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Identification
Name Nicotine
Accession Number DB00184 (APRD00200, EXPT02315)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
L-Nicotine
Nicotine Alkaloid
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Black Leaf
Black Leaf 40
Campbell's Nico-Soap
Commit
Destruxol Orchid Spray
Emo-Nik
Flux Maag
Fumetobac
Habitrol
Mach-Nic
Niagara P.A. Dust
Nic-Sal
Nico-Dust
Nico-Fume
Nicocide
Nicoderm
Nicoderm Cq
Nicorette
Nicorette Plus
Nicotin
Nicotina
Nicotine Polacrilex
Nicotrol
Nicotrol Inhaler
Nicotrol Ns
Nikotyna
Ortho N-4 Dust
Ortho N-5 Dust
Prostep
Tendust
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Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-craving Agents
  • Central Nervous System Agents
  • Autonomic drugs
  • Nicotinic Agonists
  • Ganglionic Stimulants
CAS number 54-11-5
Weight Average: 162.2316
Monoisotopic: 162.115698458
Chemical Formula C10H14N2
InChI Key InChIKey=SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H14N2/c1-12-7-3-5-10(12)9-4-2-6-11-8-9/h2,4,6,8,10H,3,5,7H2,1H3
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
SMILES
CN1CCCC1C1=CN=CC=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (2.96 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Alkaloids and Alkaloid Derivatives
Substructures
  • Pyridines and Derivatives
  • Pyrrolidines
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Alkaloids and Alkaloid Derivatives
Pharmacology
Indication For the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and as an aid to smoking cessation.
Pharmacodynamics Nicotine, the primary alkaloid in tobacco products binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors on autonomic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junctions and in the brain. Nicotine exerts two effects, a stimulant effect exerted at the locus ceruleus and a reward effect in the limbic system. Itranvenous administration of nicotine causes release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonine, vasopressin, beta-endorphin and ACTH. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance. Nicotine also induces peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia and elevated blood pressure. Nicotine inhalers and patches are used to treat smoking withdrawl syndrome. Nicotine is classified as a stimulant of autonomic ganglia.
Mechanism of action Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed up of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the cortico-limbic pathways. This causes the channel to open and allow conductance of multiple cations including sodium, calcium, and potassium. This leads to depolarization, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and allows more calcium to enter the axon terminal. Calcium stimulates vesicle trafficking towards the plasma membrane and the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine binding to its receptors is responsible the euphoric and addictive properties of nicotine. Nicotine also binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Binding opens the ion channel allowing influx of sodium, causing depolarization of the cell, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the release of epinephrine from intracellular vesicles into the bloodstream, which causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased blood sugar.
Absorption Absorption of nicotine through the buccal mucosa is relatively slow and the high and rapid rise followed by the decline in nicotine arterial plasma concentrations seen with cigarette smoking are not achieved with the inhaler. About 10% of absorbed nicotine is excreted unchanged in urine.
Volume of distribution
  • 2 to 3 L/kg
Protein binding Less than 5%
Metabolism Primarily hepatic, cotinine is the primary metabolite.
Route of elimination About 10% of the nicotine absorbed is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Half life Cotinine has a half life of 15-20 hours, while nicotine has a half life of 1-3 hours
Clearance
  • 1.2 L/min [healthy adult smoker]
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, flushing, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, confusion, weakness, palpitations, altered respiration and hypotension. LD50= 24 mg/kg (orally in mice).
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00431 Nicotine Pathway SMP00431
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Novartis consumer health inc
  • Sanofi aventis us llc
  • Aveva drug delivery systems inc
  • Mcneil consumer healthcare
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
  • Pfizer inc
  • Glaxosmithkline
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Perrigo co
  • Perrigo r and d co
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Glaxosmithkline consumer healthcare
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Capsule, extended release Oral
Disc Transdermal
Drug delivery system Respiratory (inhalation)
Gum Oral
Liquid Intramuscular
Liquid Oral
Patch Transdermal
Powder Oral
Solution Intramuscular
Solution / drops Oral
Tablet Oral
Tablet, extended release Oral
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Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Nicotrol 168 10 mg Inhalant Inhaler 223.5 USD inhaler
Nicotine 30 21 mg/24hr Patches Box 206.52 USD box
Nicotine 30 14 mg/24hr Patches Box 196.27 USD box
Nicotrol NS 10 mg/ml Solution 10ml Bottle 55.88 USD bottle
Nicotine polacrilex powder 11.25 USD g
Nicotrol ns 10 mg/ml spray 5.37 USD ml
Nicoderm cq 21 mg/24hr patch 4.08 USD patch
Nicoderm cq 14 mg/24hr patch 3.52 USD patch
Nicoderm cq 7 mg/24hr patch 3.52 USD patch
Nicotine 11 mg/24hr patch 3.14 USD patch
Nicotine 22 mg/24hr patch 3.14 USD patch
Nicotine transdermal system 1.83 USD each
Nicotrol cartridge inhaler 1.28 USD each
Commit 2 mg lozenge 0.55 USD lozenge
Commit 4 mg lozenge 0.55 USD lozenge
Nicorette 4 mg chewing gum 0.52 USD each
Nicorette 2 mg chewing gum 0.45 USD each
Thrive nicotine 2 mg gum 0.42 USD each
Thrive nicotine 4 mg gum 0.42 USD each
CVS Pharmacy nicotine 4 mg chewing gum 0.38 USD each
CVS Pharmacy nicotine 2 mg chewing gum 0.34 USD each
Nicotine 4 mg chewing gum 0.3 USD each
Nicotine 2 mg chewing gum 0.25 USD each
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 5656255 1994-08-12 2014-08-12
United States 5501236 1993-06-08 2010-06-08
Canada 1333051 1994-11-15 2011-11-15
Properties
State liquid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point -79 °C PhysProp
boiling point 247 °C PhysProp
water solubility 1E+006 mg/L SEIDELL,A (1941)
logP 1.17 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS 0.79 ADME Research, USCD
Caco2 permeability -4.71 ADME Research, USCD
pKa 3.1 TOMLIN,C (1997); pKa1
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 9.33e+01 g/l ALOGPS
logP 0.87 ALOGPS
logP 1.16 ChemAxon
logS -0.24 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest basic) 8.86 ChemAxon
physiological charge 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon
polar surface area 16.13 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 1 ChemAxon
refractivity 49.66 ChemAxon
polarizability 18.62 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Nolley EP, Kelley BM: Adolescent reward system perseveration due to nicotine: studies with methylphenidate. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2007 Jan-Feb;29(1):47-56. Epub 2006 Oct 4. Pubmed
  2. de Leon J, Tracy J, McCann E, McGrory A, Diaz FJ: Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital. Schizophr Res. 2002 Jul 1;56(1-2):55-65. Pubmed
  3. de Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, White AO, Stanilla JK, Simpson GM: Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Mar;152(3):453-5. Pubmed
  4. Aguilar MC, Gurpegui M, Diaz FJ, de Leon J: Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of complex interactions. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;186:215-21. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D03365 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00745 Link_out
PubChem Compound 942 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506924 Link_out
ChemSpider 917 Link_out
ChEBI 18723 Link_out
ChEMBL 18723 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000175 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450626 Link_out
HET NCT Link_out
Drug Product Database 2241228 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/nicotini.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/nicotine.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/nic1292.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N07BA01
  • A11HA01
  • C04AC01
  • C10AD02
AHFS Codes
  • 12:92.00
  • 24:06.92
  • 92:02.00*
  • 88:08.00
PDB Entries
FDA label show (11.2 MB)
MSDS show (77.6 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43681 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Espeseth T, Endestad T, Rootwelt H, Reinvang I: Nicotine receptor gene CHRNA4 modulates early event-related potentials in auditory and visual oddball target detection tasks. Neuroscience. 2007 Jul 29;147(4):974-85. Epub 2007 Jun 27. Pubmed
  2. Winterer G, Musso F, Konrad A, Vucurevic G, Stoeter P, Sander T, Gallinat J: Association of attentional network function with exon 5 variations of the CHRNA4 gene. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Sep 15;16(18):2165-74. Epub 2007 Jul 5. Pubmed
  3. Ehringer MA, Clegg HV, Collins AC, Corley RP, Crowley T, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Krauter K, Lessem J, Rhee SH, Schlaepfer I, Smolen A, Stallings MC, Young SE, Zeiger JS: Association of the neuronal nicotinic receptor beta2 subunit gene (CHRNB2) with subjective responses to alcohol and nicotine. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Jul 5;144(5):596-604. Pubmed
  4. Klaassen A, Glykys J, Maguire J, Labarca C, Mody I, Boulter J: Seizures and enhanced cortical GABAergic inhibition in two mouse models of human autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 12;103(50):19152-7. Epub 2006 Dec 4. Pubmed
  5. De Luca V, Voineskos S, Wong G, Kennedy JL: Genetic interaction between alpha4 and beta2 subunits of high affinity nicotinic receptor: analysis in schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res. 2006 Sep;174(2):292-6. Epub 2006 Apr 25. Pubmed
  6. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  7. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  8. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  9. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

2. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P36544 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mexal S, Jenkins PM, Lautner MA, Iacob E, Crouch EL, Stitzel JA: alpha7 nicotinic receptor gene promoter polymorphisms in inbred mice affect expression in a cell type-specific fashion. J Biol Chem. 2007 May 4;282(18):13220-7. Epub 2007 Mar 14. Pubmed
  2. Olincy A, Harris JG, Johnson LL, Pender V, Kongs S, Allensworth D, Ellis J, Zerbe GO, Leonard S, Stevens KE, Stevens JO, Martin L, Adler LE, Soti F, Kem WR, Freedman R: Proof-of-concept trial of an alpha7 nicotinic agonist in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;63(6):630-8. Pubmed
  3. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  4. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  5. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  6. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

3. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P17787 Link_out
Gene: CHRNB2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ehringer MA, Clegg HV, Collins AC, Corley RP, Crowley T, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Krauter K, Lessem J, Rhee SH, Schlaepfer I, Smolen A, Stallings MC, Young SE, Zeiger JS: Association of the neuronal nicotinic receptor beta2 subunit gene (CHRNB2) with subjective responses to alcohol and nicotine. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Jul 5;144(5):596-604. Pubmed
  2. De Luca V, Voineskos S, Wong G, Kennedy JL: Genetic interaction between alpha4 and beta2 subunits of high affinity nicotinic receptor: analysis in schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res. 2006 Sep;174(2):292-6. Epub 2006 Apr 25. Pubmed
  3. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  4. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  5. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  6. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

4. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q15822 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed
  5. Sullivan PF, Neale BM, van den Oord E, Miles MF, Neale MC, Bulik CM, Joyce PR, Straub RE, Kendler KS: Candidate genes for nicotine dependence via linkage, epistasis, and bioinformatics. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004 Apr 1;126(1):23-36. Pubmed

5. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P32297 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

6. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30532 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

7. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q15825 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

8. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

Ionotropic receptor with a probable role in the modulation of auditory stimuli. Agonist binding may induce an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The channel is permeable to a range of divalent cations including calcium, the influx of which may activate a potassium current which hyperpolarizes the cell membrane. In the ear, this may lead to a reduction in basilar membrane motion, altering the activity of auditory nerve fibers and reducing the range of dynamic hearing. This may protect against acoustic trauma. May also regulate keratinocyte adhesion

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UGM1 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA9 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

9. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

Ionotropic receptor with a probable role in the modulation of auditory stimuli. Agonist binding may induce an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The channel is permeable to a range of divalent cations including calcium, the influx of which may activate a potassium current which hyperpolarizes the cell membrane. In the ear, this may lead to a reduction in basilar membrane motion, altering the activity of auditory nerve fibers and reducing the range of dynamic hearing. This may protect against acoustic trauma

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9GZZ6 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

10. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q05901 Link_out
Gene: CHRNB3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed

11. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: agonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30926 Link_out
Gene: CHRNB4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mansvelder HD, Mertz M, Role LW: Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2009 Jun;20(4):432-40. Epub 2009 Jan 22. Pubmed
  2. Narahashi T, Fenster CP, Quick MW, Lester RA, Marszalec W, Aistrup GL, Sattelle DB, Martin BR, Levin ED: Symposium overview: mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors, from molecule to behavior. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Oct;57(2):193-202. Pubmed
  3. Jackson KJ, Marks MJ, Vann RE, Chen X, Gamage TF, Warner JA, Damaj MI: Role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jul;334(1):137-46. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Pubmed
  4. Zaniewska M, Przegalinski E, Filip M: Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Nov-Dec;61(6):957-65. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2E1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms

UniProt ID: P05181 Link_out
Gene: CYP2E1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 2A13

Actions: substrate

Exhibits a coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Active in the metabolic activation of hexamethylphosphoramide, N,N- dimethylaniline, 2'-methoxyacetophenone, N- nitrosomethylphenylamine, and the tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4- (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

UniProt ID: Q16696 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A13 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 1A1

Actions: substrate, inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate, inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

11. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

12. Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A

Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. MAOA preferentially oxidizes biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine and epinephrine

UniProt ID: P21397 Link_out
Gene: MAOA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Lewis AJ, Truman P, Hosking MR, Miller JH: Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in tobacco smoke varies with tobacco type. Tob Control. 2011 Jun 2. Pubmed
  2. Leroy C, Bragulat V, Berlin I, Gregoire MC, Bottlaender M, Roumenov D, Dolle F, Bourgeois S, Penttila J, Artiges E, Martinot JL, Trichard C: Cerebral monoamine oxidase A inhibition in tobacco smokers confirmed with PET and [11C]befloxatone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Feb;29(1):86-8. Pubmed

13. Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B

Actions: inhibitor

Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. MAOB preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenylethylamine

UniProt ID: P27338 Link_out
Gene: MAOB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Lewis AJ, Truman P, Hosking MR, Miller JH: Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in tobacco smoke varies with tobacco type. Tob Control. 2011 Jun 2. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. Pubmed
  2. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. Pubmed
  3. Okuda M, Urakami Y, Saito H, Inui K: Molecular mechanisms of organic cation transport in OCT2-expressing Xenopus oocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Mar 4;1417(2):224-31. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bednarczyk D, Ekins S, Wikel JH, Wright SH: Influence of molecular structure on substrate binding to the human organic cation transporter, hOCT1. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;63(3):489-98. Pubmed
  2. Zhang L, Schaner ME, Giacomini KM: Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):354-61. Pubmed
  3. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Saito H, Inui KI: Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):800-5. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Wu X, Wang H, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Cloning and functional characterization of a potential-sensitive, polyspecific organic cation transporter (OCT3) most abundantly expressed in placenta. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):15971-9. Pubmed

4. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. Pubmed
  2. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed
  3. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. Pubmed

5. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed
  2. Wu X, George RL, Huang W, Wang H, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 1;1466(1-2):315-27. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19