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Identification
Name Isoflurane
Accession Number DB00753 (APRD00212)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms Not Available
Brand names
  • Aerrane
  • Ethane
  • Forane
  • Forene
  • Isoflurane [Usan:Ban:Inn:Jan]
  • Isofluranum [INN-Latin]
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anesthetics, Inhalation
  • General Anesthetics
  • Anesthetics
CAS number 26675-46-7
Weight Average: 184.492
Monoisotopic: 183.971433418
Chemical Formula C3H2ClF5O
InChI Key InChIKey=PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C3H2ClF5O/c4-1(3(7,8)9)10-2(5)6/h1-2H
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
SMILES
FC(F)OC(Cl)C(F)(F)F
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (7.3 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Ethers
  • Alkyl Halides
Pharmacology
Indication For induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
Pharmacodynamics Isoflurane is a general inhalation anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It induces muscle relaxation and reduces pains sensitivity by altering tissue excitability. It does so by decreasing the extent of gap junction mediated cell-cell coupling and altering the activity of the channels that underlie the action potential.
Mechanism of action Isoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Isoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. Also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism

Minimal
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity LC50=15300 ppm/3 hrs (inhalation by rat)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia critical care
  • Halocarbon products corp
  • Hospira inc
  • Marsam pharmaceuticals llc
  • Piramal critical care inc
  • Rhodia ltd
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Liquid Respiratory (inhalation)
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Forane liquid 0.24 USD ml
Patents Not Available
Properties
State liquid
Melting point 49 oC (BP)
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility Insoluble PhysProp
logP 2.1 PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 3.56e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.30 ALOGPS
logP 2.84 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -1.72 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 1 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 9.23 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 23.04 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 9.73 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00545 Link_out
KEGG Compound C07518 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3763 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505880 Link_out
ChemSpider 3631 Link_out
ChEBI 6015 Link_out
ChEMBL 6015 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP001033 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450106 Link_out
HET ICF Link_out
Drug Product Database 2241315 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/isoflurane.htm Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N01AB06
AHFS Codes
  • 28:04.00
  • 28:04.92
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (99.6 KB)
MSDS show (37 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14867 Link_out
Gene: GABRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. McCracken ML, Borghese CM, Trudell JR, Harris RA: A Transmembrane Amino Acid in the GABAA Receptor {beta}2 Subunit Critical for the Actions of Alcohols and Anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Sep 8. Pubmed
  4. Seo K, Seino H, Yoshikawa H, Petrenko AB, Baba H, Fujiwara N, Someya G, Kawano Y, Maeda T, Matsuda M, Kanematsu T, Hirata M: Genetic reduction of GABA receptor gamma2 subunit expression potentiates the immobilizing action of isoflurane. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Mar 12;472(1):1-4. Epub 2010 Jan 25. Pubmed

2. Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of the calcium

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P98194 Link_out
Gene: ATP2C1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Kosk-Kosicka D, Roszczynska G: Inhibition of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase activity by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1993 Oct;79(4):774-80. Pubmed

3. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23415 Link_out
Gene: GLRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Grasshoff C, Antkowiak B: Effects of isoflurane and enflurane on GABAA and glycine receptors contribute equally to depressant actions on spinal ventral horn neurones in rats. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Nov;97(5):687-94. Epub 2006 Sep 13. Pubmed

4. Glutamate receptor 1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P42261 Link_out
Gene: GRIA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Guo L, Wang Y: Glutamate stimulates glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system to regulate surface expression of GluR2. Neuroscience. 2007 Mar 2;145(1):100-9. Epub 2007 Jan 3. Pubmed
  2. Dildy-Mayfield JE, Eger EI 2nd, Harris RA: Anesthetics produce subunit-selective actions on glutamate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Mar;276(3):1058-65. Pubmed

5. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inducer

Mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a potassium-selective channel through which potassium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q09470 Link_out
Gene: KCNA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Matchett GA, Allard MW, Martin RD, Zhang JH: Neuroprotective effect of volatile anesthetic agents: molecular mechanisms. Neurol Res. 2009 Mar;31(2):128-34. Pubmed

6. ATP synthase delta chain, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: unknown

Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30049 Link_out
Gene: ATP5D Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

7. Calmodulin

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other/unknown

Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P62158 Link_out
Gene: CALM1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Fan RS, Jacamo RO, Jiang X, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E: G protein-coupled receptor activation rapidly stimulates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation at Ser-843. Mediation by Ca2+, calmodulin, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 24;280(25):24212-20. Epub 2005 Apr 21. Pubmed
  2. Bickler PE, Zhan X, Fahlman CS: Isoflurane preconditions hippocampal neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation: role of intracellular Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Anesthesiology. 2005 Sep;103(3):532-9. Pubmed
  3. Sazonova OV, Blishchenko EY, Tolmazova AG, Khachin DP, Leontiev KV, Karelin AA, Ivanov VT: Stimulation of fibroblast proliferation by neokyotorphin requires Ca influx and activation of PKA, CaMK II and MAPK/ERK. FEBS J. 2007 Jan;274(2):474-84. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2E1

Actions: substrate

Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms

UniProt ID: P05181 Link_out
Gene: CYP2E1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor, inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: P03886 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Hanley PJ, Ray J, Brandt U, Daut J: Halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of cardiac mitochondria. J Physiol. 2002 Nov 1;544(Pt 3):687-93. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Serum albumin

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
Gene: ALB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Liu R, Eckenhoff RG: Weak polar interactions confer albumin binding site selectivity for haloether anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 2005 Apr;102(4):799-805. Pubmed
  2. Sawas AH, Pentyala SN, Rebecchi MJ: Binding of volatile anesthetics to serum albumin: measurements of enthalpy and solvent contributions. Biochemistry. 2004 Oct 5;43(39):12675-85. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on April 19, 2011 15:06

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.