Icaridin

Identification

Generic Name
Icaridin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB14074
Background

Icaridin, also known as Picaridin or hydroxy-ethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, is a cyclic amine and a member of the piperidine chemical family. Piperidines are structural components of piperine, which is a plant extract from the genus _Piper _, or pepper. Icaridin has been commonly used as a topically-applied insect repellent in various countries but was officially licensed for use in the United States in 2001 and Canada in 2012 4. Icaridin was synthesized by Bayer in the 1980s based on molecular modeling 4. It is considered to be the first choice of repellent by the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Canadian Advisory Committee on Tropical Medicine and Travel for travelers six months to 12 years of age 1. Icaridin is reported to be less irritating than Diethyltoluamide, another common insect repellant, and products containing up to 20% of icaridin are considered safe for long-term use in adults 3.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Experimental
Structure
Weight
Average: 229.3159
Monoisotopic: 229.167793607
Chemical Formula
C12H23NO3
Synonyms
  • Icaridin
  • Icaridina
  • Icaridinum
  • Picaridin
  • Pikaridin
  • Propidine
External IDs
  • EC 423-210-8
  • KBR 3023

Pharmacology

Indication

Icaridin is indicated for use to repel insects, such as mosquitoes, biting flies, ticks, chiggers, and fleas, via topical use or over clothing 5.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Prevention ofInsect bites••• ••••••••••• •••••
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Pharmacodynamics

Icaridin is a cyclic amine and piperidine compound that is expected to stimulate the sensory hairs on the antennae of insects 4.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism and target molecules of icaridin repelling insects are not fully understood; it is presumed that piperine interacts with the olfactory system consisting of odorant receptors (ORs) that need a common co-receptor (ORCO), and of ionotropic receptors (IR) 3, leading to the insect's inability to recognize its host's cues 4. It is also suggested that icaridin may bind to odorant binding protein 1 (AgamOBP1) at different binding sites 2. A study demonstrated that icaridin inhibited the odorant-induced responses of AaOR2 and AaOR8 expressed in Xenopus oocytes, leading to altered olfactory inputs by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) 3.

TargetActionsOrganism
AOdorant binding protein
ligand
Anopheles gambiae
Absorption

In a dermal metabolism rat study, dermal application of 20 mg/kg of radio-labeled icaridin resulted in 61-66% of the dose absorbed through the skin 4. Following topical application of 20 mg/kg on rats, the peak plasma concentrations were measured to be 0.5 μg/mL in male rats and 0.8-1.6 μg/mL in female rats 4. In a study of human volunteers, less than 6% of the applied doses were absorbed after topical application of 14.7 or 15.0 mg of technical grade icaridin and covering the application site with a protective wrap for eight hours 4.

Volume of distribution

In a rat study, dermal application of icaridin at doses of either 20 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations ranging from 0.5 μg/ml for males and 0.8-1.6 μg/ml for females in the 20 mg/kg test group, and 4.48 μg/ml in male rats and 1.70 μg/ml and female rats in the 200 mg/kg test group 4. Icaridin applied to the arms of human volunteers was not found in blood plasma 4.

Protein binding

There is no available information on the protein binding of icaridin.

Metabolism

There is limited data on the metabolism and resulting metabolites of the drug; however, it is estimated that icaridin undergoes phase I metabolic reactions involving 2-methylpropyl side chain or the piperidine ring being hydroxylated 4. It is also noted that the hydroxyethyl sidechain was oxidized to produce a carbonyl group. There was very little Phase 2 metabolism of the icaridin 4.

Route of elimination

Following topical administration on rats at doses of 20 mg/kg, urinary excretion was reported to be the primary route of elimination where 73-88% of the parent compound was recovered in the urine 4. At doses of 200 mg/kg, 33-40% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine or feces 4. No data were available on the composition of parent compound and metabolites in the urine of either animals or humans 4.

Half-life

The first elimination half-lives of icaridin were determined in a study of five male and female rats treated with a single dose of 20 mg/kg icaridin dermally. The half-lives were 35.7 hours for male and 23.9 hours in female rats 6. In another study of rats treated daily for 2 weeks with 20 mg/kg of unlabeled icaridin, followed by exposure to a single dose of 20 mg/kg of the radiolabeled icaridin for 7 days, the 1st elimination half-lives were 10.9 and 9.1 hours for the males and females, respectively 6. The 2nd half-lives were 144 and 105 hours, respectively 6.

Clearance

There is no available information on the clearance of icaridin.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral LD50 values in fasted and non-fasted male rats were 2236 mg/kg and 4743 mg/kg, respectively 4. Acute dermal LD50 values in rats were greater than 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg 4. The LC50 over a 4-hour exposure period exceeded 4364 mg/m^3 in male rats, and the NOEL was determined to be 2153 mg/m^3 4. While icaridin is considered to be practically non-toxic upon dermal and inhalation exposure 4, there have been cases of allergic contact dermatitis associated with pruritis and erythema upon dermal application 6.

In an animal study following application of icaridin to the skin of rats at doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day each weekday for two years, there were no signs of potential carcinogenicity 4. The United States Environmental Protection Agency claims that icaridin is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans 6. In a two-generation reproductive study on rats, administering 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg icaridin to the rats' skin weekly beginning 10 weeks before mating and continuing through to weaning of the pups. Findings from the study concluded that chronic icaridin exposure to the skin at doses as high as 200 mg/kg did not result in reproductive toxicity 4.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
OxybenzoneOxybenzone can cause a decrease in the absorption of Icaridin resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Bayrepel / Saltidin
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SG Plus Repellent Aroma MistLiquid2.1 g/30mLTopicalHankook Samgong Co.,ltd2017-06-27Not applicableUS flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SG Plus Repellent Aroma MistIcaridin (2.1 g/30mL)LiquidTopicalHankook Samgong Co.,ltd2017-06-27Not applicableUS flag

Categories

Drug Categories
Classification
Not classified
Affected organisms
  • Scabies (Sarcoptes scabei) and other insects

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
N51GQX0837
CAS number
119515-38-7
InChI Key
QLHULAHOXSSASE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H23NO3/c1-3-10(2)16-12(15)13-8-5-4-6-11(13)7-9-14/h10-11,14H,3-9H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
butan-2-yl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
SMILES
CCC(C)OC(=O)N1CCCCC1CCO

References

General References
  1. Onyett H: Preventing mosquito and tick bites: A Canadian update. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Jun;19(6):326-32. [Article]
  2. Drakou CE, Tsitsanou KE, Potamitis C, Fessas D, Zervou M, Zographos SE: The crystal structure of the AgamOBP1*Icaridin complex reveals alternative binding modes and stereo-selective repellent recognition. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017 Jan;74(2):319-338. doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2335-6. Epub 2016 Aug 17. [Article]
  3. Van Roey K, Sokny M, Denis L, Van den Broeck N, Heng S, Siv S, Sluydts V, Sochantha T, Coosemans M, Durnez L: Field evaluation of picaridin repellents reveals differences in repellent sensitivity between Southeast Asian vectors of malaria and arboviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Dec 18;8(12):e3326. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003326. eCollection 2014 Dec. [Article]
  4. Gervais, J. A.; Wegner, P.; Luukinen, B.; Buhl, K.; Stone, D. 2009. Picaridin Technical Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. [Link]
  5. DailyMed - SG PLUS REPELLENT AROMA MIST- icaridin liquid [Link]
  6. PICARIDIN - National Library of Medicine HSDB Database - Toxnet - NIH [Link]
  7. Health Canada Icaridin Evaluation [File]
ChemSpider
111359
RxNav
1737729
ChEBI
143733
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2104314
Wikipedia
Icaridin
MSDS
Download (22.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
LiquidTopical2.1 g/30mL
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Liquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)< -170O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1373
boiling point (°C)208 at 1013 hPaO'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1373
water solubilityInsolublePicaridin Technical Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility25.1 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.19ALOGPS
logP1.61Chemaxon
logS-0.96ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)15.92Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area49.77 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity62.54 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability26.24 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-1890000000-ec1767cf723d9528250f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-2960000000-70326231b3c75f38060f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0bw9-3910000000-a4c309b7475d59e88cd3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-2910000000-dd581d1ac1fb7966d8cf
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0cdl-9600000000-3df5d63a1a6cc3474542
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01ox-9300000000-e5b38bc92409a250a58b
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-155.50142
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+158.47105
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+167.33298
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Anopheles gambiae
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Ligand
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Odorant binding
Gene Name
OBP-1
Uniprot ID
Q8T6S0
Uniprot Name
Odorant binding protein
Molecular Weight
16538.985 Da
References
  1. Drakou CE, Tsitsanou KE, Potamitis C, Fessas D, Zervou M, Zographos SE: The crystal structure of the AgamOBP1*Icaridin complex reveals alternative binding modes and stereo-selective repellent recognition. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017 Jan;74(2):319-338. doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2335-6. Epub 2016 Aug 17. [Article]

Drug created at June 16, 2018 23:17 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:54