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Identification
Name Butabarbital
Accession Number DB00237 (APRD00752)
Type small molecule
Groups illicit, approved
Description

Butabarbital (trade name Butisol) is a prescription barbiturate sleep aid. Butabarbital has a particularly fast onset of effects and short duration of action compared to other barbiturates, which makes it useful for certain applications such as treating severe insomnia and relieving anxiety before surgical procedures; however it is also relatively dangerous particularly when combined with alcohol, and so is now rarely used, although it is still prescribed in some Eastern European and South American countries. Its short duration of action gives butabarbital a high abuse potential, comparable to secobarbital. [Wikipedia]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Butabarbital Sodium
Butabarbitone
Butrate
Secbubarbital
Secbutabarbital
Secbutobarbital
Secbutobarbitone
Sodium Butabarbital
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Butabarb
Butalan
Butatab
Butatal
Buticaps
Butisol
Butisol Sodium
Medarsed
Nilox
Sarisol
Sarisol No. 1
Unicelles
First Prev Next Last
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-anxiety Agents
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives
  • Barbiturates
CAS number 125-40-6
Weight Average: 212.2456
Monoisotopic: 212.116092388
Chemical Formula C10H16N2O3
InChI Key InChIKey=ZRIHAIZYIMGOAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H16N2O3/c1-4-6(3)10(5-2)7(13)11-9(15)12-8(10)14/h6H,4-5H2,1-3H3,(H2,11,12,13,14,15)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
5-(butan-2-yl)-5-ethyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
SMILES
CCC(C)C1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Barbiturates
Substructures
  • Barbiturates
  • Carbonyl Compounds
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Amino Ketones
  • Ureas and Derivatives
  • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
Pharmacology
Indication For short-term treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders
Pharmacodynamics Butabarbital, a barbiturate, is used for the treatment of short term insomnia. It belongs to a group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) depressants that induce drowsiness and relieve tension or nervousness. Little analgesia is conferred by barbiturates; their use in the presence of pain may result in excitation.
Mechanism of action Butabarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. All of these effects are associated with marked decreases in GABA-sensitive neuronal calcium conductance (gCa). The net result of barbiturate action is acute potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic tone. Barbiturates also act through potent (if less well characterized) and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors, resulting in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism Not Available
Route of elimination Barbiturates are metabolized primarily by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, and most metabolic products are excreted in the urine.
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Signs of overdose include confusion (severe), decrease in or loss of reflexes, drowsiness (severe), fever, irritability (continuing), low body temperature, poor judgment, shortness of breath or slow or troubled breathing, slow heartbeat, slurred speech, staggering, trouble in sleeping, unusual movements of the eyes, weakness (severe).
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Medpointe pharmaceuticals medpointe healthcare inc
  • Alpharma us pharmaceuticals division
  • Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag
  • Lannett co inc
  • Meda pharmaceuticals inc
  • Halsey drug co inc
  • Cm bundy co
  • Sandoz inc
  • Solvay pharmaceuticals
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Whiteworth towne paulsen inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Marshall pharmacal corp
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
Packagers
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Butisol sodium 50 mg tablet 2.46 USD tablet
Butisol sodium 30 mg tablet 1.89 USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 166.5 °C PhysProp
water solubility 1360 mg/L Not Available
logP 1.65 WONG,O & MCKEOWN,RH (1988)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.39e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP 1.7 ALOGPS
logP 1.45 ChemAxon
logS -2.2 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 8.48 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 75.27 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon
refractivity 53.4 ChemAxon
polarizability 21.41 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D03180 Link_out
KEGG Compound C07827 Link_out
PubChem Compound 2479 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505051 Link_out
ChemSpider 2385 Link_out
ChEBI 3228 Link_out
ChEMBL 3228 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000667 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164743463 Link_out
Drug Product Database 581291 Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/butabarbital.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butabarbital Link_out
ATC Codes Not Available
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of Vitamin K Antagonists like acenocoumarol. onitor for decreased therapeutic effects of oral anticoagulants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased (anticoagulant dosage increases of 30% to 60% may be needed based on monitored PT), or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. An increased frequency of PT monitoring should be considered for the period immediately following barbiturate initiation/dosage changes.
Aminophylline The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of aminophylline.
Amitriptyline Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Amoxapine Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like amoxipine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Bendamustine Decreases levels of bendamustine by affecting CYP1A2 hepatic enzyme metabolism. May increase concentrations of active metabolites.
Betamethasone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, betamethasone.
Clomifene The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, clomifene.
Clomipramine Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like clomipramine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Conjugated Estrogens The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, conjugated estrogens.
Cyclosporine The barbiturate, butabarbital, increases the effect of cyclosporine.
Desipramine Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like desipramine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Dexamethasone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, dexamethasone.
Diethylstilbestrol The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, diethylstilbestrol.
Disopyramide arbiturates may increase the metabolism of Disopyramide. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of disopyramide if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased.
Doxepin Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like doxepin. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Doxycycline The anticonvulsant, butabarbital, decreases the effect of doxycycline.
Droperidol Droperidol may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants like butabarbital. Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (e.g., opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use.
Eltrombopag Affects hepatic CYP1A2 metabolism, will decrease effect/level of eltrombopag. Affects hepatic CYP2C9/10 metabolism, will decrease effect/level of eltrombopag.
Estradiol The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Ethinyl Estradiol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Felodipine The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of felodipine.
Fludrocortisone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, fludrocortisone.
Folic Acid Folic acid decreases the effect of anticonvulsant, butabarbital.
Gefitinib The CYP3A4 inducer, butabarbital, may decrease the serum concentration and therapeutic effects of gefitinib.
Griseofulvin The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of griseofulvin.
Hydrocortisone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, hydrocortisone.
Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of barbiturates like butabarbital. Consider a decrease in the barbiturate dose, as appropriate, when used together with hydroxyzine. With concurrent use, monitor patients closely for excessive response to the combination.
Imipramine Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like imipramine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Lamotrigine Barbiturates like butabarbital may decrease the serum concentration of lamotrigine. There are separate patient management guidelines for patients age 12 and under and for patients older than 12 years of age. Monitor for decreased serum concentrations/therapeutic effects of lamotrigine if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased.
Levonorgestrel Phenobarbital decreases the effect of levonorgestrel
Medroxyprogesterone The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, medroxyprogesterone.
Megestrol The enzyme inducer, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, megestrol.
Methadone The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of methadone.
Metronidazole The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of metronidazole.
Nifedipine The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine.
Norethindrone This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Nortriptyline Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like nortriptyline. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Oxtriphylline The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of oxtriphylline.
Prednisolone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisolone.
Prednisone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisone.
Protriptyline Barbiturates like butabarbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants like protriptyline. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Quinidine The anticonvulsant, butabarbital, decreases the effect of quinidine.
Teniposide Barbiturates like butabarbital may decrease the serum concentration of Teniposide. arbiturates may decrease the serum concentration of Teniposide.
Theophylline The barbiturate, butabarbital, decreases the effect of theophylline.
Triamcinolone The barbiturate, butabarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, triamcinolone.
Trimipramine The barbiturate, Butabarbital, may increase the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutics and adverse effects of Trimipramine if Butabarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed. Dose adjustments of Trimipramine may be required.
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Butabarbital, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Verapamil Butabarbital, a CYP3A4 inducer, may increase the serum concentration of Verapamil, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Verapamil if Butabarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Voriconazole Butabarbital may reduce serum concentrations and efficacy of voriconazole. Concomitant voriconazole and long-acting barbiturates therapy is contraindicated.
Warfarin Butabarbital may decrease the serum concentration of warfarin by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if butabarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14867 Link_out
Gene: GABRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Whiting PJ: The GABAA receptor gene family: new opportunities for drug development. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed
  4. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  5. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  6. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  7. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47869 Link_out
Gene: GABRA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

3. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P34903 Link_out
Gene: GABRA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48169 Link_out
Gene: GABRA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

5. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31644 Link_out
Gene: GABRA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

6. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16445 Link_out
Gene: GABRA6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed
  2. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed

7. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43681 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

8. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P36544 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

9. Glutamate receptor 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. This receptor binds AMPA(quisqualate) > glutamate > kainate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P42262 Link_out
Gene: GRIA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

10. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. May be involved in the transmission of light information from the retina to the hypothalamus. This receptor binds domoate > kainate > quisqualate > 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione > L-glutamate = 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione > dihydrokainate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13002 Link_out
Gene: GRIK2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19