Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

Details

Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Synonyms
  • 3.4.17.23
  • ACE-related carboxypeptidase
  • ACEH
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme homolog
  • Metalloprotease MPROT15
Gene Name
ACE2
Organism
Humans
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0001955|Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
MSSSSWLLLSLVAVTAAQSTIEEQAKTFLDKFNHEAEDLFYQSSLASWNYNTNITEENVQ
NMNNAGDKWSAFLKEQSTLAQMYPLQEIQNLTVKLQLQALQQNGSSVLSEDKSKRLNTIL
NTMSTIYSTGKVCNPDNPQECLLLEPGLNEIMANSLDYNERLWAWESWRSEVGKQLRPLY
EEYVVLKNEMARANHYEDYGDYWRGDYEVNGVDGYDYSRGQLIEDVEHTFEEIKPLYEHL
HAYVRAKLMNAYPSYISPIGCLPAHLLGDMWGRFWTNLYSLTVPFGQKPNIDVTDAMVDQ
AWDAQRIFKEAEKFFVSVGLPNMTQGFWENSMLTDPGNVQKAVCHPTAWDLGKGDFRILM
CTKVTMDDFLTAHHEMGHIQYDMAYAAQPFLLRNGANEGFHEAVGEIMSLSAATPKHLKS
IGLLSPDFQEDNETEINFLLKQALTIVGTLPFTYMLEKWRWMVFKGEIPKDQWMKKWWEM
KREIVGVVEPVPHDETYCDPASLFHVSNDYSFIRYYTRTLYQFQFQEALCQAAKHEGPLH
KCDISNSTEAGQKLFNMLRLGKSEPWTLALENVVGAKNMNVRPLLNYFEPLFTWLKDQNK
NSFVGWSTDWSPYADQSIKVRISLKSALGDKAYEWNDNEMYLFRSSVAYAMRQYFLKVKN
QMILFGEEDVRVANLKPRISFNFFVTAPKNVSDIIPRTEVEKAIRMSRSRINDAFRLNDN
SLEFLGIQPTLGPPNQPPVSIWLIVFGVVMGVIVVGIVILIFTGIRDRKKKNKARSGENP
YASIDISKGENNPGFQNTDDVQTSF
Number of residues
805
Molecular Weight
92462.4
Theoretical pI
5.23
GO Classification
Functions
carboxypeptidase activity / endopeptidase activity / glycoprotein binding / virus receptor activity / zinc ion binding
Processes
angiotensin catabolic process in blood / angiotensin maturation / angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior / cellular protein metabolic process / positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction / positive regulation of gap junction assembly / positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process / receptor biosynthetic process / receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell / regulation of cardiac conduction / regulation of cell proliferation / regulation of cytokine production / regulation of inflammatory response / regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin / regulation of vasoconstriction / regulation of vasodilation / tryptophan transport / viral entry into host cell
Components
cell surface / cytoplasm / extracellular exosome / extracellular region / extracellular space / integral component of membrane / membrane raft / plasma membrane
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Carboxypeptidase which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9, a peptide of unknown function, and angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, a vasodilator. Also able to hydrolyze apelin-13 and dynorphin-13 with high efficiency. May be an important regulator of heart function.(Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for SARS coronavirus/SARS-CoV and human coronavirus NL63/HCoV-NL63.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane Regions
741-761
Cellular Location
Secreted
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0010689|Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
ATGTCAAGCTCTTCCTGGCTCCTTCTCAGCCTTGTTGCTGTAACTGCTGCTCAGTCCACC
ATTGAGGAACAGGCCAAGACATTTTTGGACAAGTTTAACCACGAAGCCGAAGACCTGTTC
TATCAAAGTTCACTTGCTTCTTGGAATTATAACACCAATATTACTGAAGAGAATGTCCAA
AACATGAATAATGCTGGGGACAAATGGTCTGCCTTTTTAAAGGAACAGTCCACACTTGCC
CAAATGTATCCACTACAAGAAATTCAGAATCTCACAGTCAAGCTTCAGCTGCAGGCTCTT
CAGCAAAATGGGTCTTCAGTGCTCTCAGAAGACAAGAGCAAACGGTTGAACACAATTCTA
AATACAATGAGCACCATCTACAGTACTGGAAAAGTTTGTAACCCAGATAATCCACAAGAA
TGCTTATTACTTGAACCAGGTTTGAATGAAATAATGGCAAACAGTTTAGACTACAATGAG
AGGCTCTGGGCTTGGGAAAGCTGGAGATCTGAGGTCGGCAAGCAGCTGAGGCCATTATAT
GAAGAGTATGTGGTCTTGAAAAATGAGATGGCAAGAGCAAATCATTATGAGGACTATGGG
GATTATTGGAGAGGAGACTATGAAGTAAATGGGGTAGATGGCTATGACTACAGCCGCGGC
CAGTTGATTGAAGATGTGGAACATACCTTTGAAGAGATTAAACCATTATATGAACATCTT
CATGCCTATGTGAGGGCAAAGTTGATGAATGCCTATCCTTCCTATATCAGTCCAATTGGA
TGCCTCCCTGCTCATTTGCTTGGTGATATGTGGGGTAGATTTTGGACAAATCTGTACTCT
TTGACAGTTCCCTTTGGACAGAAACCAAACATAGATGTTACTGATGCAATGGTGGACCAG
GCCTGGGATGCACAGAGAATATTCAAGGAGGCCGAGAAGTTCTTTGTATCTGTTGGTCTT
CCTAATATGACTCAAGGATTCTGGGAAAATTCCATGCTAACGGACCCAGGAAATGTTCAG
AAAGCAGTCTGCCATCCCACAGCTTGGGACCTGGGGAAGGGCGACTTCAGGATCCTTATG
TGCACAAAGGTGACAATGGACGACTTCCTGACAGCTCATCATGAGATGGGGCATATCCAG
TATGATATGGCATATGCTGCACAACCTTTTCTGCTAAGAAATGGAGCTAATGAAGGATTC
CATGAAGCTGTTGGGGAAATCATGTCACTTTCTGCAGCCACACCTAAGCATTTAAAATCC
ATTGGTCTTCTGTCACCCGATTTTCAAGAAGACAATGAAACAGAAATAAACTTCCTGCTC
AAACAAGCACTCACGATTGTTGGGACTCTGCCATTTACTTACATGTTAGAGAAGTGGAGG
TGGATGGTCTTTAAAGGGGAAATTCCCAAAGACCAGTGGATGAAAAAGTGGTGGGAGATG
AAGCGAGAGATAGTTGGGGTGGTGGAACCTGTGCCCCATGATGAAACATACTGTGACCCC
GCATCTCTGTTCCATGTTTCTAATGATTACTCATTCATTCGATATTACACAAGGACCCTT
TACCAATTCCAGTTTCAAGAAGCACTTTGTCAAGCAGCTAAACATGAAGGCCCTCTGCAC
AAATGTGACATCTCAAACTCTACAGAAGCTGGACAGAAACTGTTCAATATGCTGAGGCTT
GGAAAATCAGAACCCTGGACCCTAGCATTGGAAAATGTTGTAGGAGCAAAGAACATGAAT
GTAAGGCCACTGCTCAACTACTTTGAGCCCTTATTTACCTGGCTGAAAGACCAGAACAAG
AATTCTTTTGTGGGATGGAGTACCGACTGGAGTCCATATGCAGACCAAAGCATCAAAGTG
AGGATAAGCCTAAAATCAGCTCTTGGAGATAAAGCATATGAATGGAACGACAATGAAATG
TACCTGTTCCGATCATCTGTTGCATATGCTATGAGGCAGTACTTTTTAAAAGTAAAAAAT
CAGATGATTCTTTTTGGGGAGGAGGATGTGCGAGTGGCTAATTTGAAACCAAGAATCTCC
TTTAATTTCTTTGTCACTGCACCTAAAAATGTGTCTGATATCATTCCTAGAACTGAAGTT
GAAAAGGCCATCAGGATGTCCCGGAGCCGTATCAATGATGCTTTCCGTCTGAATGACAAC
AGCCTAGAGTTTCTGGGGATACAGCCAACACTTGGACCTCCTAACCAGCCCCCTGTTTCC
ATATGGCTGATTGTTTTTGGAGTTGTGATGGGAGTGATAGTGGTTGGCATTGTCATCCTG
ATCTTCACTGGGATCAGAGATCGGAAGAAGAAAAATAAAGCAAGAAGTGGAGAAAATCCT
TATGCCTCCATCGATATTAGCAAAGGAGAAAATAATCCAGGATTCCAAAACACTGATGAT
GTTCAGACCTCCTTTTAG
Chromosome Location
X
Locus
Xp22
External Identifiers
ResourceLink
UniProtKB IDQ9BYF1
UniProtKB Entry NameACE2_HUMAN
GenBank Protein ID9802433
GenBank Gene IDAF291820
GenAtlas IDACE2
HGNC IDHGNC:13557
General References
  1. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, Donovan M, Woolf B, Robison K, Jeyaseelan R, Breitbart RE, Acton S: A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res. 2000 Sep 1;87(5):E1-9. [Article]
  2. Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ: A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 27;275(43):33238-43. [Article]
  3. Douglas GC, O'Bryan MK, Hedger MP, Lee DK, Yarski MA, Smith AI, Lew RA: The novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homolog, ACE2, is selectively expressed by adult Leydig cells of the testis. Endocrinology. 2004 Oct;145(10):4703-11. Epub 2004 Jul 1. [Article]
  4. Itoyama S, Keicho N, Hijikata M, Quy T, Phi NC, Long HT, Ha LD, Ban VV, Matsushita I, Yanai H, Kirikae F, Kirikae T, Kuratsuji T, Sasazuki T: Identification of an alternative 5'-untranslated exon and new polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene: lack of association with SARS in the Vietnamese population. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jul 1;136(1):52-7. [Article]
  5. Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, Chen J, Chow B, Chui C, Crowley C, Currell B, Deuel B, Dowd P, Eaton D, Foster J, Grimaldi C, Gu Q, Hass PE, Heldens S, Huang A, Kim HS, Klimowski L, Jin Y, Johnson S, Lee J, Lewis L, Liao D, Mark M, Robbie E, Sanchez C, Schoenfeld J, Seshagiri S, Simmons L, Singh J, Smith V, Stinson J, Vagts A, Vandlen R, Watanabe C, Wieand D, Woods K, Xie MH, Yansura D, Yi S, Yu G, Yuan J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Goddard A, Wood WI, Godowski P, Gray A: The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. Genome Res. 2003 Oct;13(10):2265-70. Epub 2003 Sep 15. [Article]
  6. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [Article]
  7. Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. [Article]
  8. Lin Q, Keller RS, Weaver B, Zisman LS: Interaction of ACE2 and integrin beta1 in failing human heart. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Aug 4;1689(3):175-8. [Article]
  9. Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R, Clark KL: Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Lett. 2002 Dec 4;532(1-2):107-10. [Article]
  10. Vickers C, Hales P, Kaushik V, Dick L, Gavin J, Tang J, Godbout K, Parsons T, Baronas E, Hsieh F, Acton S, Patane M, Nichols A, Tummino P: Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 26;277(17):14838-43. Epub 2002 Jan 28. [Article]
  11. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003 Nov 27;426(6965):450-4. [Article]
  12. Goulter AB, Goddard MJ, Allen JC, Clark KL: ACE2 gene expression is up-regulated in the human failing heart. BMC Med. 2004 May 19;2:19. [Article]
  13. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H: Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004 Jun;203(2):631-7. [Article]
  14. Li W, Greenough TC, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Farzan M, Choe H: Efficient replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mouse cells is limited by murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. J Virol. 2004 Oct;78(20):11429-33. [Article]
  15. Kristiansen TZ, Bunkenborg J, Gronborg M, Molina H, Thuluvath PJ, Argani P, Goggins MG, Maitra A, Pandey A: A proteomic analysis of human bile. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004 Jul;3(7):715-28. Epub 2004 Apr 14. [Article]
  16. Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Kubota E, Dean RG, MacDonald PS, Lu S, Tikellis C, Grant SL, Lew RA, Smith AI, Cooper ME, Johnston CI: Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans. Eur Heart J. 2005 Feb;26(4):369-75; discussion 322-4. Epub 2005 Jan 25. [Article]
  17. Li W, Zhang C, Sui J, Kuhn JH, Moore MJ, Luo S, Wong SK, Huang IC, Xu K, Vasilieva N, Murakami A, He Y, Marasco WA, Guan Y, Choe H, Farzan M: Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2. EMBO J. 2005 Apr 20;24(8):1634-43. Epub 2005 Mar 24. [Article]
  18. Lambert DW, Yarski M, Warner FJ, Thornhill P, Parkin ET, Smith AI, Hooper NM, Turner AJ: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 26;280(34):30113-9. Epub 2005 Jun 27. [Article]
  19. Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, Pohlmann S: Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 31;102(22):7988-93. Epub 2005 May 16. [Article]
  20. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. doi: 10.1021/pr8008012. [Article]
  21. Lai ZW, Hanchapola I, Steer DL, Smith AI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ectodomain shedding cleavage-site identification: determinants and constraints. Biochemistry. 2011 Jun 14;50(23):5182-94. doi: 10.1021/bi200525y. Epub 2011 May 20. [Article]
  22. Shulla A, Heald-Sargent T, Subramanya G, Zhao J, Perlman S, Gallagher T: A transmembrane serine protease is linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor and activates virus entry. J Virol. 2011 Jan;85(2):873-82. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02062-10. Epub 2010 Nov 10. [Article]
  23. Heurich A, Hofmann-Winkler H, Gierer S, Liepold T, Jahn O, Pohlmann S: TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 cleave ACE2 differentially and only proteolysis by TMPRSS2 augments entry driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. J Virol. 2014 Jan;88(2):1293-307. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02202-13. Epub 2013 Nov 13. [Article]
  24. Towler P, Staker B, Prasad SG, Menon S, Tang J, Parsons T, Ryan D, Fisher M, Williams D, Dales NA, Patane MA, Pantoliano MW: ACE2 X-ray structures reveal a large hinge-bending motion important for inhibitor binding and catalysis. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 23;279(17):17996-8007. Epub 2004 Jan 30. [Article]

Drug Relations

Drug Relations
DrugBank IDNameDrug groupPharmacological action?ActionsDetails
DB05203SPP1148investigationalunknownDetails
DB15643N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1-aziridineethanamineexperimentalunknowninhibitorDetails
DB00608Chloroquineapproved, investigational, vet_approvedunknownmodulatorDetails
DB01611HydroxychloroquineapprovedunknownmodulatorDetails
DB09019BromhexineapprovedunknownbinderDetails
DB09019BromhexineapprovedunknownbinderDetails