A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [PubChem]

Structure

Similar Structures

Synonyms

Not Available

International/Other Brands

Inulin from Jerusalem artichokes / Inulin USP 27

Categories

UNII

JOS53KRJ01

CAS number

9005-80-5

Weight

Average: 6179.3581
Monoisotopic: 6176.017855026

Chemical Formula

C₂₂₈H₃₈₂O₁₉₁

InChI Key

JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C228H382O191/c229-1-76-114(268)152(306)153(307)191(381-76)419-228(190(344)151(305)113(38-266)418-228)75-380-227(189(343)150(304)112(37-265)417-227)74-379-226(188(342)149(303)111(36-264)416-226)73-378-225(187(341)148(302)110(35-263)415-225)72-377-224(186(340)147(301)109(34-262)414-224)71-376-223(185(339)146(300)108(33-261)413-223)70-375-222(184(338)145(299)107(32-260)412-222)69-374-221(183(337)144(298)106(31-259)411-221)68-373-220(182(336)143(297)105(30-258)410-220)67-372-219(181(335)142(296)104(29-257)409-219)66-371-218(180(334)141(295)103(28-256)408-218)65-370-217(179(333)140(294)102(27-255)407-217)64-369-216(178(332)139(293)101(26-254)406-216)63-368-215(177(331)138(292)100(25-253)405-215)62-367-214(176(330)137(291)99(24-252)404-214)61-366-213(175(329)136(290)98(23-251)403-213)60-365-212(174(328)135(289)97(22-250)402-212)59-364-211(173(327)134(288)96(21-249)401-211)58-363-210(172(326)133(287)95(20-248)400-210)57-362-209(171(325)132(286)94(19-247)399-209)56-361-208(170(324)131(285)93(18-246)398-208)55-360-207(169(323)130(284)92(17-245)397-207)54-359-206(168(322)129(283)91(16-244)396-206)53-358-205(167(321)128(282)90(15-243)395-205)52-357-204(166(320)127(281)89(14-242)394-204)51-356-203(165(319)126(280)88(13-241)393-203)50-355-202(164(318)125(279)87(12-240)392-202)49-354-201(163(317)124(278)86(11-239)391-201)48-353-200(162(316)123(277)85(10-238)390-200)47-352-199(161(315)122(276)84(9-237)389-199)46-351-198(160(314)121(275)83(8-236)388-198)45-350-197(159(313)120(274)82(7-235)387-197)44-349-196(158(312)119(273)81(6-234)386-196)43-348-195(157(311)118(272)80(5-233)385-195)42-347-194(156(310)117(271)79(4-232)384-194)41-346-193(155(309)116(270)78(3-231)383-193)40-345-192(39-267)154(308)115(269)77(2-230)382-192/h76-191,229-344H,1-75H2/t76-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,85-,86-,87-,88-,89-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,117-,118-,119-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,138-,139-,140-,141-,142-,143-,144-,145-,146-,147-,148-,149-,150-,151-,152+,153-,154+,155+,156+,157+,158+,159+,160+,161+,162+,163+,164+,165+,166+,167+,168+,169+,170+,171+,172+,173+,174+,175+,176+,177+,178+,179+,180+,181+,182+,183+,184+,185+,186+,187+,188+,189+,190+,191-,192-,193-,194-,195-,196-,197-,198-,199-,200-,201-,202-,203-,204-,205-,206-,207-,208-,209-,210-,211-,212-,213-,214-,215-,216-,217-,218-,219-,220-,221-,222-,223-,224-,225-,226-,227-,228+/m1/s1

IUPAC Name

(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2-({[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

SMILES

OC[C@H]1O[C@@](CO)(OC[C@@]2(OC[C@@]3(OC[C@@]4(OC[C@@]5(OC[C@@]6(OC[C@@]7(OC[C@@]8(OC[C@@]9(OC[C@@]%10(OC[C@@]%11(OC[C@@]%12(OC[C@@]%13(OC[C@@]%14(OC[C@@]%15(OC[C@@]%16(OC[C@@]%17(OC[C@@]%18(OC[C@@]%19(OC[C@@]%20(OC[C@@]%21(OC[C@@]%22(OC[C@@]%23(OC[C@@]%24(OC[C@@]%25(OC[C@@]%26(OC[C@@]%27(OC[C@@]%28(OC[C@@]%29(OC[C@@]%30(OC[C@@]%31(OC[C@@]%32(OC[C@@]%33(OC[C@@]%34(OC[C@@]%35(OC[C@@]%36(OC[C@@]%37(O[C@H]%38O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]%38O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%37O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%36O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%35O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%34O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%33O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%32O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%31O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%30O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%29O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%28O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%27O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%26O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%25O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%24O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%23O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%22O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%21O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%20O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%19O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%18O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%17O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%16O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%15O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%14O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%13O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%12O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%11O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]%10O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]9O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]8O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]7O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]6O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]5O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]4O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O

Pharmacology

Indication

Historically used in an important medical test of renal function, specifically a measure of glomerular filtration rate. Sometimes used to help relieve symptoms of diabetes mellitus - a condition characterised by hyperglycemia and/or hyperinsulinemia.

Pharmacodynamics

The inulin test is a procedure by which the filtering capacity of the glomeruli (the main filtering structures of the kidney) is determined by measuring the rate at which inulin, the test substance, is cleared from blood plasma. Inulin is one of the more suitable and accurate substance to measure because it is a small, inert polysaccharide molecule that readily passes through the glomeruli. The inulin clearance test is performed by injecting inulin, waiting for it to be distributed, and then measuring plasma and urine inulin concentrations by various assays. As nutraceutical agents inulins may have antitumor, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic actions. They may also help to improve mineral absorption and balance and may have antiosteoporotic activity.

Mechanism of action

As a diagnostic agent, inulin is readily soluble and essentially indigestible. It readily passes through the blood and into the urine. It is neither secreted nor resorbed by the kidney making it an excellent indicator for renal clearance rates. The inulin clearance test has largely been succeeded by the creatinine clearance test as a measure of glomerular filtration rate.

Inulin is a hypoglycemic agent. Since it is not digestible by human enzymes ptyalin and amylase, inulin passes through much of the digestive system intact. It is only in the colon that bacteria metabolise inulin, with the release of significant quantities of carbon dioxide and/or methane. Because inulin is not broken down into simple sugars (monosaccharides) by normal digestion, it does not elevate blood sugar levels, hence, helping diabetics regulate blood sugar levels.

Target	Actions	Organism
NCycloinulo-oligosaccharide fructanotransferase	binder	Paenibacillus macerans

Unlock Additional Data

Additional Data Available

Adverse Effects

Comprehensive structured data on known drug adverse effects with statistical prevalence. MedDRA and ICD10 ids are provided for adverse effect conditions and symptoms.

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Additional Data Available

Contraindications

Structured data covering drug contraindications. Each contraindication describes a scenario in which the drug is not to be used. Includes restrictions on co-administration, contraindicated populations, and more.

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Additional Data Available

Blackbox Warnings

Structured data representing warnings from the black box section of drug labels. These warnings cover important and dangerous risks, contraindications, or adverse effects.

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Absorption

Poorly absorbed, passes through to urine unmetabolized

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

None

Metabolism

Metabolized into carbon dioxide and methane by colonic bacteria

Inulin
Methane

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

2-4 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

Not Available

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions: Not Available
Food Interactions: Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Ernst Hoehn, Curtis J. McKay, E. Donald Murray, "Production of high fructose syrup from inulin involving ultrafiltration." U.S. Patent US4421852, issued July, 1981.

US4421852

General References

Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Hawthorne KM, Liang L, Gunn SK, Darlington G, Ellis KJ: A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):471-6. [PubMed:16087995]
Coudray C, Demigne C, Rayssiguier Y: Effects of dietary fibers on magnesium absorption in animals and humans. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):1-4. [PubMed:12514257]
Coussement PA: Inulin and oligofructose: safe intakes and legal status. J Nutr. 1999 Jul;129(7 Suppl):1412S-7S. [PubMed:10395609]
Roberfroid MB: Introducing inulin-type fructans. Br J Nutr. 2005 Apr;93 Suppl 1:S13-25. [PubMed:15877886]

External Links

KEGG Drug: D00171
KEGG Compound: C03323
PubChem Compound: 24763
PubChem Substance: 46508287
ChemSpider: 23149
ChEBI: 15443
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1201646
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP001304
PharmGKB: PA450043
Wikipedia: Inulin

ATC Codes

V04CH01 — Inulin and other polyfructosans

MSDS

Download (71.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
1, 2	Completed	Basic Science	Critically-ill Patients / Premature Birth of Newborn	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Breath odour / Tongue Diseases	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Premature Neonates	1
2	Not Yet Recruiting	Prevention	Antibiotic Resistant Infection / Critical Illness / Hospital Acquired Infections / Nutrition Disorders / Pathogen Transmission / Sepsis	1
2	Unknown Status	Prevention	Adenomatous Polyposis Coli	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) / Renal Circulation / Renal Plasma Flow	1
Not Available	Withdrawn	Not Available	Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Iso tex diagnostics inc

Packagers

Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
Iso Tex Diagnostics Inc.

Dosage forms

Not Available

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	178 °C	Not Available
water solubility	280 mg/mL (at 80 °C), insoluble at room temperature	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-62	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	11.27	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	191	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	116	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	3038.93 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	149	ChemAxon
Refractivity	1251.4 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	38	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	0	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST): Not Available
Spectra: Not Available

Taxonomy

Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polysaccharides. These are compounds containing more than ten saccharide units.
Kingdom: Organic compounds
Super Class: Organic Polymers
Class: Polysaccharides
Sub Class: Not Available
Direct Parent: Polysaccharides
Alternative Parents: O-glycosyl compounds / C-glycosyl compounds / Ketals / Oxanes / Tetrahydrofurans / Secondary alcohols / Polyols / Oxacyclic compounds / Primary alcohols / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents: Polysaccharide / C-glycosyl compound / Glycosyl compound / O-glycosyl compound / Ketal / Oxane / Tetrahydrofuran / Secondary alcohol / Organoheterocyclic compound / Polyol
Molecular Framework: Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors: Not Available

Targets

Details1. Cycloinulo-oligosaccharide fructanotransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Paenibacillus macerans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Binder

General Function: Transferase activity
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: cft
Uniprot ID: Q9F0I5
Uniprot Name: Cycloinulo-oligosaccharide fructanotransferase
Molecular Weight: 149562.53 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Kawamura M, Uchiyama T, Kuramoto T, Tamura Y, Mizutani K: Formation of a cycloinulo-oligosaccharide from inulin by an extracellular enzyme of Bacillus circulans OKUMZ 31B. Carbohydr Res. 1989 Oct 23;192:83-90. [PubMed:2611778]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on May 08, 2019 23:57

Inulin

Identification

Structure for Inulin (DB00638)

Pharmacology

Interactions

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Taxonomy

Targets

References