Quinagolide

Identification

Summary

Quinagolide is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.

Generic Name
Quinagolide
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09097
Background

Quinagolide is a non-ergot-derived selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of elevated levels of prolactin or hyperprolactinaemia. Hyperprolalctinaemia is associated with gonadal dysfunction, including infertility and reduced libido, as well as long-term complications such as osteoporosis 1. Newer dopamine receptor agonists such as quinagolide and Cabergoline are shown to effectively inhibit prolactin secretion with improved efficacy over Bromocriptine. These drugs are effective in patients who are intolerant or resistant to Bromocriptine. Quinagolide exists as a racemate and its relevant clinical activity is mediated predominantly by the (-) enantiomer. It is typically present in the hydrochloride salt form and is marketed as oral tablets under the brand name Norprolac contained as a racemate. Quinagolide is currently available in several countries including Canada, but not approved for treatment in the United States.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 395.56
Monoisotopic: 395.224263109
Chemical Formula
C20H33N3O3S
Synonyms
  • (+-)-N,N-Diethyl-N'-((3R*,4aR*,10aS*)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydro-6-hydroxy-1-propylbenzo(g)quinolin-3-yl)sulfamide
  • Quinagolida
  • Quinagolide
  • Quinagolidum

Pharmacology

Indication

Indicated for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia (idiopathic or originating from a prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma or macroadenoma).

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofHyperprolactinemia••••••••••••
Management ofHyperprolactinemia••••••••••••
Treatment ofIdiopathic hyperprolactinemia••••••••••••
Management ofIdiopathic hyperprolactinemia••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Quinagolide achieves long-lasting reduction in prolactin levels in a dose-proportional effect via selectively targeting D2 receptors as an agonist. It potently suppresses both basal and stimulated serum prolactin levels by exerting a strong inhibitory effect on the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin.

Mechanism of action

Prolactin secretion from the lactotroph cells present in the anterior pituiatry gland is under tonic inhibitory control mediated by dopaminergic signalling via D2 receptors 5. Quinagolide selectively binds to D2 receptors expressed on the surface of lactotroph cells with high affinity which results in reduced adenylyl cyclase activity, reduced intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate and inhibited prolactin secretion. It also binds to D1 receptors but with low affinity and little clinical relevance 1.

TargetActionsOrganism
UDopamine D2 receptor
agonist
Humans
UD(1) dopamine receptor
agonist
Humans
Absorption

The absorption of quinagolide is rapid and extensive with 95% of the dose absorbed after oral ingestion, however the absolute bioavailability is low (4 %) due to pre-systemic metabolism. The time to reach peak plasma concentration is 30-60 minutes. Prolactin-lowering effect of quinagolide at recommended therapeutic doses occurs within 2 hours after ingestion reaches a maximum within 4 to 6 hours and is maintained for at least 24 hours 7.

Volume of distribution

Approximate volume of distribution is 100L following a single oral admininstration. The parent drug and metabolites is predicted to be extensively distributed in the extravascular compartment with primary target organs being the liver, kidneys, salivary glands and pituitary Label.

Protein binding

Plasma protein binding is reported to be non-specific with an approximate ratio of 90%.

Metabolism

Quinagolide undergoes extensive first pass metabolism with sulfate and glucuronide conjugates being the major circulating metabolites. N-desethyl analogue is a biologically active metabolite while sulfate or glucuronide conjugates and N,N-didesethyl analogue are inactive metabolites.

Route of elimination

More than 95% of total dose is excreted as metabolites and the excretion via urine and feces is approximately equal. Renal elimination accounts for 50% of total elimination, where sulfate or glucuronide conjugates, N-desethyl and N,N-didesethyl analogues can be detected in the urine. Unconjugated forms of sulfate or glucuronide conjugates, N-desethyl and N,N-didesethyl analogues are excreted into feces, and fecal elimination accounts for 40% of the total elimination of the drug.

Half-life

The terminal half-life for parent drug is 11.5 hours following single dose and 17 hours at steady state.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Most commonly observed adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness and fatigue that usually appear in the beginning of initial therapy. Less frequent side effects (1 to 10%) include anorexia, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhoea, insomnia, oedema, flushing, nasal congestion and hypotension. Orthostatic hypotension may result in faintness or syncope Label. Quinagolide demonstrates carcinogenic potential in animal studies but with no known relevance in humans. It is not demonstrated to be embryotoxic or teratogenic, but it is associated with reduced pregnancy rates 6. Oral LD50 values in mouse, rat and rabbit are 300 mg/kg, 980 mg/kg and 3200 mg/kg, respectively MSDS.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcetophenazineThe therapeutic efficacy of Quinagolide can be decreased when used in combination with Acetophenazine.
AlimemazineThe therapeutic efficacy of Quinagolide can be decreased when used in combination with Alimemazine.
AmisulprideThe therapeutic efficacy of Quinagolide can be decreased when used in combination with Amisulpride.
AmoxapineThe therapeutic efficacy of Quinagolide can be decreased when used in combination with Amoxapine.
ApomorphineThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be decreased when Apomorphine is combined with Quinagolide.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid excessive or chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohol may increase the risk of dizziness, thereby reducing the tolerability of quinagolide.
  • Take with a light meal or snack. Food reduces gastric irritation.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Quinagolide hydrochloride33474X943Y94424-50-7DVLKVIJLALMCBQ-VENMBWNLSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
NorprolacTablet0.075 mgOralFerring Pharmaceuticals2004-12-292020-12-09Canada flag
NorprolacTablet0.05 mgOralFerring Pharmaceuticals2004-12-292021-06-02Canada flag
NorprolacTablet0.15 mgOralFerring Pharmaceuticals2004-12-292021-06-02Canada flag
NorprolacTablet0.025 mgOralFerring Pharmaceuticals2004-12-292021-06-02Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
G02CB04 — Quinagolide
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoquinolines. These are organic compounds containing a benzene fused to a quinoline ring system.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Quinolines and derivatives
Sub Class
Benzoquinolines
Direct Parent
Benzoquinolines
Alternative Parents
Tetralins / Aralkylamines / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Sulfuric acid diamides / Piperidines / Trialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds
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Substituents
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzoquinoline / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound
show 11 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
80Q9QWN15M
CAS number
87056-78-8
InChI Key
GDFGTRDCCWFXTG-ZIFCJYIRSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H33N3O3S/c1-4-10-22-14-17(21-27(25,26)23(5-2)6-3)11-16-12-18-15(13-19(16)22)8-7-9-20(18)24/h7-9,16-17,19,21,24H,4-6,10-14H2,1-3H3/t16-,17+,19-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(3S,4aS,10aR)-3-[(diethylsulfamoyl)amino]-1-propyl-1H,2H,3H,4H,4aH,5H,10H,10aH-benzo[g]quinolin-6-ol
SMILES
[H][C@]12C[C@@H](CN(CCC)[C@]1([H])CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1C2)NS(=O)(=O)N(CC)CC

References

General References
  1. Barlier A, Jaquet P: Quinagolide--a valuable treatment option for hyperprolactinaemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Feb;154(2):187-95. [Article]
  2. Di Sarno A, Landi ML, Marzullo P, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Cerbone G, Lombardi G, Colao A: The effect of quinagolide and cabergoline, two selective dopamine receptor type 2 agonists, in the treatment of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Jul;53(1):53-60. [Article]
  3. Schultz PN, Ginsberg L, McCutcheon IE, Samaan N, Leavens M, Gagel RF: Quinagolide in the management of prolactinoma. Pituitary. 2000 Dec;3(4):239-49. [Article]
  4. Busso C, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Garcia-Velasco JA, Landeras J, Ballesteros A, Munoz E, Gonzalez S, Simon C, Arce JC, Pellicer A: The non-ergot derived dopamine agonist quinagolide in prevention of early ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in IVF patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2010 Apr;25(4):995-1004. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq005. Epub 2010 Feb 6. [Article]
  5. 32. (2012). In Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed., pp. 397-398). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
  6. DRUG NAME: Quinagolide - BC Cancer Agency [Link]
  7. NORPROLAC® (quinagolide) Product information [Link]
PubChem Compound
3086401
PubChem Substance
310265024
ChemSpider
2343034
BindingDB
50225362
RxNav
76887
ChEBI
135627
ChEMBL
CHEMBL290962
ZINC
ZINC000003778441
Wikipedia
Quinagolide
FDA label
Download (301 KB)
MSDS
Download (78.9 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
2CompletedPreventionOvarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome (OHSS)1
2CompletedTreatmentEndometriosis1
2CompletedTreatmentEndometriosis related pain1
2CompletedTreatmentOvarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome (OHSS)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
TabletOral0.025 mg
TabletOral0.05 mg
TabletOral0.075 mg
TabletOral0.15 mg
TabletOral0075 mg
TabletOral25 mcg/50mcg
TabletOral75 mcg
TabletOral25 cg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)231-237FDA Label/Product monograph
water solubilitySparingly soluble in water (0.2%) FDA Label/Product monograph
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.154 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.56ALOGPS
logP2.5Chemaxon
logS-3.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)10.2Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.22Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area72.88 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity109.66 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability44.11 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0009000000-ce9574e62a2f82425b42
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0209000000-68d8c0bc9a3b4c22d400
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004m-0094000000-9e30ae607857272ba115
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01ox-6169000000-0b1f0899e3b82c41f695
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0f6y-0190000000-5ef8108c002c2e3a481d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-016r-6194000000-25ae62a166d9f7d9b53c
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-187.69733
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+190.0929
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+196.00542
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Potassium channel regulator activity
Specific Function
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name
DRD2
Uniprot ID
P14416
Uniprot Name
D(2) dopamine receptor
Molecular Weight
50618.91 Da
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
Specific Function
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.

Components:
References
  1. Barlier A, Jaquet P: Quinagolide--a valuable treatment option for hyperprolactinaemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Feb;154(2):187-95. [Article]

Drug created at September 16, 2015 18:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48