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Showing drug card for Loxapine (DB00408)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:05:46
Primary Accession Number DB00408
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00574
Name Loxapine
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [PubChem]
Synonyms Not Available
Brand Names
  1. Cloxazepine
  2. Dibenzacepin
  3. Dibenzoazepine
  4. Hydrofluoride 3170
  5. Lossapina [Dcit]
  6. Loxapac
  7. Loxapin
  8. Loxapina [INN-Spanish]
  9. Loxapine [Usan:Ban:Inn]
  10. Loxapinum [INN-Latin]
  11. Loxepine
  12. Loxitane C
  13. Loxitane Im
  14. Oxilapine
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 8-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzo[b][1,5]benzoxazepine
Chemical Formula C18H18ClN3O
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 1977-10-2
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C18H18ClN3O/c1-21-8-10-22(11-9-21)18-14-12-13(19)6-7-16(14)23-17-5-3-2-4-15(17)20-18/h2-7,12H,8-11H2,1H3
InChI Key XJGVXQDUIWGIRW-UHFFFAOYAR
KEGG Drug D02340 Link Image
KEGG Compound C07104 Link Image
PubChem Compound 3964 Link Image
PubChem Substance 9315 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA450273 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02255448 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/loxapineoc.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxapine Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available
Synthesis Reference Neth. pat. Appl. 6,406,089 corresp to Schmutz et al., U.S. pat. 3,546,226 (1964, 1970 both to Wander)
Average Molecular Weight 327.8080
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 327.1138
State Solid
Melting Point 109-110 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Not Available Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.03e-01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 3.6 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 3.18 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -3.50 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES CN1CCN(CC1)C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C=C2
Canonical SMILES CN1CCN(CC1)C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C=C2
Drug Category
  • Antipsychotic Agents
  • Antipsychotics
  • Dopamine Antagonists
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 28:16.08.92
Indication For the management of the manifestations of psychotic disorders
Pharmacology Loxapine, a dibenzoxazepine compound, represents a subclass of tricyclic antipsychotic agents, chemically distinct from the thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, and phenothiazines. Pharmacologically, Loxapine is a tranquilizer for which the exact mode of action has not been established.
Mechanism of Action Loxapine is a dopamine antagonist, and also a serotonin 5-HT2 blocker. The exact mode of action of Loxapine has not been established, however changes in the level of excitability of subcortical inhibitory areas have been observed in several animal species in association with such manifestations of tranquilization as calming effects and suppression of aggressive behavior.
Absorption Systemic bioavailability of the parent drug was only about one third that after an equivalent intramuscular dose (25 mg base) in male volunteers
Toxicity LD50=65 mg/kg (Orally in mice)
Protein Binding Not Available
Biotransformation Hepatic
Half Life Oral-4 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Liquid Intramuscular
Solution Oral
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Donepezil Possible antagonism of action
Galantamine Possible antagonism of action
Rivastigmine Possible antagonism of action
Food Interactions
  • Take with food to reduce irritation. Avoid alcohol.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Glazer WM: Does loxapine have "atypical" properties? Clinical evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60 Suppl 10:42-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Cheung SW, Tang SW, Remington G: Simultaneous quantitation of loxapine, amoxapine and their 7- and 8-hydroxy metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1991 Mar 8;564(1):213-21. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Drugs.com Link Image
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
  5. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. D(1A) dopamine receptor
  2. D(2) dopamine receptor
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 23
Target 1 Name D(1A) dopamine receptor
Target 1 Synonyms Not Available
Target 1 Gene Name DRD1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >D(1A) dopamine receptor 
MRTLNTSAMDGTGLVVERDFSVRILTACFLSLLILSTLLGNTLVCAAVIRFRHLRSKVTN
FFVISLAVSDLLVAVLVMPWKAVAEIAGFWPFGSFCNIWVAFDIMCSTASILNLCVISVD
RYWAISSPFRYERKMTPKAAFILISVAWTLSVLISFIPVQLSWHKAKPTSPSDGNATSLA
ETIDNCDSSLSRTYAISSSVISFYIPVAIMIVTYTRIYRIAQKQIRRIAALERAAVHAKN
CQTTTGNGKPVECSQPESSFKMSFKRETKVLKTLSVIMGVFVCCWLPFFILNCILPFCGS
GETQPFCIDSNTFDVFVWFGWANSSLNPIIYAFNADFRKAFSTLLGCYRLCPATNNAIET
VSINNNGAAMFSSHHEPRGSISKECNLVYLIPHAVGSSEDLKKEEAAGIARPLEKLSPAL
SVILDYDTDVSLEKIQPITQNGQHPT
Target 1 Number of Residues 453
Target 1 Molecular Weight 49294
Target 1 Theoretical pI 8.34
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
dopamine receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in dopamine receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 24-49
  • 61-87
  • 97-119
  • 139-163
  • 193-218
  • 273-299
  • 313-337
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 30397 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P21728 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name DRD1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • endoplasmic reticulum membrane
  • m
  • multi-pass membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1341 bp 
ATGAGGACTCTGAACACCTCTGCCATGGACGGGACTGGGCTGGTGGTGGAGAGGGACTTC
TCTGTTCGTATCCTCACTGCCTGTTTCCTGTCGCTGCTCATCCTGTCCACGCTCCTGGGG
AACACGCTGGTCTGTGCTGCCGTTATCAGGTTCCGACACCTGCGGTCCAAGGTGACCAAC
TTCTTTGTCATCTCCTTGGCTGTGTCAGATCTCTTGGTGGCCGTCCTGGTCATGCCCTGG
AAGGCAGTGGCTGAGATTGCTGGCTTCTGGCCCTTTGGGTCCTTCTGTAACATCTGGGTG
GCCTTTGACATCATGTGCTCCACTGCATCCATCCTCAACCTCTGTGTGATCAGCGTGGAC
AGGTATTGGGCTATCTCCAGCCCTTTCCGGTATGAGAGAAAGATGACCCCCAAGGCAGCC
TTCATCCTGATCAGTGTGGCATGGACCTTGTCTGTACTCATCTCCTTCATCCCAGTGCAG
CTCAGCTGGCACAAGGCAAAACCCACAAGCCCCTCTGATGGAAATGCCACTTCCCTGGCT
GAGACCATAGACAACTGTGACTCCAGCCTCAGCAGGACATATGCCATCTCATCCTCTGTA
ATAAGCTTTTACATCCCTGTGGCCATCATGATTGTCACCTACACCAGGATCTACAGGATT
GCTCAGAAACAAATACGGCGCATTGCGGCCTTGGAGAGGGCAGCAGTCCACGCCAAGAAT
TGCCAGACCACCACAGGTAATGGAAAGCCTGTCGAATGTTCTCAACCGGAAAGTTCTTTT
AAGATGTCCTTCAAAAGAGAAACTAAAGTCCTGAAGACTCTGTCGGTGATCATGGGTGTG
TTTGTGTGCTGTTGGCTACCTTTCTTCATCTTGAACTGCATTTTGCCCTTCTGTGGGTCT
GGGGAGACGCAGCCCTTCTGCATTGATTCCAACACCTTTGACGTGTTTGTGTGGTTTGGG
TGGGCTAATTCATCCTTGAACCCCATCATTTATGCCTTTAATGCTGATTTTCGGAAGGCA
TTTTCAACCCTCTTAGGATGCTACAGACTTTGCCCTGCGACGAATAATGCCATAGAGACG
GTGAGTATCAATAACAATGGGGCCGCGATGTTTTCCAGCCATCATGAGCCACGAGGCTCC
ATCTCCAAGGAGTGCAATCTGGTTTACCTGATCCCACATGCTGTGGGCTCCTCTGAGGAC
CTGAAAAAGGAGGAGGCAGCTGGCATCGCCAGACCCTTGGAGAAGCTGTCCCCAGCCCTA
TCGGTCATATTGGACTATGACACTGACGTCTCTCTGGAGAAGATCCAACCCATCACACAA
AACGGTCAGCACCCAACCTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID DRD1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID DRD1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:3020 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 5
Target 1 Locus 5q35.1
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Jin H, Xie Z, George SR, O'Dowd BF: Palmitoylation occurs at cysteine 347 and cysteine 351 of the dopamine D(1) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Dec 15;386(2-3):305-12. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Sunahara RK, Niznik HB, Weiner DM, Stormann TM, Brann MR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter JE, Rozmahel R, Yang YL, Israel Y, et al.: Human dopamine D1 receptor encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 5. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):80-3. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Falardeau P, Fremeau RT Jr, Bates MD, Caron MG: Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):72-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Zhou QY, Grandy DK, Thambi L, Kushner JA, Van Tol HH, Cone R, Pribnow D, Salon J, Bunzow JR, Civelli O: Cloning and expression of human and rat D1 dopamine receptors. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):76-80. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Ohara K, Ulpian C, Seeman P, Sunahara RK, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB: Schizophrenia: dopamine D1 receptor sequence is normal, but has DNA polymorphisms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 Feb;8(2):131-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 831
Target 2 Name D(2) dopamine receptor
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Dopamine D2 receptor
Target 2 Gene Name DRD2
Target 2 Protein Sequence >D(2) dopamine receptor 
MDPLNLSWYDDDLERQNWSRPFNGSDGKADRPHYNYYATLLTLLIAVIVFGNVLVCMAVS
REKALQTTTNYLIVSLAVADLLVATLVMPWVVYLEVVGEWKFSRIHCDIFVTLDVMMCTA
SILNLCAISIDRYTAVAMPMLYNTRYSSKRRVTVMISIVWVLSFTISCPLLFGLNNADQN
ECIIANPAFVVYSSIVSFYVPFIVTLLVYIKIYIVLRRRRKRVNTKRSSRAFRAHLRAPL
KGNCTHPEDMKLCTVIMKSNGSFPVNRRRVEAARRAQELEMEMLSSTSPPERTRYSPIPP
SHHQLTLPDPSHHGLHSTPDSPAKPEKNGHAKDHPKIAKIFEIQTMPNGKTRTSLKTMSR
RKLSQQKEKKATQMLAIVLGVFIICWLPFFITHILNIHCDCNIPPVLYSAFTWLGYVNSA
VNPIIYTTFNIEFRKAFLKILHC
Target 2 Number of Residues 450
Target 2 Molecular Weight 50620
Target 2 Theoretical pI 9.85
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
dopamine receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in dopamine receptor activity
Target 2 Specific Function This is one of the five types (D1 to D5) of receptors for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 38-60
  • 72-97
  • 109-130
  • 152-174
  • 187-210
  • 374-397
  • 406-429
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 181432 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P14416 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name DRD2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1332 bp 
ATGGATCCACTGAATCTGTCCTGGTATGATGATGATCTGGAGAGGCAGAACTGGAGCCGG
CCCTTCAACGGGTCAGACGGGAAGGCGGACAGACCCCACTACAACTACTATGCCACACTG
CTCACCCTGCTCATCGCTGTCATCGTCTTCGGCAACGTGCTGGTGTGCATGGCTGTGTCC
CGCGAGAAGGCGCTGCAGACCACCACCAACTACCTGATCGTCAGCCTCGCAGTGGCCGAC
CTCCTCGTCGCCACACTGGTCATGCCATGGGTTGTCTACCTGGAGGTGGTAGGTGAGTGG
AAATTCAGCAGGATTCACTGTGACATCTTCGTCACTCTGGACGTCATGATGTGCACGGCG
AGCATCCTGAACTTGTGTGCCATCAGCATCGACAGGTACACAGCTGTGGCCATGCCCATG
CTGTACAATACGCGCTACAGCTCCAAGCGCCGGGTCACCGTCATGATCTCCATCGTCTGG
GTCCTGTCCTTCACCATCTCCTGCCCACTCCTCTTCGGACTCAATAACGCAGACCAGAAC
GAGTGCATCATTGCCAACCCGGCCTTCGTGGTCTACTCCTCCATCGTCTCCTTCTACGTG
CCCTTCATTGTCACCCTGCTGGTCTACATCAAGATCTACATTGTCCTCCGCAGACGCCGC
AAGCGAGTCAACACCAAACGCAGCAGCCGAGCTTTCAGGGCCCACCTGAGGGCTCCACTA
AAGGGCAACTGTACTCACCCCGAGGACATGAAACTCTGCACCGTTATCATGAAGTCTAAT
GGGAGTTTCCCAGTGAACAGGCGGAGAGTGGAGGCTGCCCGGCGAGCCCAGGAGCTGGAG
ATGGAGATGCTCTCCAGCACCAGCCCACCCGAGAGGACCCGGTACAGCCCCATCCCACCC
AGCCACCACCAGCTGACTCTCCCCGACCCGTCCCACCACGGTCTCCACAGCACTCCTGAC
AGCCCCGCCAAACCAGAGAAGAATGGGCATGCCAAAGACCACCCCAAGATTGCCAAGATC
TTTGAGATCCAGACCATGCCCAATGGCAAAACCCGGACCTCCCTCAAGACCATGAGCCGT
AGAAAGCTCTCCCAGCAGAAGGAGAAGAAAGCCACTCAGATGCTCGCCATTGTTCTCGGC
GTGTTCATCATCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTCTTCATCACACACATCCTGAACATACACTGTGAC
TGCAACATCCCGCCTGTCCTGTACAGCGCCTTCACGTGGCTGGGCTATGTCAACAGCGCC
GTGAACCCCATCATCTACACCACCTTCAACATTGAGTTCCGCAAGGCCTTCCTGAAGATC
CTTCACTGCTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID DRD2 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID DRD2 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:3023 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 11
Target 2 Locus 11q23
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Klein C, Brin MF, Kramer P, Sena-Esteves M, de Leon D, Doheny D, Bressman S, Fahn S, Breakefield XO, Ozelius LJ: Association of a missense change in the D2 dopamine receptor with myoclonus dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 27;96(9):5173-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Seeman P, Nam D, Ulpian C, Liu IS, Tallerico T: New dopamine receptor, D2(Longer), with unique TG splice site, in human brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000 Mar 10;76(1):132-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Araki K, Kuwano R, Morii K, Hayashi S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Katagiri T, Usui H, Kumanishi T, Takahashi Y: Structure and expression of human and rat D2 dopamine receptor genes. Neurochem Int. 1992 Jul;21(1):91-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Dearry A, Falardeau P, Shores C, Caron MG: D2 dopamine receptors in the human retina: cloning of cDNA and localization of mRNA. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1991 Oct;11(5):437-53. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Stormann TM, Gdula DC, Weiner DM, Brann MR: Molecular cloning and expression of a dopamine D2 receptor from human retina. Mol Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;37(1):1-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Robakis NK, Mohamadi M, Fu DY, Sambamurti K, Refolo LM: Human retina D2 receptor cDNAs have multiple polyadenylation sites and differ from a pituitary clone at the 5' non-coding region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Mar 11;18(5):1299. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Selbie LA, Hayes G, Shine J: DNA homology screening: isolation and characterization of the human D2A dopamine receptor subtype. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 1990;24:9-14. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Dal Toso R, Sommer B, Ewert M, Herb A, Pritchett DB, Bach A, Shivers BD, Seeburg PH: The dopamine D2 receptor: two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4025-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Grandy DK, Marchionni MA, Makam H, Stofko RE, Alfano M, Frothingham L, Fischer JB, Burke-Howie KJ, Bunzow JR, Server AC, et al.: Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(24):9762-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Selbie LA, Hayes G, Shine J: The major dopamine D2 receptor: molecular analysis of the human D2A subtype. DNA. 1989 Nov;8(9):683-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 7902708 Itokawa M, Arinami T, Futamura N, Hamaguchi H, Toru M: A structural polymorphism of human dopamine D2 receptor, D2(Ser311-->Cys). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Nov 15;196(3):1369-75.
  12. 8471125 Seeman P, Ohara K, Ulpian C, Seeman MV, Jellinger K, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB: Schizophrenia: normal sequence in the dopamine D2 receptor region that couples to G-proteins. DNA polymorphisms in D2. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 Feb;8(2):137-42.
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Hjerde E, Dahl SG, Sylte I: Atypical and typical antipsychotic drug interactions with the dopamine D2 receptor. Eur J Med Chem. 2005 Feb;40(2):185-94. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lee T, Tang SW: Loxapine and clozapine decrease serotonin (S2) but do not elevate dopamine (D2) receptor numbers in the rat brain. Psychiatry Res. 1984 Aug;12(4):277-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Froimowitz M, Cody V: Biologically active conformers of phenothiazines and thioxanthenes. Further evidence for a ligand model of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem. 1993 Jul 23;36(15):2219-27. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Froimowitz M, Cody V: The incorporation of butyrophenones and related compounds into a pharmacophore for dopamine D2 antagonists. Drug Des Discov. 1997 Aug;15(2):63-81. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kalkman HO, Neumann V, Nozulak J, Tricklebank MD: Cataleptogenic effect of subtype selective 5-HT receptor antagonists in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Feb 19;343(2-3):201-7. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.