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Identification
Name Insulin, porcine
Accession Number DB00071 (BIOD00031, BTD00031)
Type biotech
Groups approved
Description

Insulin isolated from pig pancreas. Composed of alpha and beta chains, processed from pro-insulin. Forms a hexameric structure
Protein structure Db00071
Display: 3D Structure
Protein chemical formula C257H387N65O76S6
Protein average weight 5795.6000
Sequences 
>A chain
GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN

>B chain
FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT

FASTA
Synonyms
Insulin precursor
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Iletin II
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Hypoglycemic Agents
CAS number 9004-14-2
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of type I and II diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics Insulin is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes. The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. In muscle and other tissues (except the brain), insulin causes rapid transport of glucose and amino acids intracellularly. It also promotes anabolism, and inhibits protein catabolism. In the liver, insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in the form of glycogen, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and promotes the conversion of excess glucose into fat.
Mechanism of action Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism Insulin is predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Novo nordisk inc
Packagers Not Available
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices Not Available
Patents Not Available
Properties
State liquid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility Slightly soluble Not Available
hydrophobicity 0.218 Not Available
isoelectric point 5.39 Not Available
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
UniProt Q8HXV2 Link_out
Genbank AY137503 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164781053 Link_out
Drug Product Database 513644 Link_out
ATC Codes Not Available
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Insulin receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: binder

This receptor binds insulin and has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity. Isoform Short has a higher affinity for insulin. Mediates the metabolic functions of insulin. Binding to insulin stimulates association of the receptor with downstream mediators including IRS1 and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K). Can activate PI3K either directly by binding to the p85 regulatory subunit, or indirectly via IRS1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P06213 Link_out
Gene: INSR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen LM, Yang XW, Tang JG: Acidic residues on the N-terminus of proinsulin C-Peptide are important for the folding of insulin precursor. J Biochem (Tokyo). 2002 Jun;131(6):855-9. Pubmed
  2. Desbuquois B, Chauvet G, Kouach M, Authier F: Cell itinerary and metabolic fate of proinsulin in rat liver: in vivo and in vitro studies. Endocrinology. 2003 Dec;144(12):5308-21. Epub 2003 Sep 11. Pubmed
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

Pharmacological action: unknown

This receptor binds insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with a high affinity and IGF2 with a lower affinity. It has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity, which is necessary for the activation of the IGF1-stimulated downstream signaling cascade

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08069 Link_out
Gene: IGF1R Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Fottner C, Engelhardt D, Weber MM: Regulation of steroidogenesis by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in adult human adrenocortical cells: IGF-I and, more potently, IGF-II preferentially enhance androgen biosynthesis through interaction with the IGF-I receptor and IGF-binding proteins. J Endocrinol. 1998 Sep;158(3):409-17. Pubmed
  4. Zhang Q, Berggren PO, Hansson A, Tally M: Insulin-like growth factor-I-induced DNA synthesis in insulin-secreting cell line RINm5F is associated with phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and the insulin receptor substrate-2. J Endocrinol. 1998 Mar;156(3):573-81. Pubmed
  5. Sowers JR, Jacobs DB, Simpson L, al-Homsi B, Grunberger G, Sokol R: Erythrocyte insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase activity in hypertension in pregnancy. Metabolism. 1995 Oct;44(10):1308-13. Pubmed

3. Insulin-degrading enzyme

Pharmacological action: unknown

May play a role in the cellular processing of insulin. May be involved in intercellular peptide signaling

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14735 Link_out
Gene: IDE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Harada S, Smith RM, Smith JA, Jarett L: Inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme increases translocation of insulin to the nucleus in H35 rat hepatoma cells: evidence of a cytosolic pathway. Endocrinology. 1993 Jun;132(6):2293-8. Pubmed
  4. Hsu MC, Bai JP: Investigation into the presence of insulin-degrading enzyme in cultured type II alveolar cells and the effects of enzyme inhibitors on pulmonary bioavailability of insulin in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998 May;50(5):507-14. Pubmed
  5. MARIGO S, PANELLI G: [Insulinase and its inhibition by hypoglycemic sulfonamides; data on insulin sensitivity during tolbutamide therapy.] Arch Sci Med (Torino). 1958 Jun;105(6):587-609. Pubmed

4. HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ(6) alpha chain

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P01906 Link_out
Gene: HLA-DQA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Pugliese A, Bugawan T, Moromisato R, Awdeh ZL, Alper CA, Jackson RA, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS: Two subsets of HLA-DQA1 alleles mark phenotypic variation in levels of insulin autoantibodies in first degree relatives at risk for insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jun;93(6):2447-52. Pubmed
  4. Hermann R, Soltesz G: [Pathogenesis and types of neonatal diabetes] Orv Hetil. 2000 Aug 20;141(34):1855-8. Pubmed
  5. Donner H, Rau H, Braun J, Herwig J, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K: Highly polymorphic promoter regions of HLA DQA1 and DQB1 genes do not help to further define disease susceptibility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Tissue Antigens. 1997 Dec;50(6):642-5. Pubmed

5. HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P01920 Link_out
Gene: HLA-DQB1
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Mahran MZ, Ross DG, Sadeghi-Nejad A, Rabson AR: Use of the polymerase chain reaction mismatch technique to identify the HLA-DQw8 allele in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992 Jan;97(1):29-33. Pubmed
  4. Levy-Marchal C, Tichet J, Fajardy I, Gu XF, Dubois F, Czernichow P: Islet cell antibodies in normal French schoolchildren. Diabetologia. 1992 Jun;35(6):577-82. Pubmed
  5. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

6. Retinoblastoma-associated protein

Pharmacological action: unknown

Key regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. Recruits and targets histone methyltransferases SUV39H1, SUV420H1 and SUV420H2, leading to epigenetic transcriptional repression. Controls histone H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation. Also acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes to promoters. Inhibits the intrinsic kinase activity of TAF1. Forms a complex with adenovirus E1A and with SV40 large T antigen. May bind and modulate functionally certain cellular proteins with which T and E1A compete for pocket binding

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P06400 Link_out
Gene: RB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Biener Y, Zick Y: Basic polycations activate the insulin receptor kinase and a tightly associated serine kinase. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Nov 26;194(1):243-50. Pubmed

7. Cathepsin D

Pharmacological action: unknown

Acid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07339 Link_out
Gene: CTSD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Authier F, Metioui M, Fabrega S, Kouach M, Briand G: Endosomal proteolysis of internalized insulin at the C-terminal region of the B chain by cathepsin D. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 15;277(11):9437-46. Epub 2002 Jan 4. Pubmed
  4. Ogino S, Cohen ML, Abdul-Karim FW: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the CNS: cytopathology and immunohistochemistry of insulin-like growth factor-II, insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1, cathepsin D, and Ki-67. Mod Pathol. 1999 Apr;12(4):379-85. Pubmed
  5. Nunn SE, Peehl DM, Cohen P: Acid-activated insulin-like growth factor binding protein protease activity of cathepsin D in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells and seminal plasma. J Cell Physiol. 1997 May;171(2):196-204. Pubmed

8. Carboxypeptidase E

Pharmacological action: unknown

Removes residual C-terminal Arg or Lys remaining after initial endoprotease cleavage during prohormone processing. Processes proinsulin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P16870 Link_out
Gene: CPE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Polastri L, Galbiati F, Folli F, Davalli AM: Effects of carboxypeptidase E overexpression on insulin mRNA levels, regulated insulin secretion, and proinsulin processing of pituitary GH3 cells transfected with a furin-cleavable human proinsulin cDNA. Cell Transplant. 2002;11(8):803-11. Pubmed
  4. Guest PC, Pipeleers D, Rossier J, Rhodes CJ, Hutton JC: Co-secretion of carboxypeptidase H and insulin from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Biochem J. 1989 Dec 1;264(2):503-8. Pubmed
  5. Furuta M, Carroll R, Martin S, Swift HH, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Steiner DF: Incomplete processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of Des-31,32 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking active PC2. J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 6;273(6):3431-7. Pubmed

9. Neuroendocrine convertase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P16519 Link_out
Gene: PCSK2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Zertal-Zidani S, Bounacer A, Scharfmann R: Regulation of pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation by sulphated proteoglycans. Diabetologia. 2007 Mar;50(3):585-95. Epub 2007 Jan 13. Pubmed
  4. Utsunomiya N, Ohagi S, Sanke T, Tatsuta H, Hanabusa T, Nanjo K: Organization of the human carboxypeptidase E gene and molecular scanning for mutations in Japanese subjects with NIDDM or obesity. Diabetologia. 1998 Jun;41(6):701-5. Pubmed
  5. Ohagi S, Sakaguchi H, Sanke T, Tatsuta H, Hanabusa T, Nanjo K: Human prohormone convertase 3 gene: exon-intron organization and molecular scanning for mutations in Japanese subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes. 1996 Jul;45(7):897-901. Pubmed

10. Neuroendocrine convertase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin and insulin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P29120 Link_out
Gene: PCSK1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Marriott D, Gillece-Castro B, Gorman CM: Prohormone convertase-1 will process prorelaxin, a member of the insulin family of hormones. Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Sep;6(9):1441-50. Pubmed
  4. Zhu X, Orci L, Carroll R, Norrbom C, Ravazzola M, Steiner DF: Severe block in processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of des-64,65 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking prohormone convertase 1/3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 6;99(16):10299-304. Epub 2002 Jul 22. Pubmed
  5. Kuwahata M, Tomoe Y, Harada N, Amano S, Segawa H, Tatsumi S, Ito M, Oka T, Miyamoto K: Characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in the increased insulin secretion in rats with acute liver failure. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Jan;1772(1):60-5. Epub 2006 Oct 4. Pubmed

11. Protein NOV homolog

Pharmacological action: unknown

Immediate-early protein likely to play a role in cell growth regulation

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48745 Link_out
Gene: NOV Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Burren CP, Wilson EM, Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG: Binding properties and distribution of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 3 (IGFBP-rP3/NovH), an additional member of the IGFBP Superfamily. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):1096-103. Pubmed
  4. Lafont J, Laurent M, Thibout H, Lallemand F, Le Bouc Y, Atfi A, Martinerie C: The expression of novH in adrenocortical cells is down-regulated by TGFbeta 1 through c-Jun in a Smad-independent manner. J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):41220-9. Epub 2002 Jul 30. Pubmed
  5. Martinerie C, Chevalier G, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Perbal B: Regulation of nov by WT1: a potential role for nov in nephrogenesis. Oncogene. 1996 Apr 4;12(7):1479-92. Pubmed

12. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

May participate in regulation of parathyroid-hormone and para-thyroid-hormone-related protein release

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P98164 Link_out
Gene: LRP2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Orlando RA, Rader K, Authier F, Yamazaki H, Posner BI, Bergeron JJ, Farquhar MG: Megalin is an endocytic receptor for insulin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Oct;9(10):1759-66. Pubmed
  4. Christensen EI, Birn H: Hormone, growth factor, and vitamin handling by proximal tubule cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1997 Jan;6(1):20-7. Pubmed
  5. Fuster DG, Bobulescu IA, Zhang J, Wade J, Moe OW: Characterization of the regulation of renal Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 by insulin. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):F577-85. Epub 2006 Oct 3. Pubmed

13. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7

Pharmacological action: unknown

Binds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16270 Link_out
Gene: IGFBP7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Lopez-Bermejo A, Buckway CK, Devi GR, Hwa V, Plymate SR, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG: Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-related proteins (IGFBP-rPs) 1, 2, and 3 in human prostate epithelial cells: potential roles for IGFBP-rP1 and 2 in senescence of the prostatic epithelium. Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):4072-80. Pubmed
  4. Radulescu RT: One for all and all for one: RB defends the cell while IDE, PTEN and IGFBP-7 antagonize insulin and IGFs to protect RB. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(5):1018-20. Epub 2007 May 1. Pubmed
  5. Degeorges A, Wang F, Frierson HF Jr, Seth A, Chung LW, Sikes RA: Human prostate cancer expresses the low affinity insulin-like growth factor binding protein IGFBP-rP1. Cancer Res. 1999 Jun 15;59(12):2787-90. Pubmed

14. Synaptotagmin-like protein 4

Pharmacological action: unknown

Modulates exocytosis of dense-core granules and secretion of hormones in the pancreas and the pituitary. Interacts with vesicles containing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent manner

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96C24 Link_out
Gene: SYTL4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Gomi H, Mizutani S, Kasai K, Itohara S, Izumi T: Granuphilin molecularly docks insulin granules to the fusion machinery. J Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 10;171(1):99-109. Pubmed
  4. Plaisance V, Abderrahmani A, Perret-Menoud V, Jacquemin P, Lemaigre F, Regazzi R: MicroRNA-9 controls the expression of Granuphilin/Slp4 and the secretory response of insulin-producing cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 15;281(37):26932-42. Epub 2006 Jul 10. Pubmed
  5. Torii S, Takeuchi T, Nagamatsu S, Izumi T: Rab27 effector granuphilin promotes the plasma membrane targeting of insulin granules via interaction with syntaxin 1a. J Biol Chem. 2004 May 21;279(21):22532-8. Epub 2004 Mar 17. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 29, 2010 14:34