Dalteparin

Identification

Summary

Dalteparin is a low molecular weight heparin used for the prophylaxis of thrombotic events in certain patients and prevent acute cardiac ischemic events in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.

Brand Names
Fragmin
Generic Name
Dalteparin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB06779
Background

Dalteparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prepared by nitrous acid degradation of unfractionated heparin of porcine intestinal mucosa origin, is an anticoagulant. It is composed of strongly acidic sulphated polysaccharide chains with an average molecular weight of 5000 and about 90% of the material within the range of 2000-9000. LMWHs have a more predictable response, a greater bioavailability, and a longer anti-Xa half life than unfractionated heparin. Dalteparin can also be safely used in most pregnant women. Low molecular weight heparins are less effective at inactivating factor IIa due to their shorter length compared to unfractionated heparin.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Synonyms
  • alpha-heparin

Pharmacology

Indication

Dalteparin is used as a prophylaxis for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisms in patients undergoing general surgery (e.g., abdominal, gynecologic, urologic), and in patients with acute medical conditions (e.g. cancer, bed rest, heart failure, severe lung disease). It is also used in patients who have severely restricted mobility, which poses a risk for thromboembolic complications.

Dalteparin is also used concomitantly with aspirin and/or other therapy (e.g., nitrates, β-adrenergic blockers, clopidogrel, platelet glycoprotein [GP] IIb/IIIa-receptor inhibitors) to reduce the risk of acute cardiac ischemic events. The patients who undergo this treatment combination have unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (i.e., non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes).

It is also used in the prevention of clotting during hemodialysis and hemofiltration in connection with acute renal failure or chronic renal insufficiency.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Prevention ofCardiovascular event••••••••••••
Prevention ofCardiovascular event••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofClotting••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofClotting••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofDeep vein thrombosis••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Dalteparin has an antithrombin binding site that is essential for high affinity binding to the plasma protein antithrombin (ATIII). Anti-Xa activity of plasma is used as both as an estimate of clotting activity, and as a basis to determine dosage. Its use should be avoided in patients with a creatinine clearance less than 20mL/min. In these patients, unfractionated heparin should only be used. As for monitoring, active partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) will only increase at high doses of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). Therefore, monitoring aPTT is not recommended. However, anti-Xa activity can be measured to monitor the efficacy of the LMWH.

Mechanism of action

Dalteparin potentiates the activity of ATIII, inhibiting the formation of both factor Xa and thrombin. The main difference between dalteparin and unfractionated heparin (UH) is that dalteparin preferentially inactivates factor Xa. As a result, only a slight increase in clotting time [(i.e. activated partial thomboplastin time (APTT)] is observed relative to UH. For this same reason, APTT is not used to monitor the effects of dalteparin except as an indicator for overdosage.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAntithrombin-III
potentiator
Humans
AVascular endothelial growth factor A
inhibitor
Humans
UP-selectin
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Almost completely absorbed after subcutaneous (sc) doses, with a bioavialability of about 87%.

Volume of distribution

3 litres

Protein binding

Less than unfractionated heparin, which is more than 90%.

Metabolism

Liver and the reticulo-endothelial system are the sites of biotransformation. They are partially metabolized by desulphatation and depolymerization.

Route of elimination

After 4 hours, about 20% is seen in urine. Most of the remainder is found in the liver, gastrointestinal tract and kidney. The kidneys are the major site of dalteparin excretion (approximately 70% based on animal studies).

Half-life

Terminal Half life: Intravenous - 2 hours. Subcutaneous - 3-5hours

Clearance

Excreted via kidneys. The plasma clearance rate is 33 mL/min.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Overdosage: hemorrhagic complications. Adverse Drug Reaction: (common) osteopenia with extended use; mild, reversible non-immunological thrombocytopenia; transient elevation of liver transaminases; alopecia. (uncommon): severe immunologically-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; anaphylactic reactions; skin rash, skin necrosis; retroperitoneal hemorrhage; angioedema

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Dalteparin.
AcebutololThe risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Acebutolol is combined with Dalteparin.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Dalteparin.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Dalteparin is combined with Acemetacin.
AcenocoumarolThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acenocoumarol is combined with Dalteparin.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid herbs and supplements with anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity. Examples include garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam, and ginkgo biloba.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Dalteparin sodium12M44VTJ7BNot AvailableNot applicable
International/Other Brands
Boxol (Pharmacia) / Eurodal (Gland) / Ligoframin (Pfizer) / Low Liquemine (Roche)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
FragminSolution25000 unit / mLIntravenous; SubcutaneousPfizer Canada Ulc1997-11-27Not applicableCanada flag
FragminSolution10000 unit / mLIntravenous; SubcutaneousPfizer Canada Ulc1995-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
FragminSolution2500 unit / mLIntravenous; SubcutaneousPfizer Canada Ulc2012-07-252018-02-22Canada flag
FragminInjection10000 [iU]/1mLSubcutaneousEisai Limited1994-12-222016-09-30US flag
FragminInjection15000 [iU]/0.6mLSubcutaneousPfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc2015-04-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
B01AB04 — Dalteparin
Drug Categories
Classification
Not classified
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
S79O08V79F
CAS number
9005-49-6
InChI Key
Not Available
InChI
Not Available
IUPAC Name
Not Available
SMILES
Not Available

References

General References
  1. King DJ, Kelton JG: Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Apr;100(4):535-40. [Article]
  2. Bell WR, Royall RM: Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: a comparison of three heparin preparations. N Engl J Med. 1980 Oct 16;303(16):902-7. [Article]
  3. Ockelford PA, Patterson J, Johns AS: A double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial of thromboprophylaxis in major elective general surgery using once daily injections of a low molecular weight heparin fragment (Fragmin). Thromb Haemost. 1989 Dec 29;62(4):1046-9. [Article]
  4. Hartl P, Brucke P, Dienstl E, Vinazzer H: Prophylaxis of thromboembolism in general surgery: comparison between standard heparin and Fragmin. Thromb Res. 1990 Feb 15;57(4):577-84. [Article]
  5. Monreal M, Lafoz E, Salvador R, Roncales J, Navarro A: Adverse effects of three different forms of heparin therapy: thrombocytopenia, increased transaminases, and hyperkalaemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;37(4):415-8. [Article]
  6. Holmer E, Soderberg K, Bergqvist D, Lindahl U: Heparin and its low molecular weight derivatives: anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties. Haemostasis. 1986;16 Suppl 2:1-7. [Article]
  7. Malm K, Dahlback B, Arnljots B: Low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) effectively prevents thrombosis in a rat model of deep arterial injury. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Apr 15;111(5):1659-66. [Article]
  8. Tincani E, Mannucci C, Casolari B, Turrini F, Crowther MA, Prisco D, Cenci AM, Bondi M: Safety of dalteparin for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in elderly medical patients with renal insufficiency: a pilot study. Haematologica. 2006 Jul;91(7):976-9. Epub 2006 Jun 1. [Article]
  9. Schmid P, Brodmann D, Fischer AG, Wuillemin WA: Study of bioaccumulation of dalteparin at a prophylactic dose in patients with various degrees of impaired renal function. J Thromb Haemost. 2009 Apr;7(4):552-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03292.x. Epub 2009 Jan 19. [Article]
  10. Abe W, Ikejima K, Lang T, Okumura K, Enomoto N, Kitamura T, Takei Y, Sato N: Low molecular weight heparin prevents hepatic fibrogenesis caused by carbon tetrachloride in the rat. J Hepatol. 2007 Feb;46(2):286-94. Epub 2006 Oct 25. [Article]
  11. Frydman A: Low-molecular-weight heparins: an overview of their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Haemostasis. 1996;26 Suppl 2:24-38. [Article]
  12. Samama MM, Gerotziafas GT: Comparative pharmacokinetics of LMWHs. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2000;26 Suppl 1:31-8. [Article]
  13. Rey E, Rivard GE: Prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases during pregnancy with dalteparin. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000 Oct;71(1):19-24. [Article]
KEGG Drug
D03353
PubChem Substance
347910371
RxNav
67109
Wikipedia
Dalteparin_sodium

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionSubcutaneous5000 IU
InjectionSubcutaneous10000 [iU]/1mL
InjectionSubcutaneous10000 [iU]/0.4mL
InjectionSubcutaneous12500 [iU]/0.5mL
InjectionSubcutaneous15000 [iU]/0.6mL
InjectionSubcutaneous18000 [iU]/0.72mL
InjectionSubcutaneous2500 [iU]/0.2mL
InjectionSubcutaneous2500 [iU]/1mL
InjectionSubcutaneous25000 [iU]/1mL
InjectionSubcutaneous5000 [iU]/0.2mL
InjectionSubcutaneous7500 [iU]/0.3mL
Injection, solutionSubcutaneous
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous10000 unit / 0.4 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous10000 unit / mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous12500 unit / 0.5 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous15000 unit / 0.6 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous16500 unit / 0.66 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous18000 unit / 0.72 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous2500 unit / mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous2500 unit / 0.2 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous25000 unit / mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous3500 unit / 0.28 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous5000 unit / 0.2 mL
SolutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous7500 unit / 0.3 mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous10000 IU/ml
InjectionParenteral4 ml
Injection, solutionParenteral10000 IE
InjectionParenteral10000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral10000 IE/ML
Injection, solutionParenteral10000 IU
Injection, solutionParenteral12.500 IE
InjectionParenteral12500 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral12500 IE
InjectionParenteral15000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral15000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral18000 IU
InjectionParenteral18000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral18000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral2.500 I.E.
Injection, solutionParenteral2.500 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral2500 IU
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous25000 IU/ml
Injection, solutionParenteral2500 I.E.
InjectionParenteral2500 IE
SolutionSubcutaneous2500 IU
SolutionParenteral; Subcutaneous2500 IU
Injection, solutionParenteral2500 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral5.000 I.E.
Injection, solutionParenteral5000 I.E.
InjectionParenteral5000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral5000 IE
Injection, solutionParenteral7500 IU
Injection, solutionParenteral7.500 IE
InjectionParenteral7500 IE
SolutionSubcutaneous7500 IU
Injection, solutionParenteral7500 IE
LiquidIntravenous; Subcutaneous2500 unit / mL
InjectionIntravenous; Subcutaneous10000 iu/ml
InjectionSubcutaneous2500 iu/0.2ml
InjectionIntravenous2500 iu/ml
InjectionSubcutaneous25000 iu/ml
InjectionSubcutaneous5000 iu/0.2ml
Injection, solutionParenteral5000 IU
Injection, solutionParenteral5.000 IE
SolutionSubcutaneous10000 IU
Injection, solution12500 IU/mL
Injection, solution25000 iU/mL
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Not Available
Predicted Properties
Not Available
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
Not Available
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Not Available

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific Function
Most important serine protease inhibitor in plasma that regulates the blood coagulation cascade. AT-III inhibits thrombin, matriptase-3/TMPRSS7, as well as factors IXa, Xa and XIa. Its inhibitory a...
Gene Name
SERPINC1
Uniprot ID
P01008
Uniprot Name
Antithrombin-III
Molecular Weight
52601.935 Da
References
  1. Frydman A: Low-molecular-weight heparins: an overview of their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Haemostasis. 1996;26 Suppl 2:24-38. [Article]
  2. Rey E, Rivard GE: Prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases during pregnancy with dalteparin. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000 Oct;71(1):19-24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding
Specific Function
Growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of...
Gene Name
VEGFA
Uniprot ID
P15692
Uniprot Name
Vascular endothelial growth factor A
Molecular Weight
27042.205 Da
References
  1. Norrby K, Nordenhem A: Dalteparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, promotes angiogenesis mediated by heparin-binding VEGF-A in vivo. APMIS. 2010 Dec;118(12):949-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02635.x. Epub 2010 Oct 12. [Article]
  2. Marchetti M, Vignoli A, Russo L, Balducci D, Pagnoncelli M, Barbui T, Falanga A: Endothelial capillary tube formation and cell proliferation induced by tumor cells are affected by low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin. Thromb Res. 2008;121(5):637-45. Epub 2007 Aug 10. [Article]
  3. Takahashi H, Ebihara S, Okazaki T, Asada M, Sasaki H, Yamaya M: A comparison of the effects of unfractionated heparin, dalteparin and danaparoid on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced tumour angiogenesis and heparanase activity. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;146(3):333-43. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sialic acid binding
Specific Function
Ca(2+)-dependent receptor for myeloid cells that binds to carbohydrates on neutrophils and monocytes. Mediates the interaction of activated endothelial cells or platelets with leukocytes. The ligan...
Gene Name
SELP
Uniprot ID
P16109
Uniprot Name
P-selectin
Molecular Weight
90833.105 Da
References
  1. Rey E, Rivard GE: Prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases during pregnancy with dalteparin. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000 Oct;71(1):19-24. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Syndecan binding
Specific Function
Endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) into heparan sulfate side chains and core proteoglycans. Participates in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and remodeling. Se...
Gene Name
HPSE
Uniprot ID
Q9Y251
Uniprot Name
Heparanase
Molecular Weight
61148.17 Da
References
  1. Takahashi H, Ebihara S, Okazaki T, Asada M, Sasaki H, Yamaya M: A comparison of the effects of unfractionated heparin, dalteparin and danaparoid on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced tumour angiogenesis and heparanase activity. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;146(3):333-43. [Article]

Drug created at September 14, 2010 16:21 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48