Identification
- Summary
Dequalinium is a quaternary ammonium cation antimicrobial agent used to treat common infections of the mouth and throat, as well as vaginal candidiasis.
- Generic Name
- Dequalinium
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB04209
- Background
Dequalinium is an antibacterial agent with multi-targeted actions. It also possesses antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties.9 It is a quaternary ammonium compound,10 as it consists of an amphipathic cation with two aminoquinaldinium rings at both ends of a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain. Due to its flexible structure, dequalinium was investigated to build drug and gene delivery systems.9
First used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in the 1950s, dequalinium is still found in various OTC products to treat conditions of oral infections and inflammation.9 It is also used in vaginal tablets to treat bacterial vaginosis.10
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Dequalinium (DB04209)
- Weight
- Average: 456.6654
Monoisotopic: 456.3252973 - Chemical Formula
- C30H40N4
- Synonyms
- 1,1'-(1,10-Decanediyl)bis(4-amino-2-methylquinolinium) dichloride
- 1,1'-Decamethylenebis(4-aminoquinaldinium chloride)
- Decamethylenebis(4-aminoquinaldinium chloride)
- External IDs
- LSM-5846
Pharmacology
- Indication
Dequalinium is used in several OTC products to treat mouth infections and inflammation, such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and gingivitis.9 As vaginal tablets, dequalinium is indicated for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in adult women under 55 years of age.10
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Bacterial vaginosis (bv) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••• Used in combination for symptomatic treatment of Breath odour Combination Product in combination with: Benzalkonium (DB11105) ••• ••• •••••••• Used in combination to treat Gingivitis Combination Product in combination with: Benzalkonium (DB11105) ••• ••• •••••••• Treatment of Inflammation of mouth ••• ••• Used in combination to treat Inflammation of mouth Combination Product in combination with: Benzalkonium (DB11105) ••• ••• •••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
In vitro, dequalinium possesses antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and protozoa.6 Dequalinium has a rapid bactericidal and fungicidal action.1 The antiparasitic and antiviral properties of dequalinium have also been noted. For example, dequalinium can bind to the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the spike envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1.9
As with other quaternary ammonium compounds similar to dequalinium, gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to dequalinium than gram-negative bacteria.6,10 The bactericidal and fungicidal effects of dequalinium can occur within 30 to 60 minutes.7 According to in vitro studies, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for dequalinium against relevant vaginal pathogens ranges from 0.2 to ≥ 1024 µg/mL.10
There is evidence that dequalinium exhibits anticancer activity in human leukemia cells: dequalinium induces a cytotoxic effect by altering redox balance, downregulating Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways, and promoting apoptosis of leukemic cells.3,4,5 Dequalinium was also shown to block small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, called SK channels, which are often expressed in some cancer cells to play a role in cell proliferation and migration.9 One study showed that dequalinium reduced macrophage motility in mice, inhibiting macrophage infiltration of irradiated tumours and attenuating local metastasis.2
Interestingly, dequalinium was shown to modulate and induce self-oligomerization of alpha-synuclein, a synaptic protein known to cause aggregates in several neurodegenerative disorders. This finding highlights the neuroprotective actions of dequalinium; however, further investigations are warranted as dequalinium is a neurotoxic agent.9
- Mechanism of action
Dequalinium has multiple modes of action. Dequalinium absorbs into the bacterial cell surface and diffuses through the cell wall, disrupting bacterial cell permeability.6,9 It is taken up by the bacteria rapidly.9 Once in the bacteria, dequalinium denatures proteins involved in the respiratory chain and glycolysis of bacteria, interfering with bacterial cell metabolism and ribosomal protein synthesis.1,6,9 By inhibiting bacterial F1-ATPase, dequalinium inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthesis and blocks glucose metabolism. These molecular actions ultimately deplete bacterial energy sources.1 As dequalinium accumulates in the mitochondria, it is considered a mitochondrial poison.8,9
Dequalinium can also precipitate nucleic acids, as it can intercalate one of its quinoline chromophores between DNA base pairs.1,9 Depending on the drug concentration, dequalinium can lyse the bacterial cell by promoting osmotic imbalance.1,6
Target Actions Organism AE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP antagonistinhibitorHumans UcGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1 blockerHumans UCalcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 inhibitorHumans UHTH-type transcriptional regulator QacR regulatorStaphylococcus aureus UResponse regulator RamR regulatorStreptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145) UCalmodulin antagonistHumans USmall conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3 blockerHumans UProtein kinase C inhibitorHumans UAlpha-synuclein modulatorHumans UL-cysteine:1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside ligase inhibitorMycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25177 / H37Ra) - Absorption
Following vaginal administration, dequalinium is not readily absorbed into the systemic circulation. The concentration of dequalinium chloride in vaginal fluid was 2000 to 4000 mg/L in vitro after dissolution of one vaginal tablet (equivalent of 10 mg dequalinium chloride) in an estimated 2.5 to 5 mg/L of vaginal fluid.10
- Volume of distribution
There is no information available.
- Protein binding
There is no information available.
- Metabolism
There is no information available.
- Route of elimination
There is no information available.
- Half-life
There is no information available.
- Clearance
There is no information available.
- Adverse Effects
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The LD50 was 18300 ug/kg following intraperitoneal administration and 70 mg/kg following subcutaneous administration in mice.11 There is limited clinical experience of drug overdose with dequalinium. While dequalinium is generally well tolerated and considered as safe at recommended therapeutic doses, dequalinium is a neurotoxic agent and mitochondrial poison. At a high dose in mice, the drug caused damages to the liver and kidneys, and caused renal and hepatic failure.9
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Dequalinium is combined with Acenocoumarol. Ambroxol The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Dequalinium is combined with Ambroxol. Articaine The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Dequalinium is combined with Articaine. BCG vaccine The therapeutic efficacy of BCG vaccine can be decreased when used in combination with Dequalinium. Benzyl alcohol The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Dequalinium is combined with Benzyl alcohol. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Dequalinium acetate P8W4UX112S 4028-98-2 IWYNVAJACBPVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dequalinium bromide Not Available Not Available Not applicable Dequalinium chloride XYS8INN1I6 522-51-0 LTNZEXKYNRNOGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dequalinium iodide Not Available Not Available Not applicable Dequalinium undecenoate Not Available Not Available Not applicable - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Vablys Tablet 10 mg Vaginal Duchesnay Inc. 2022-05-17 Not applicable Canada 
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AXCEL DEXXON LOZENGES Lozenge Oral KOTRA PHARMA (M) SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
Citrex DQM Lozenges Lemon Ginger 0.25mg Lozenge 0.25 mg Oral IDAMAN PHARMA MANUFACTURING SDN BHD 2020-09-08 2021-12-12 Malaysia Citrex DQM Lozenges Lemon Honey 0.25mg Lozenge Oral IDAMAN PHARMA MANUFACTURING SDN BHD 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia Citrex DQM Lozenges Orange 0.25mg Lozenge Oral IDAMAN PHARMA MANUFACTURING SDN BHD 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia DELIN Lozenge 0.25 mg Oral บริษัท โรงงานเภสัชกรรมแอตแลนติค จำกัด 2020-06-22 Not applicable Thailand 
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BUCOSEPTOL® TABLETAS Dequalinium chloride (0.25 mg) + Benzocaine (15 mg) Tablet Oral LABORATORIOS NEOLTDA. 2013-03-05 2013-05-23 Colombia 
DECATYLEN LOZENGE Dequalinium chloride (0.25 mg) + Cinchocaine hydrochloride (0.03 mg) Lozenge Oral APEX PHARMA MARKETING PTE. LTD. 1990-06-25 Not applicable Singapore 
DEQ LOZENGE Dequalinium chloride (0.25 mg) + Tyrothricin (1 mg) Tablet Oral ATLANTIC PHARMACEUTICAL (S) PTE LTD 1990-01-13 Not applicable Singapore Dequonal - Lösung Dequalinium chloride (0.015 g) + Benzalkonium chloride (0.035 g) Solution Oral Chemische Fabrik Kreussler & Co Gmb H 1981-06-25 Not applicable Austria 
dexalgin Dequadex Halspastillen Dequalinium chloride (0.45 mg) + Dexpanthenol (50 mg) Lozenge Oral Kwizda Pharma Gmb H 2012-08-27 Not applicable Austria
Categories
- ATC Codes
- D08AH01 — Dequalinium
- D08AH — Quinoline derivatives
- D08A — ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- D08 — ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
- D — DERMATOLOGICALS
- Drug Categories
- Anti-Bacterial Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents, Local
- Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Dermatologicals
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Gynecological Antiinfectives and Antiseptics
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Miscellaneous Anti-infectives
- Quinoline Derivatives
- Quinolines
- Quinolinium Compounds
- Throat Preparations
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 4-aminoquinolines. These are organic compounds containing an amino group attached to the 4-position of a quinoline ring system.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Quinolines and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Aminoquinolines and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- 4-aminoquinolines
- Alternative Parents
- Methylpyridines / Aminopyridines and derivatives / Pyridinium derivatives / Benzenoids / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary amines / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Organic cations
- Substituents
- 4-aminoquinoline / Amine / Aminopyridine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Methylpyridine / Organic cation
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- quinolinium ion (CHEBI:41872)
- Affected organisms
- Candida albicans and other yeasts
- Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica
- Bacteria and protozoa
- Bacteroides
- Peptostreptococcus
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- E7QC7V26B8
- CAS number
- 6707-58-0
- InChI Key
- PCSWXVJAIHCTMO-UHFFFAOYSA-P
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C30H38N4/c1-23-21-27(31)25-15-9-11-17-29(25)33(23)19-13-7-5-3-4-6-8-14-20-34-24(2)22-28(32)26-16-10-12-18-30(26)34/h9-12,15-18,21-22,31-32H,3-8,13-14,19-20H2,1-2H3/p+2
- IUPAC Name
- 4-amino-1-[10-(4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-ium-1-yl)decyl]-2-methylquinolin-1-ium
- SMILES
- CC1=CC(N)=C2C=CC=CC2=[N+]1CCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=C(C)C=C(N)C2=C1C=CC=C2
References
- General References
- Mendling W, Weissenbacher ER, Gerber S, Prasauskas V, Grob P: Use of locally delivered dequalinium chloride in the treatment of vaginal infections: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016 Mar;293(3):469-84. doi: 10.1007/s00404-015-3914-8. Epub 2015 Oct 27. [Article]
- Timaner M, Bril R, Kaidar-Person O, Rachman-Tzemah C, Alishekevitz D, Kotsofruk R, Miller V, Nevelsky A, Daniel S, Raviv Z, Rotenberg SA, Shaked Y: Dequalinium blocks macrophage-induced metastasis following local radiation. Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 29;6(29):27537-54. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4826. [Article]
- Sancho P, Galeano E, Estan MC, Ganan-Gomez I, Boyano-Adanez Mdel C, Garcia-Perez AI: Raf/MEK/ERK signaling inhibition enhances the ability of dequalinium to induce apoptosis in the human leukemic cell line K562. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012 Aug;237(8):933-42. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2012.011423. Epub 2012 Aug 8. [Article]
- Garcia-Perez AI, Galeano E, Nieto E, Sancho P: Dequalinium induces human leukemia cell death by affecting the redox balance. Leuk Res. 2011 Oct;35(10):1395-401. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.03.012. Epub 2011 Apr 8. [Article]
- Garcia-Perez AI, Galeano E, Nieto E, Estan MC, Sancho P: Dequalinium induces cytotoxicity in human leukemia NB4 cells by downregulation of Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and potentiation of specific inhibitors of these pathways. Leuk Res. 2014 Jul;38(7):795-803. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.01.009. Epub 2014 Jan 28. [Article]
- Della Casa V, Noll H, Gonser S, Grob P, Graf F, Pohlig G: Antimicrobial activity of dequalinium chloride against leading germs of vaginal infections. Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52(9):699-705. [Article]
- D'Auria FD, Simonetti G, Strippoli V: [Antimicrobial characteristics of a tincture of dequalinium chloride]. Ann Ig. 1989 Sep-Oct;1(5):1227-41. [Article]
- Weiss MJ, Wong JR, Ha CS, Bleday R, Salem RR, Steele GD Jr, Chen LB: Dequalinium, a topical antimicrobial agent, displays anticarcinoma activity based on selective mitochondrial accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(15):5444-8. [Article]
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Health Canada Approved Drug Products: VABLYS (Dequalinium) Vaginal Tablets [Link]
- Cayman Chemical: Dequalinium MSDS [Link]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 2993
- PubChem Substance
- 46507206
- ChemSpider
- 2886
- BindingDB
- 50048403
- 3226
- ChEBI
- 41872
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL333826
- ZINC
- ZINC000001655706
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- DEQ
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Dequalinium
- PDB Entries
- 1jt6 / 1oyd / 3arp / 3art / 3br1 / 3br2 / 3bt9 / 3btj / 3vw0
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Vulvovaginal Candidiasis 1 4 Terminated Treatment Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) / Vaginal Diseases / Vaginal Infections 1 3 Completed Treatment Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) 1 Not Available Completed Not Available Bacterial Vaginoses 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral Lozenge Oral Tablet Oral Lozenge Oral 0.25 mg Lozenge Oral Tablet Oral 0.25 mg Lozenge Oral 250 mcg Solution Oral Spray Oral Lozenge Oral .25 mg / loz Solution Buccal 0.5 % w/v Liquid Oral 0.5 % Solution Oral Insert Vaginal 10 mg Solution Topical Ointment Topical Tablet Vaginal Tablet Vaginal 10 mg Pastille Oral Pastille Oral Tablet Vaginal 10.000 mg Solution Oral 1 mg/10ml Lozenge Oral 0.25 mg - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US4946849 No 1990-08-07 2002-10-01 US 
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source boiling point (°C) 300 https://datasheets.scbt.com/sds/aghs/en/sc-214869.pdf - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 4.77e-07 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.16 ALOGPS logP -3.6 Chemaxon logS -9 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Basic) -0.34 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 59.8 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 11 Chemaxon Refractivity 147 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 56.76 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.5208 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.924 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5756 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6725 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.7203 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.7281 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.6769 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8745 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.5072 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.5434 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.6703 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9119 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.6677 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.5512 Ames test AMES toxic 0.5875 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9063 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9969 Rat acute toxicity 2.6736 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.823 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.9123
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 247.722742 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 210.51427 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 250.236742 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 212.87224 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 247.766642 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 218.9654 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- AntagonistInhibitor
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, copper homeostasis, mitogenic kinase signaling, cell proliferation,...
- Gene Name
- XIAP
- Uniprot ID
- P98170
- Uniprot Name
- E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP
- Molecular Weight
- 56684.41 Da
References
- Orzaez M, Gortat A, Sancho M, Carbajo RJ, Pineda-Lucena A, Palacios-Rodriguez Y, Perez-Paya E: Characterization of dequalinium as a XIAP antagonist that targets the BIR2 domain. Apoptosis. 2011 May;16(5):460-7. doi: 10.1007/s10495-011-0582-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Blocker
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Visual signal transduction is mediated by a G-protein coupled cascade using cGMP as second messenger. This protein can be activated by cyclic GMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel and...
- Gene Name
- CNGA1
- Uniprot ID
- P29973
- Uniprot Name
- cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 79584.825 Da
References
- Rosenbaum T, Islas LD, Carlson AE, Gordon SE: Dequalinium: a novel, high-affinity blocker of CNGA1 channels. J Gen Physiol. 2003 Jan;121(1):37-47. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activati...
- Gene Name
- KCNMA1
- Uniprot ID
- Q12791
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 137558.115 Da
References
- Castle NA, Haylett DG, Morgan JM, Jenkinson DH: Dequalinium: a potent inhibitor of apamin-sensitive K+ channels in hepatocytes and of nicotinic responses in skeletal muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 May 19;236(2):201-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- Transcriptional repressor of qacA. Binds to IR1, an unusually long 28 bp operator, which is located downstream from the qacA promoter and overlaps its transcription start site. QacR is induced from its IR1 site by binding to one of many structurally dissimilar cationic lipophilic compounds, which are also substrates of QacA.
- Specific Function
- Dna binding
- Gene Name
- qacR
- Uniprot ID
- P0A0N4
- Uniprot Name
- HTH-type transcriptional regulator QacR
- Molecular Weight
- 22174.175 Da
References
- Peters KM, Schuman JT, Skurray RA, Brown MH, Brennan RG, Schumacher MA: QacR-cation recognition is mediated by a redundancy of residues capable of charge neutralization. Biochemistry. 2008 Aug 5;47(31):8122-9. doi: 10.1021/bi8008246. Epub 2008 Jul 11. [Article]
- Murray DS, Schumacher MA, Brennan RG: Crystal structures of QacR-diamidine complexes reveal additional multidrug-binding modes and a novel mechanism of drug charge neutralization. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):14365-71. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M313870200. Epub 2004 Jan 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Streptomyces coelicolor (strain ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- A transcription factor required for aerial hyphae formation on rich medium (PubMed:12100547, PubMed:12453210). Activates transcription of ramC. Might be part of a two-component regulatory system (PubMed:12453210). Binds the promoter of ramC (PubMed:12100547, PubMed:12453210). Non-phosphorylated protein cooperatively binds multiple sites in the ramC promoter. Has not been seen to autophosphorylate using the small molecule phosphodonors phosphoramidate, acetyl phosphate or carbamoyl phosphate (PubMed:16051268). Upon low expression suppresses the bald (bld, no aerial hyphae) phenotype of citA but not bldJ mutants; higher expression also suppresses the bldJ mutant as well as several other bld mutations, inducing SapB production even on media where SapB is normally not produced (PubMed:12453210). Expression of the ram locus (ramA, ramB and ramR) induces rapid aerial mycelium formation in S.lividans (PubMed:8206859). Overexpression suppresses the no aerial hyphae phenotype of a chaplin-negative strain, probably by inducing expression of SapB (PubMed:17462011). Overexpression of RamR show there are about 280 genes having at least a threefold increase or fourfold decrease in RNA abundance versus wild-type including gene cluster SCO4072-SCO4075 (PubMed:16925552).
- Specific Function
- Dna binding
- Gene Name
- ramR
- Uniprot ID
- Q7AKE4
- Uniprot Name
- Response regulator RamR
- Molecular Weight
- 21489.545 Da
References
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Titin binding
- Specific Function
- Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number...
- Gene Name
- CALM1
- Uniprot ID
- P0DP23
- Uniprot Name
- Calmodulin
- Molecular Weight
- 16837.47 Da
References
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Blocker
- General Function
- Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization. Thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to ...
- Gene Name
- KCNN3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UGI6
- Uniprot Name
- Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3
- Molecular Weight
- 82025.305 Da
References
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differenti...
Components:
References
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- SNCA
- Uniprot ID
- P37840
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-synuclein
- Molecular Weight
- 14460.155 Da
References
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25177 / H37Ra)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Dequalinium inhibits this enzyme, also known as mycothiol ligase (MshC).
- General Function
- Catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of GlcN-Ins and L-cysteine to form L-Cys-GlcN-Ins.
- Specific Function
- Atp binding
- Gene Name
- mshC
- Uniprot ID
- A5U4F6
- Uniprot Name
- L-cysteine:1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside ligase
- Molecular Weight
- 45594.045 Da
References
- Gutierrez-Lugo MT, Baker H, Shiloach J, Boshoff H, Bewley CA: Dequalinium, a new inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycothiol ligase identified by high-throughput screening. J Biomol Screen. 2009 Jul;14(6):643-52. doi: 10.1177/1087057109335743. Epub 2009 Jun 12. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Identical protein binding
- Specific Function
- AcrA-AcrB-AcrZ-TolC is a drug efflux protein complex with broad substrate specificity that uses the proton motive force to export substrates.Involved in contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI), a...
- Gene Name
- acrB
- Uniprot ID
- P31224
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug efflux pump subunit AcrB
- Molecular Weight
- 113572.75 Da
References
- Bailly C: Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Apr;186:114467. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467. Epub 2021 Feb 10. [Article]
- Yu EW, Aires JR, McDermott G, Nikaido H: A periplasmic drug-binding site of the AcrB multidrug efflux pump: a crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis study. J Bacteriol. 2005 Oct;187(19):6804-15. doi: 10.1128/JB.187.19.6804-6815.2005. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at April 18, 2024 09:15