptor alpha agonists. J Med Chem. 2004 Apr 8;47(8):2010-29. [Article]
- Shi GQ, Dropinski JF, McKeever BM, Xu S, Becker JW, Berger JP, MacNaul KL, Elbrecht A, Zhou G, Doebber TW, Wang P, Chao YS, Forrest M, Heck JV, Moller DE, Jones AB: Design and synthesis of alpha-aryloxyphenylacetic acid derivatives: a novel class of PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists with potent antihyperglycemic and lipid modulating activity. J Med Chem. 2005 Jun 30;48(13):4457-68. [Article]
- Li Y, Choi M, Suino K, Kovach A, Daugherty J, Kliewer SA, Xu HE: Structural and biochemical basis for selective repression of the orphan nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 by small heterodimer partner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 5;102(27):9505-10. Epub 2005 Jun 23. [Article]
- Hopkins CR, O'neil SV, Laufersweiler MC, Wang Y, Pokross M, Mekel M, Evdokimov A, Walter R, Kontoyianni M, Petrey ME, Sabatakos G, Roesgen JT, Richardson E, Demuth TP Jr: Design and synthesis of novel N-sulfonyl-2-indole carboxamides as potent PPAR-gamma binding agents with potential application to the treatment of osteoporosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 Nov 1;16(21):5659-63. Epub 2006 Aug 21. [Article]
- Mahindroo N, Wang CC, Liao CC, Huang CF, Lu IL, Lien TW, Peng YH, Huang WJ, Lin YT, Hsu MC, Lin CH, Tsai CH, Hsu JT, Chen X, Lyu PC, Chao YS, Wu SY, Hsieh HP: Indol-1-yl acetic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: design, synthesis, structural biology, and molecular docking studies. J Med Chem. 2006 Feb 9;49(3):1212-6. [Article]
- Lu IL, Huang CF, Peng YH, Lin YT, Hsieh HP, Chen CT, Lien TW, Lee HJ, Mahindroo N, Prakash E, Yueh A, Chen HY, Goparaju CM, Chen X, Liao CC, Chao YS, Hsu JT, Wu SY: Structure-based drug design of a novel family of PPARgamma partial agonists: virtual screening, X-ray crystallography, and in vitro/in vivo biological activities. J Med Chem. 2006 May 4;49(9):2703-12. [Article]
- Yen CJ, Beamer BA, Negri C, Silver K, Brown KA, Yarnall DP, Burns DK, Roth J, Shuldiner AR: Molecular scanning of the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (hPPAR gamma) gene in diabetic Caucasians: identification of a Pro12Ala PPAR gamma 2 missense mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Dec 18;241(2):270-4. [Article]
- Ristow M, Muller-Wieland D, Pfeiffer A, Krone W, Kahn CR: Obesity associated with a mutation in a genetic regulator of adipocyte differentiation. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 1;339(14):953-9. [Article]
- Deeb SS, Fajas L, Nemoto M, Pihlajamaki J, Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Fujimoto W, Auwerx J: A Pro12Ala substitution in PPARgamma2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity. Nat Genet. 1998 Nov;20(3):284-7. [Article]
- Hamann A, Munzberg H, Buttron P, Busing B, Hinney A, Mayer H, Siegfried W, Hebebrand J, Greten H: Missense variants in the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene in lean and obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jul;141(1):90-2. [Article]
- Valve R, Sivenius K, Miettinen R, Pihlajamaki J, Rissanen A, Deeb SS, Auwerx J, Uusitupa M, Laakso M: Two polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene are associated with severe overweight among obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3708-12. [Article]
- Sarraf P, Mueller E, Smith WM, Wright HM, Kum JB, Aaltonen LA, de la Chapelle A, Spiegelman BM, Eng C: Loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma associated with human colon cancer. Mol Cell. 1999 Jun;3(6):799-804. [Article]
- Barroso I, Gurnell M, Crowley VE, Agostini M, Schwabe JW, Soos MA, Maslen GL, Williams TD, Lewis H, Schafer AJ, Chatterjee VK, O'Rahilly S: Dominant negative mutations in human PPARgamma associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Nature. 1999 Dec 23-30;402(6764):880-3. [Article]
- Hegele RA, Cao H, Frankowski C, Mathews ST, Leff T: PPARG F388L, a transactivation-deficient mutant, in familial partial lipodystrophy. Diabetes. 2002 Dec;51(12):3586-90. [Article]
- Agarwal AK, Garg A: A novel heterozygous mutation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene in a patient with familial partial lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jan;87(1):408-11. [Article]
- Masud S, Ye S: Effect of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma gene Pro12Ala variant on body mass index: a meta-analysis. J Med Genet. 2003 Oct;40(10):773-80. [Article]
- Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Hanefeld M, Chinetti G, Zawadzki C, Haulon S, Kubaszek A, Koehler C, Leonhardt W, Staels B, Laakso M: Ala12Ala genotype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 protects against atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4238-42. [Article]
- Kim KS, Choi SM, Shin SU, Yang HS, Yoon Y: Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 Pro12Ala polymorphism on body fat distribution in female Korean subjects. Metabolism. 2004 Dec;53(12):1538-43. [Article]
Drug Relations
- Drug Relations
DrugBank ID Name Drug group Pharmacological action? Actions Details DB00197 Troglitazone approved, investigational, withdrawn yes agonistregulator Details DB00412 Rosiglitazone approved, investigational yes agonist Details DB01132 Pioglitazone approved, investigational yes agonist Details DB00159 Icosapent approved, nutraceutical yes agonistregulator Details DB04971 Reglitazar investigational unknown Details DB04689 2-{5-[3-(6-BENZOYL-1-PROPYLNAPHTHALEN-2-YLOXY)PROPOXY]INDOL-1-YL}ETHANOIC ACID experimental unknown Details DB05187 Elafibranor investigational unknown Details DB05490 AMG-131 investigational yes partial agonist Details DB05854 CLX-0921 investigational unknown Details DB11811 Arhalofenate investigational unknown Details DB12662 Naveglitazar investigational unknown Details DB06510 Muraglitazar investigational unknown Details DB06521 Ertiprotafib investigational unknown Details DB06533 Ragaglitazar investigational unknown Details DB06536 Tesaglitazar investigational unknown Details DB00328 Indomethacin approved, investigational unknown activator Details DB00731 Nateglinide approved, investigational unknown agonist Details DB00912 Repaglinide approved, investigational unknown agonist Details DB01252 Mitiglinide investigational unknown agonist Details DB01067 Glipizide approved, investigational unknown agonist Details DB00966 Telmisartan approved, investigational yes partial agonist Details DB01014 Balsalazide approved, investigational yes agonist Details DB01393 Bezafibrate approved, investigational yes agonist Details DB06908 (2S)-3-(1-{[2-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)-5-METHYL-1,3-OXAZOL-4-YL]METHYL}-1H-INDOL-5-YL)-2-ETHOXYPROPANOIC ACID experimental unknown Details DB06926 (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07053 2-{5-[3-(7-PROPYL-3-TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZO[D]ISOXAZOL-6-YLOXY)PROPOXY]INDOL-1-YL}ETHANOIC ACID experimental unknown Details DB07111 (4S,5E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-4-hydroxydocosa-5,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07172 (5R,6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-6,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07208 (8E,10S,12Z)-10-hydroxy-6-oxooctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07209 (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroxy-6-oxooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07302 9(S)-HODE experimental unknown Details DB07509 difluoro(5-{2-[(5-octyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl-kappaN)methylidene]-2H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN}pentanoato)boron experimental unknown Details DB07675 (2S)-2-ETHOXY-3-{4-[2-(10H-PHENOXAZIN-10-YL)ETHOXY]PHENYL}PROPANOIC ACID experimental unknown Details DB07723 3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07724 Indeglitazar experimental unknown Details DB07842 (2S)-2-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acid experimental unknown Details DB07863 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide experimental unknown Details DB08121 (2S)-2-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acid experimental unknown Details DB08302 3-[5-(2-nitropent-1-en-1-yl)furan-2-yl]benzoic acid experimental unknown Details DB08402 2-[(2,4-DICHLOROBENZOYL)AMINO]-5-(PYRIMIDIN-2-YLOXY)BENZOIC ACID experimental unknown Details DB08435 (5E,14E)-11-oxoprosta-5,9,12,14-tetraen-1-oic acid experimental unknown Details DB08560 3-FLUORO-N-[1-(4-FLUOROPHENYL)-3-(2-THIENYL)-1H-PYRAZOL-5-YL]BENZENESULFONAMIDE experimental unknown Details DB04270 (S)-3-(4-(2-Carbazol-9-Yl-Ethoxy)-Phenyl)-2-Ethoxy-Propionic Acid experimental unknown Details DB08760 (2S)-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acid experimental unknown Details DB00244 Mesalazine approved yes agonist Details DB01050 Ibuprofen approved unknown activator Details DB08915 Aleglitazar investigational yes agonist Details DB09213 Dexibuprofen approved, investigational unknown activator Details DB11133 Omega-3 fatty acids approved, nutraceutical yes ligand Details DB03756 Doconexent approved, investigational yes activator Details DB09198 Lobeglitazone experimental yes activator Details DB09006 Clinofibrate experimental unknown Details DB09201 Ciglitazone experimental yes agonist Details DB11672 Curcumin approved, investigational unknown Details DB00132 alpha-Linolenic acid approved, investigational, nutraceutical unknown Details DB02746 Phthalic Acid experimental unknown Details DB02709 Resveratrol investigational unknown Details DB01118 Amiodarone approved, investigational unknown agonist Details DB00313 Valproic acid approved, investigational unknown Details DB03600 Capric acid experimental unknown ligand Details DB04224 Oleic Acid approved, investigational, vet_approved unknown ligand Details DB08604 Triclosan approved, investigational unknown Details DB00573 Fenoprofen approved unknown Details DB02266 Flufenamic acid approved unknown agonist Details DB09061 Cannabidiol approved, investigational unknown activator Details DB13873 Fenofibric acid approved unknown Details DB14011 Nabiximols investigational unknown Details DB14009 Medical Cannabis experimental, investigational unknown Details DB13961 Fish oil approved, nutraceutical unknown Details DB14034 Darglitazone experimental unknown agonist Details DB12007 Isoflavone experimental unknown agonist Details DB14635 Curcumin sulfate experimental unknown Details DB00845 Clofazimine approved, investigational unknown modulator Details DB00795 Sulfasalazine approved unknown agonist Details