Ioxaglic acid

Identification

Summary

Ioxaglic acid is a tri-iodinated benzoate contrast agent used in various radiological procedures including angiography, phlebography, urography, computed tomography (CT), and hysterosalpingography.

Generic Name
Ioxaglic acid
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09313
Background

Ioxaglic acid is marketed as Hexabrix. This drug is an ionic tri-iodinated benzoate used as a low-osmolality contrast agent during diagnostic imaging procedures. Like other organic iodine compounds, ioxaglic acid blocks x-rays and is opaque in its appearance on x-ray film, improving the visualization of important structures and organs during angiography, arteriography, arthrography, cholangiography, urography, and computed tomography 7.

Ioxaglic acid has a low osmolarity and is associated with fewer side effects compared to older contrast agents 2.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 1268.886
Monoisotopic: 1268.56583
Chemical Formula
C24H21I6N5O8
Synonyms
  • acido ioxaglico
  • Ioxaglic acid
External IDs
  • P-286

Pharmacology

Indication

This medicinal product is for diagnostic use only in adults and children as a low-osmolality medium 2, 1.

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Pharmacodynamics

This drug allows for the visualization of important organs and structures in the body. It binds to tissues, allowing the blockage of X-rays and diagnostic visualization in various soft tissues and body cavities 8.

The joint spaces in addition to the uterus and fallopian tubes may be visualized by the direct injection of the contrast medium into the region to be studied 4.

Mechanism of action

Ioxaglic acid is an iodine-containing, low osmolality contrast agent 2,3,1. Ioxaglate is a molecule that consists of six iodine atoms and achieves water solubility by ionization; thus, it is a 3.0 ratio ionic agent 6.

By far the most successful and widely used contrast agents in use today are the iodinated contrast media, which were introduced into clinical practice in the 1950s. Approximately 75 million doses of iodinated contrast agents are administered worldwide each year. The iodinated contrast agents fall into 4 groups. Each group has unique chemical, physical, and biologic properties. These various contrast agents are required to meet the demands of a broad variety of imaging modalities 7.

All agents share a similar function group—a tri-iodinated benzene ring. Iodine plays an imperative role in the attenuation of x-ray signal. The atomic radius of a covalently bonded iodine atom is about 133 picometers, falling within the same range of the wavelengths of x-rays: 10 to 10,000 picometers. Therefore, x-rays are easily attenuated by the iodine atoms. In addition, iodine atoms covalently bonded to a benzene ring have 2 main advantages: (1) 3 large atoms located in such close proximity increase the effective molecular size, attenuating longer-wavelength x-rays, and (2) covalent bonding to a stable organic functional group (for example, benzene) decrease the risk of toxic adverse effects from free iodide molecules 7.

Ionization is an important characteristic to note in contrast media preparations 8. Compounds are classified as either ionic or nonionic. The ionic compounds dissociate in aqueous solution and therefore have a higher osmolality. The anion is the radiopaque portion of the molecule, however, both the anion and cation are osmotically active 8. Compared with nonionic media such as ioxaglic acid, ionic contrast media have more adverse hemodynamic effects, especially in patients with heart disease. The nonionic media are water soluble but do not dissociate in solution. Nonionic agents possess lower osmolality because there are fewer particles in solution. The nonionic contrast agents are more hydrophilic than ionic agents, resulting in lower osmolality, reduced binding to plasma proteins, decreased tissue binding, and a decreased tendency to cross cell membranes 8.

The low-osmolality of ioxaglic acid reduces the risk of adverse events. The occurrence of adverse reactions is more common after the use of high-osmolarity agents: about 15% with a high-osmolarity agent versus 3% with a low-osmolarity agent 7.

The use of high-osmolarity agents has decreased significantly in recent years. Most adverse effects and adverse reactions to this group of drugs are multifactorial and are likely due to a combination of direct cellular toxicity, the ionic state (for example, ionic vs nonionic), or the osmolarity of the injected contrast drug 7.

Absorption

Following the intravascular route of injection, Ioxaglic acid is rapidly transported through the circulatory system to the kidneys.

The pharmacokinetics of radiopaque contrast media given by the IV route are described by a two-compartment model with a rapid alpha phase for drug distribution and a slow beta phase for the elimination of the drug2. Following the intravenous administration of 50 mL of ioxaglic acid in 10 healthy volunteers, the mean peak plasma concentration occurred at two (1-3) minutes, reaching a concentration of 2.1 (1.8-2.8) mg/mL.

Approximately 50 percent of the intravenously administered dose was recovered in the urine at two hours, and 90% percent was recovered at the 24 hour time point 2.

Volume of distribution

Ioxaglate salts cross the placental barrier in humans and are excreted unchanged in human milk 4.

Protein binding

Ioxaglic acid binds very weakly to plasma proteins 5 and is quickly eliminated unchanged by the kidneys (glomerular filtration with no re-absorption or tubular secretion).

Metabolism

Excreted unchanged 5.

Route of elimination

Excreted unchanged in the urine 2 The liver and small intestine provide the major alternate route of excretion. In patients with severe renal impairment, the excretion of this contrast medium through the gallbladder and into the small intestine sharply increases 4.

Half-life

Hexabrix 320 is rapidly eliminated by the kidneys with a half-life of about 90 minutes 3

Clearance

245 ml/kg 5

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Adverse reactions after administration of iodinated contrast agents may be worsened in patients displaying agitation, anxiety, and pain. Appropriate management, such as sedation, may be required before the procedure 2. Adequate hydration and normal electrolyte balance must be ensured, especially in elderly patients, infants, small children, patients with renal damage (oliguria, polyuria) or hyperuricemia, multiple myeloma, patients diagnosed with plasmacytoma or diabetes mellitus, particularly if it is longstanding 2.

As this drug is a contrast agent, it may cause minor or major reactions that may be serious or lethal 2. They may be rapid (within 60 minutes) or delayed (up to 1 week) 2.

Emergency measures must be immediately available in high risk individuals, especially in patients taking B-blockers in whom adrenaline and vascular perfusion would not be effective 2.

There are several conditions in which caution must be observed while administering this contrast drug 2:

Renal Disease/Hepatic Disease

Particular attention is required if the patient has both hepatic and renal failure, which increases the risk of contrast agent retention 2.

Cardiovascular Disease In patients with manifest or incipient heart failure, coronary disease, pulmonary hypertension, or valvular heart disease, the risks of pulmonary edema, myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia and severe hemodynamic disturbances is heightened after the administration of an iodinated contrast agent.

Cases of Torsade de Pointes have been identified in patients using sodium and meglumine ioxaglate, therefore loxaglic acid should be administered very carefully to patients who have/may develop prolongation of QTc, including patients taking other medicines that contribute to cardiovascular QT prolongation 2.

Pheochromocytoma Patients

Patients with phaeochromocytoma may suddenly develop hypertension after intravascular administration of a contrast agent, which may require appropriate management before the examination 2

Thyroid Disease

Following injection of iodinated contrast agent, specifically in patients with goiter or a history of hypothyroidism, there is a risk of either an episode of hyperthyroidism or induction of a new episode of hypothyroidism.

There is also a risk of hypothyroidism in newborns who have received, or whose mother has received, an iodinated contrast agent.

Screening for hypothyroidism should be performed routinely after administration of the product to newborns and judiciously to premature babies by assaying TSH and possibly free T4, 7-10 days and 1 month after iodine overload 2.

Asthma

Asthma should be controlled before injecting the iodinated contrast agent 2.

Particular attention is required if the asthmatic attack has occurred within eight days prior to administration of loxagic acid, because of the increased risk for bronchospasm.

Myasthenia gravis

Administration of a contrast agent may exacerbate the symptoms of myasthenia gravis 2.

Use in pregnancy

In the patient screening and with appropriate tests, it is advisable to identify possible pregnancy in women of childbearing age. Exposure of the female genital tract to x-rays warrants careful evaluation of the benefit-to-risk ratio 2.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Take separate from meals. Individuals may need to avoid eating before some procedures where ioxaglic acid is used.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Ioxaglate meglumine75JR975T1159018-13-2HUHDYASLFWQVOL-WZTVWXICSA-N
Ioxaglate sodiumHQ43CN02U967992-58-9MBVDCEVFLAONHO-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
HexabrixIoxaglate meglumine (393 mg/1mL) + Ioxaglate sodium (196 mg/1mL)InjectionIntravascularMallinckrodt1985-07-262015-09-30US flag
HexabrixIoxaglate meglumine (393 mg/1mL) + Ioxaglate sodium (196 mg/1mL)InjectionIntravascularGuerbet2009-04-092015-09-30US flag
HexabrixIoxaglate meglumine (393 mg/1mL) + Ioxaglate sodium (196 mg/1mL)InjectionIntravascularMallinckrodt1985-07-262015-09-30US flag
HexabrixIoxaglate meglumine (393 mg/1mL) + Ioxaglate sodium (196 mg/1mL)InjectionIntravascularGuerbet2009-04-092015-09-30US flag
Hexabrix 200Ioxaglate sodium (123 mg / mL) + Ioxaglate meglumine (246 mg / mL)SolutionIntravascularGuerbet1988-12-312015-07-08Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
V08AB03 — Ioxaglic acid
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acylaminobenzoic acid and derivatives. These are derivatives of amino benzoic acid derivatives where the amine group is N-acylated.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Benzoic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Acylaminobenzoic acid and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Hippuric acids and derivatives / N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acid amides / P-haloacetanilides / O-haloacetanilides / Halobenzoic acids / 2-halobenzoic acids / 4-halobenzoic acids / Benzoic acids / Benzoyl derivatives
show 16 more
Substituents
1-carboxy-2-haloaromatic compound / 2-halobenzoic acid / 2-halobenzoic acid or derivatives / 4-halobenzoic acid / 4-halobenzoic acid or derivatives / Acetamide / Acetanilide / Acylaminobenzoic acid or derivatives / Alcohol / Alkanolamine
show 39 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
organoiodine compound, benzoic acids, benzenedicarboxamide (CHEBI:31718)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
Z40X7EI2AF
CAS number
59017-64-0
InChI Key
TYYBFXNZMFNZJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C24H21I6N5O8/c1-7(37)35(3)20-17(29)10(21(39)31-2)13(25)11(18(20)30)23(41)33-6-8(38)34-19-15(27)9(22(40)32-4-5-36)14(26)12(16(19)28)24(42)43/h36H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H,31,39)(H,32,40)(H,33,41)(H,34,38)(H,42,43)
IUPAC Name
3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-(2-{[2,4,6-triiodo-3-(methylcarbamoyl)-5-(N-methylacetamido)phenyl]formamido}acetamido)benzoic acid
SMILES
CNC(=O)C1=C(I)C(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC2=C(I)C(C(O)=O)=C(I)C(C(=O)NCCO)=C2I)=C(I)C(N(C)C(C)=O)=C1I

References

General References
  1. Meijenhorst GC, de Bruin JN: Hexabrix (ioxaglate), a new low osmolality contrast agent for lumbar epidural double-catheter venography. Neuroradiology. 1980 Aug;20(1):29-32. [Article]
  2. Loxaglic acid [Link]
  3. Ioxaglic acid, NZ MedSAFE Data sheet [Link]
  4. FDA letter, Ioxaglic Acid [Link]
  5. HEXABRIX 320 (320 mg I/ml), solution for injection [Link]
  6. Are low osmolality contrast media less neprotoxic? [Link]
  7. Clinical Pharmacology, Uses, and Adverse Reactions of Iodinated Contrast Agents: A Primer for the Non-radiologist [Link]
  8. Imaging-related medications: a class overview [Link]
KEGG Drug
D01761
PubChem Compound
3742
PubChem Substance
310265198
ChemSpider
3611
RxNav
1426458
ChEBI
31718
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1201291
Wikipedia
Ioxaglic_acid
MSDS
Download (497 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedNot AvailableCoronary Artery Disease (CAD)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
InjectionIntravascular
Injection, solutionIntravascular320 mg/100ml
Injection, solutionParenteral320 MG/ML
SolutionIntravascular
InjectionIntravascular39.3 g
InjectionIntravascular; Intravenous320 mg I/ml
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)>254°C MSDS
water solubilitysoluble https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V08AB
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0152 mg/mLALOGPS
logP0.58ALOGPS
logP3.75Chemaxon
logS-4.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.13Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.7Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count8Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area194.24 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count10Chemaxon
Refractivity214.05 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability82.94 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-2960000000-3f14b9f983cc6e713b6a
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01t9-2449844111-e90290a3b22dc25a5137
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-00d4236004833a250590
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0pvi-0090003000-cea3df6783d684c795f7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0560-0480079000-4b02dea749c6052c1da5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004s-2890001000-90bf8088ea0bebc7bedc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0903-0570029000-d02b6760586fc378b3a0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-4840059000-dc15f927b208281cf9bf
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-277.44266
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+279.76773
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+285.50815
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Drug created at November 16, 2015 22:25 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:53