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Identification
Name Butalbital
Accession Number DB00241 (APRD00266)
Type small molecule
Groups illicit, approved
Description

Butalbital, 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. It has the same chemical formula as talbutal but a different structure. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as acetaminophen or aspirin, and is commonly prescribed for the treatment of pain and headache. [Wikipedia]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Allylbarbital
Butalbital M (OH)
Salts Not Available
Brand names Not Available
Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Fiorinal C1/2 Cap Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate
Fiorinal C1/4 Cap Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate
Fiorinal Tab Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine
Ratio-Tecnal Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine
Ratio-Tecnal C 1/2 Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate
Ratio-Tecnal C1/4 Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate
Trianal Capsules Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine
Trianal Tablet Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine
Trianal-C 1/2 Capsule Acetylsalicylic Acid + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate
Categories
  • Analgesics
CAS number 77-26-9
Weight Average: 224.2563
Monoisotopic: 224.116092388
Chemical Formula C11H16N2O3
InChI Key InChIKey=UZVHFVZFNXBMQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C11H16N2O3/c1-4-5-11(6-7(2)3)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h4,7H,1,5-6H2,2-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
5-(2-methylpropyl)-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
SMILES
CC(C)CC1(CC=C)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Barbiturates
Substructures
  • Barbiturates
  • Carbonyl Compounds
  • Alkanes and Alkenes
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Amino Ketones
  • Ureas and Derivatives
  • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
Pharmacology
Indication Used in combination with acetaminophen or aspirin and caffeine for its sedative and relaxant effects in the treatment of tension headaches, migraines, and pain.
Pharmacodynamics Butalbital is a short to intermediate-acting barbiturate. Barbiturates act as nonselective depressants of the central nervous system (CNS), capable of producing all levels of CNS mood alteration from excitation to mild sedation, hypnosis, and deep coma. In sufficiently high therapeutic doses, barbiturates induce anesthesia.
Mechanism of action Butalbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.
Absorption Well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is expected to distribute to most tissues in the body.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 45%
Metabolism Hepatic, although most of the dose is eliminated via the kidney (59 to 88%). Urinary excretion products included parent drug (about 3.6% of the dose), 5-isobutyl-5-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) barbituric acid (about 24% of the dose), 5-allyl-5(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propyl) barbituric acid (about 4.8%).
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 35 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Symptoms of acute barbiturate poisoning include drowsiness, confusion, coma, respiratory depression, hypotension, and shock.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers Not Available
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Butalbital powder 3.83 USD g
Butalbital compound tablet 1.04 USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 138.5 °C PhysProp
water solubility 1700 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP 1.7 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.23e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP 1.47 ALOGPS
logP 1.59 ChemAxon
logS -2 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 8.48 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 75.27 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 4 ChemAxon
refractivity 58.05 ChemAxon
polarizability 22.42 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
PubChem Compound 2481 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505876 Link_out
ChemSpider 2387 Link_out
ChEBI 102524 Link_out
ChEMBL 102524 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000668 Link_out
PharmGKB PA448695 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/esgic.htm Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butalbital Link_out
ATC Codes Not Available
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acenocoumarol Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of Vitamin K Antagonists such as acenocoumarol. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of oral anticoagulants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased (anticoagulant dosage increases of 30% to 60% may be needed based on monitored PT), or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. An increased frequency of PT monitoring should be considered for the period immediately following barbiturate initiation/dosage changes.
Aminophylline The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of aminophylline.
Amitriptyline Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Amoxapine Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants amoxapine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Betamethasone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, betamethasone.
Chloramphenicol Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of Chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol may decrease the metabolism of Barbiturates. Monitor for decreased serum concentrations/therapeutic effects of chloramphenicol if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. In addition, monitor for increased effects of barbiturates if chloramphenicol is initiated/dose increased, or decreased effects if chloramphenicol is discontinued/dose decreased.
Clomifene The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, clomifene.
Clomipramine Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Conjugated Estrogens The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, conjugated estrogens.
Cyclosporine The barbiturate, butalbital, increases the effect of cyclosporine.
Desipramine Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as desipramine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Dexamethasone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, dexamethasone.
Diethylstilbestrol The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, diethylstilbestrol.
Doxepin Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as doxepin. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Doxycycline The anticonvulsant, butalbital, decreases the effect of doxycycline.
Droperidol Droperidol may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants such as butalbital. Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (e.g., opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use.
Eltrombopag Affects hepatic CYP1A2 metabolism, will decrease effect/level of eltrombopag. Affects hepatic CYP2C9/10 metabolism, will decrease effect/level of eltrombopag.
Estradiol The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Ethinyl Estradiol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Felodipine The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of felodipine.
Fludrocortisone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, fludrocortisone.
Folic Acid Folic acid decreases the effect of anticonvulsant, butalbital.
Gefitinib The CYP3A4 inducer, butalbital, may decrease the serum concentration and therapeutic effects of gefitinib.
Griseofulvin The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of griseofulvin.
Hydrocortisone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, hydrocortisone.
Hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of barbiturates such as butalbital. Consider a decrease in the barbiturate dose, as appropriate, when used together with hydroxyzine. With concurrent use, monitor patients closely for excessive response to the combination.
Imipramine Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Lamotrigine Barbiturates such as butalbital may decrease the serum concentration of lamotrigine. There are separate management guidelines for patients age 12 and under and for patients older than 12 years of age. Please refer to the current approved prescribing information for additional information. Monitor for decreased serum concentrations/therapeutic effects of lamotrigine if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased.
Levonorgestrel Phenobarbital decreases the effect of levonorgestrel
Medroxyprogesterone The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, medroxyprogesterone.
Megestrol The enzyme inducer, butalbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, megestrol.
Methadone The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of methadone.
Metronidazole The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of metronidazole.
Nifedipine The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine.
Norethindrone This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Nortriptyline Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as nortriptyline. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Oxtriphylline The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of oxtriphylline.
Prednisolone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisolone.
Prednisone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisone.
Protriptyline Barbiturates such as butalbital may increase the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants such as protriptyline. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants if a barbiturate is initiated/dose increased, or increased effects if a barbiturate is discontinued/dose decreased. The tricyclic antidepressant dosage will likely need to be increased during concomitant barbiturate therapy, and reduced upon barbiturate discontinuation.
Quinidine The anticonvulsant, butalbital, decreases the effect of quinidine.
Teniposide Barbiturates such as butalbital may decrease the serum concentration of teniposide. Consider alternatives to combined treatment with barbiturates and teniposide due to the potential for decreased teniposide concentrations. If the combination cannot be avoided, monitor teniposide response closely.
Theophylline The barbiturate, butalbital, decreases the effect of theophylline.
Triamcinolone The barbiturate, butalbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, triamcinolone.
Trimipramine The barbiturate, Butalbital, may increase the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutics and adverse effects of Trimipramine if Butalbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed. Dose adjustments of Trimipramine may be required.
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Butalbital, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Verapamil Butalbital, a CYP3A4 inducer, may increase the serum concentration of Verapamil, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Verapamil if Butalbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Voriconazole Butalbital may reduce serum concentrations and efficacy of voriconazole. Concomitant voriconazole and long-acting barbiturates therapy is contraindicated.
Warfarin Butalbital may decrease the serum concentration of warfarin by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if butalbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14867 Link_out
Gene: GABRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Whiting PJ: The GABAA receptor gene family: new opportunities for drug development. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed
  4. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  5. Cutrer FM, Mitsikostas DD, Ayata G, Sanchez del Rio M: Attenuation by butalbital of capsaicin-induced c-fos-like immunoreactivity in trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Headache. 1999 Nov-Dec;39(10):697-704. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  7. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  8. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47869 Link_out
Gene: GABRA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

3. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P34903 Link_out
Gene: GABRA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48169 Link_out
Gene: GABRA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

5. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31644 Link_out
Gene: GABRA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

6. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16445 Link_out
Gene: GABRA6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed
  2. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed

7. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43681 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

8. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P36544 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

9. Glutamate receptor 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. This receptor binds AMPA(quisqualate) > glutamate > kainate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P42262 Link_out
Gene: GRIA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

10. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. May be involved in the transmission of light information from the retina to the hypothalamus. This receptor binds domoate > kainate > quisqualate > 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione > L-glutamate = 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione > dihydrokainate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13002 Link_out
Gene: GRIK2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19