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Identification
Name Secobarbital
Accession Number DB00418 (APRD00497)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Secobarbital (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the brand names Seconal® and Tuinal) is a barbiturate derivative drug. It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties. In the United Kingdom, it was known as Quinalbarbitone.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
(+/-)-Secobarbital
Secobarbital Sodium
Secobarbitale [DCIT]
Secobarbitalum [INN-Latin]
Sodium quinalbarbitone
Sodium Secobarbital
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Barbosec
Bipanal
Bipinal sodium
Evronal
Evronal Sodium
Evrronal
Hypotrol
Hyptran
Imesonal
Immenoctal
Immenox
Meballymal
Meballymal sodium
Meballymalum
Novosecobarb
Pramil
Quinalbarbital
Quinalbarbitone
Quinalbarbitone sodium
Quinalspan
Sebar
Seco 8
Secobarbitone
Seconal
Sedutain
Seotal
Somosal
Synate
Trisomnin
First Prev Next Last
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives
  • Adjuvants, Anesthesia
  • GABA Modulators
  • Barbiturates
  • Adjuvants
CAS number 76-73-3
Weight Average: 238.2829
Monoisotopic: 238.131742452
Chemical Formula C12H18N2O3
InChI Key InChIKey=KQPKPCNLIDLUMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H18N2O3/c1-4-6-8(3)12(7-5-2)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h5,8H,2,4,6-7H2,1,3H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
5-(pentan-2-yl)-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
SMILES
CCCC(C)C1(CC=C)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (9.04 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For the Short-term treatment of intractable insomnia for patients habituated to barbiturates
Pharmacodynamics Secobarbital, a barbiturate, is used for the induction of anesthesia prior to the use of other general anesthetic agents and for induction of anesthesia for short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures associated with minimal painful stimuli. Little analgesia is conferred by barbiturates; their use in the presence of pain may result in excitation.
Mechanism of action Secobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination Barbiturates are metabolized primarily by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, and the metabolic products are excreted in the urine and, less commonly, in the feces.
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Symptoms of an overdose typically include sluggishness, incoordination, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, faulty judgment, drowsiness or coma, shallow breathing, staggering, and in severe cases coma and death.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Anabolic inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Everylife
  • Halsey drug co inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc
  • Kv pharmaceutical co
  • Lannett co inc
  • Parke davis div warner lambert co
  • L perrigo co
  • Purepac pharmaceutical co
  • Valeant pharmaceuticals international
  • Vitarine pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
  • Whiteworth towne paulsen inc
  • Wyeth ayerst laboratories
  • Ranbaxy pharmaceuticals inc
  • Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
  • Eli lilly and co
Packagers
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Seconal 100 mg capsule 5.23 USD capsule
Seconal sodium 100 mg capsule 4.91 USD capsule
Seconal sodium 100 mg pulvul 0.93 USD each
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 100 °C PhysProp
water solubility 550 mg/L Not Available
logP 1.97 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa 7.8 WOLLWEBER,H (1989)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.21e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.2 ALOGPS
logP 2.03 ChemAxon
logS -2.3 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 8.48 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 75.27 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon
refractivity 62.65 ChemAxon
polarizability 24.33 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00430 Link_out
ChEBI 9073 Link_out
ChEMBL 9073 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000674 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164784035 Link_out
Drug Product Database 21032 Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/secobarbital.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secobarbital Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N05CA06
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (48.6 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Aminophylline The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of aminophylline.
Bendamustine CYP1A2 metabolism may result in increased levels of active metabolites, decreases levels of bendamustine.
Betamethasone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, betamethasone.
Clomifene The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, clomifene.
Conjugated Estrogens The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, conjugated estrogens.
Cyclosporine The barbiturate, secobarbital, increases the effect of cyclosporine.
Dexamethasone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, dexamethasone.
Diethylstilbestrol The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, diethylstilbestrol.
Doxycycline The anticonvulsant , secobarbital, decreases the effect of doxycycline.
Estradiol The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
Ethinyl Estradiol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Felodipine The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of felodipine.
Fludrocortisone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, fludrocortisone.
Folic Acid Folic acid decreases the effect of anticonvulsant, secobarbital.
Gefitinib The CYP3A4 inducer, secobarbital, may decrease the serum concentration and therapeutic effects of gefitinib.
Griseofulvin The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of griseofulvin.
Hydrocortisone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, hydrocortisone.
Levonorgestrel Phenobarbital decreases the effect of levonorgestrel
Medroxyprogesterone The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, medroxyprogesterone.
Megestrol The enzyme inducer, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, megestrol.
Methadone The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of methadone.
Metronidazole The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of metronidazole.
Nifedipine The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine.
Norethindrone This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
Oxtriphylline The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of oxtriphylline.
Prednisolone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisolone.
Prednisone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisone.
Quinidine The anticonvulsant, secobarbital, decreases the effect of quinidine.
Theophylline The barbiturate, secobarbital, decreases the effect of theophylline.
Tretinoin The strong CYP2C8 inducer, Secobarbital, may increase the metabolism and clearance of oral Tretinoin. Consider alternate therapy to avoid failure of Tretinoin therapy or monitor for changes in Tretinoin effectiveness and adverse/toxic effects if Secobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Triamcinolone The barbiturate, secobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, triamcinolone.
Trimipramine The barbiturate, Secobarbital, may increase the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutics and adverse effects of Trimipramine if Secobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed. Dose adjustments of Trimipramine may be required.
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Secobarbital, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Verapamil Secobarbital, a CYP3A4 inducer, may increase the serum concentration of Verapamil, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Verapamil if Secobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Warfarin Secobarbital may decrease the serum concentration of warfarin by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if secobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14867 Link_out
Gene: GABRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Whiting PJ: The GABAA receptor gene family: new opportunities for drug development. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed
  3. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  4. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed
  5. Peters JA, Kirkness EF, Callachan H, Lambert JJ, Turner AJ: Modulation of the GABAA receptor by depressant barbiturates and pregnane steroids. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Aug;94(4):1257-69. Pubmed
  6. Miller LG, Deutsch SI, Greenblatt DJ, Paul SM, Shader RI: Acute barbiturate administration increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988;96(3):385-90. Pubmed
  7. Kirkness EF, Turner AJ: The gamma-aminobutyrate/benzodiazepine receptor from pig brain. Purification and characterization of the receptor complex from cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Biochem J. 1986 Jan 1;233(1):265-70. Pubmed
  8. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  9. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  10. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47869 Link_out
Gene: GABRA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

3. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P34903 Link_out
Gene: GABRA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48169 Link_out
Gene: GABRA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

5. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31644 Link_out
Gene: GABRA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed

6. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-6

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16445 Link_out
Gene: GABRA6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. Pubmed
  2. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed

7. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43681 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

8. Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P36544 Link_out
Gene: CHRNA7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. Pubmed
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

9. Glutamate receptor 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. This receptor binds AMPA(quisqualate) > glutamate > kainate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P42262 Link_out
Gene: GRIA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed

10. Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists. May be involved in the transmission of light information from the retina to the hypothalamus. This receptor binds domoate > kainate > quisqualate > 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione > L-glutamate = 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione > dihydrokainate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13002 Link_out
Gene: GRIK2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. Pubmed
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  2. Visser LE, van Schaik RH, Jan Danser AH, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA, Stricker BH: The risk of myocardial infarction in patients with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 2C9. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Jul;17(7):473-9. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Visser LE, van Schaik RH, Jan Danser AH, Hofman A, Witteman JC, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA, Stricker BH: The risk of myocardial infarction in patients with reduced activity of cytochrome P450 2C9. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Jul;17(7):473-9. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sakuma T, Ohtake M, Katsurayama Y, Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N: Induction of CYP1A2 by phenobarbital in the livers of aryl hydrocarbon-responsive and -nonresponsive mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Mar;27(3):379-84. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19