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Identification
Name Imipramine
Accession Number DB00458 (APRD00672, DB08002)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Imipramine, the prototypical tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), is a dibenzazepine-derivative TCA. TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, imipramine does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, imipramine exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as imipramine and amitriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline and desipramine. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. Imipramine has less sedative and anticholinergic effects than the tertiary amine TCAs, amitriptyline and clomipramine. See toxicity section below for a complete listing of side effects. Imipramine may be used to treat depression and nocturnal enuresis in children. Unlabeled indications include chronic and neuropathic pain (including diabetic neuropathy), panic disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms Not Available
Brand names
  • Antideprin
  • Berkomine
  • Censtim
  • Censtin
  • Declomipramine
  • Dimipressin
  • DPID
  • Dyna-Zina
  • Dynaprin
  • Estraldine
  • Eupramin
  • IM
  • Imavate
  • Imidobenzyle
  • Imipramina
  • Imipramine Hcl
  • Imiprin
  • Imizin
  • Imizine
  • Imizinum
  • Impramine
  • Intalpram
  • Iramil
  • Irmin
  • Janimine
  • Melipramin
  • Melipramine
  • Nelipramin
  • Norfranil
  • Pramine
  • Prazepine
  • Presamine
  • Promiben
  • Psychoforin
  • Sk-Pramine
  • Surplix
  • Timolet
  • Tipramine
  • Tofranil-PM (imipramine pamoate) (Mallinckrodt)
  • Tofranil, Base
  • Tofraniln A
  • Trimipramine Maleate
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors
  • Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
  • Norepinephrine-Reuptake Inhibitors
CAS number 50-49-7
Weight Average: 280.4073
Monoisotopic: 280.193948778
Chemical Formula C19H24N2
InChI Key InChIKey=BCGWQEUPMDMJNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H24N2/c1-20(2)14-7-15-21-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)12-13-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)21/h3-6,8-11H,7,12-15H2,1-2H3
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(3-{2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0^{3,8}]pentadeca-1(11),3(8),4,6,12,14-hexaen-2-yl}propyl)dimethylamine
SMILES
CN(C)CCCN1C2=C(CCC3=C1C=CC=C3)C=CC=C2
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (10.2 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Dibenzazepines and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Dibenzazepines and Derivatives
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication For the relief of symptoms of depression and as temporary adjunctive therapy in reducing enuresis in children aged 6 years and older. May also be used to manage panic disorders, with or without agoraphobia, as a second line agent in ADHD, management of eating disorders, for short-term management of acute depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and for symptomatic treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
Pharmacodynamics Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with general pharmacological properties similar to those of structurally related tricyclic antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline and doxepin. A tertiary amine, imipramine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin more so than most secondary amine tricyclics, meaning that it blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline almost equally. With chronic use, imipramine also down-regulates cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitizes post-synaptic sertonergic receptors, which also contributes to increased serotonergic transmission. It takes approximately 2 - 4 weeks for antidepressants effects to occur. The onset of action may be longer, up to 8 weeks, in some individuals. It is also effective in migraine prophylaxis, but not in abortion of acute migraine attack.
Mechanism of action Imipramine works by inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. It binds the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and sodium-dependent norepinephrine transporter preventing or reducing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin by nerve cells. Depression has been linked to a lack of stimulation of the post-synaptic neuron by norepinephrine and serotonin. Slowing the reuptake of these neurotransmitters increases their concentration in the synaptic cleft, which is thought to contribute to relieving symptoms of depression. In addition to acutely inhibiting neurotransmitter re-uptake, imipramine causes down-regulation of cerebral cortical beta-adrenergic receptors and sensitization of post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. This leads to enhanced serotonergic transmission.
Absorption Rapidly and well absorbed after oral administration. Bioavailability is approximately 43%. Peak plasma concentrations usually attained 1 - 2 hours following oral administration. Absorption is unaffected by food.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 60-95%
Metabolism

Exclusively metabolized by the liver. Imipramine is converted in the liver by various CYP isoenzymes (e.g. CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9) to active metabolites desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine.

Enzyme Metabolite Reaction Km Vmax
Cytochrome P450 2D6 2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxylation 2.15 404.98
Cytochrome P450 2D6 desipramine N-demethylation 48.3 238.33
Cytochrome P450 1A2 2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxylation 304 44.6
Cytochrome P450 1A2 desipramine N-demethylation 301 289.89
Cytochrome P450 3A4 2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxylation 869 81.96
Cytochrome P450 2C19 2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxylation 28.4 253.81
Cytochrome P450 2C19 desipramine N-demethylation 24.7 532.64
Route of elimination Approximately 40% of an orally administered dose is eliminated in urine within 24 hours, 70% in 72 hours. Small amounts are eliminated in feces via the biliary elimination.
Half life Imipramine - 8-20 hours; Desipramine (active metabolite) - up to 125 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Oral, rat LD50: 355 to 682 mg/kg. Toxic signs proceed progressively from depression, irregular respiration and ataxia to convulsions and death. Antagonism of the histamine H1 and α1 receptors can lead to sedation and hypotension. Antimuscarinic and anticholinergic side effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation and urine retention may occur. Cardiotoxicity may occur with high doses of imipramine. Cardiovascular side effects in postural hypotension, tachycardia, hypertension, ECG changes and congestive heart failure. Psychotoxic effects include impaired memory and delirium. Induction of hypomanic or manic episodes may occur in patients with a history of bipolar disorder. Withdrawal symptoms include GI disturbances (e.g. nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea), anxiety, insomnia, nervousness, headache and malaise.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00422 Imipramine Pathway SMP00422
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
  • Actavis totowa llc
  • Lederle laboratories div american cyanamid co
  • Lupin ltd
  • Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Usl pharma inc
  • Vangard laboratories inc div midway medical co
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
  • Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
  • Alra laboratories inc
  • Sanofi aventis us llc
  • Tyco healthcare group lp
  • Odyssey pharmaceuticals inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral 100 mg
Capsule Oral 125 mg
Capsule Oral 150 mg
Capsule Oral 75 mg
Tablet Oral 10 mg
Tablet Oral 25 mg
Tablet Oral 50 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 10 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Tofranil-PM 30 125 mg capsule Bottle 588.33 USD bottle
Tofranil-PM 30 150 mg capsule Bottle 588.33 USD bottle
Tofranil-PM 30 75 mg capsule Bottle 588.33 USD bottle
Tofranil 30 50 mg tablet Bottle 185.09 USD bottle
Trimipramine maleate powder 51.0 USD g
Tofranil-pm 100 mg capsule 19.23 USD capsule
Tofranil-pm 150 mg capsule 18.86 USD capsule
Tofranil-pm 75 mg capsule 18.86 USD capsule
Tofranil-pm 125 mg capsule 18.68 USD capsule
Imipramine pamoate 75 mg capsule 16.35 USD capsule
Imipramine pamoate 100 mg capsule 15.17 USD capsule
Imipramine pamoate 125 mg capsule 15.17 USD capsule
Imipramine pamoate 150 mg capsule 15.17 USD capsule
Tofranil 50 mg tablet 6.64 USD tablet
Surmontil 100 mg capsule 5.92 USD capsule
Tofranil 25 mg tablet 4.97 USD tablet
Tofranil 10 mg tablet 4.73 USD tablet
Surmontil 50 mg capsule 4.07 USD capsule
Trimipramine Maleate 50 mg capsule 3.27 USD capsule
Trimipramine 50 mg capsule 3.14 USD capsule
Surmontil 25 mg capsule 2.49 USD capsule
Cenestin 0.3 mg tablet 2.21 USD tablet
Cenestin 0.45 mg tablet 2.21 USD tablet
Cenestin 0.625 mg tablet 2.21 USD tablet
Cenestin 0.9 mg tablet 2.21 USD tablet
Cenestin 1.25 mg tablet 2.21 USD tablet
Trimipramine 25 mg capsule 1.92 USD capsule
Apo-Trimip 100 mg Tablet 0.97 USD tablet
Imipramine hcl powder 0.77 USD g
Apo-Trimip 75 mg Capsule 0.77 USD capsule
Apo-Imipramine 75 mg Tablet 0.58 USD tablet
Tofranil 50 mg Tablet 0.57 USD tablet
Apo-Trimip 50 mg Tablet 0.57 USD tablet
Imipramine hcl 10 mg tablet 0.46 USD tablet
Imipramine hcl 50 mg tablet 0.44 USD tablet
Apo-Imipramine 50 mg Tablet 0.4 USD tablet
Imipramine hcl 25 mg tablet 0.35 USD tablet
Apo-Trimip 25 mg Tablet 0.29 USD tablet
Apo-Imipramine 25 mg Tablet 0.25 USD tablet
Apo-Trimip 12.5 mg Tablet 0.23 USD tablet
Apo-Imipramine 10 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Melting point 174.5 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 18.2 mg/L PhysProp
logP 3.9 PhysProp
logS -4.19 [ADME Research, USCD] PhysProp
Caco2 permeability -4.85 [ADME Research, USCD] BiGG
pKa 9.4 Various sources
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 6.64e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 4.53 ALOGPS
logP 4.28 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -3.63 ALOGPS
pKa ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 2 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 6.48 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 4 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 90.61 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 33.39 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C07049 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3696 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46507351 Link_out
ChemSpider 3568 Link_out
ChEBI 5881 Link_out
ChEMBL 5881 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP001154 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449969 Link_out
HET IXX Link_out
Drug Product Database 726397 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/imip.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/imipramine.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/tof1448.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N06AA02
  • N06AA03
  • N06AA06
AHFS Codes
  • 28:16.04.28
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (151.7 KB)
MSDS show (73.6 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (caffeine).
  • Avoid St.John's Wort.
  • Do not take fibers at the same time.
  • Take with food.
Targets

1. Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23975 Link_out
Gene: SLC6A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mitchell HA, Ahern TH, Liles LC, Javors MA, Weinshenker D: The effects of norepinephrine transporter inactivation on locomotor activity in mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 15;60(10):1046-52. Epub 2006 Aug 7. Pubmed
  2. Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Faron-Gorecka A, Kusmider M, Drozdowska E, Rogoz Z, Siwanowicz J, Caron MG, Bonisch H: Effect of antidepressant drugs in mice lacking the norepinephrine transporter. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Nov;31(11):2424-32. Epub 2006 Mar 22. Pubmed
  3. Anton M, Wagner B, Haubner R, Bodenstein C, Essien BE, Bonisch H, Schwaiger M, Gansbacher B, Weber WA: Use of the norepinephrine transporter as a reporter gene for non-invasive imaging of genetically modified cells. J Gene Med. 2004 Jan;6(1):119-26. Pubmed
  4. Kantor L, Hewlett GH, Park YH, Richardson-Burns SM, Mellon MJ, Gnegy ME: Protein kinase C and intracellular calcium are required for amphetamine-mediated dopamine release via the norepinephrine transporter in undifferentiated PC12 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Jun;297(3):1016-24. Pubmed
  5. Tatsumi M, Jansen K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of neuroleptics at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Mar 5;368(2-3):277-83. Pubmed

2. Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Terminates the action of serotonine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31645 Link_out
Gene: SLC6A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Leboyer M, Quintin P, Manivet P, Varoquaux O, Allilaire JF, Launay JM: Decreased serotonin transporter binding in unaffected relatives of manic depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Dec 15;46(12):1703-6. Pubmed
  2. Scholze P, Zwach J, Kattinger A, Pifl C, Singer EA, Sitte HH: Transporter-mediated release: a superfusion study on human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing the human serotonin transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Jun;293(3):870-8. Pubmed
  3. Quintin P, Benkelfat C, Launay JM, Arnulf I, Pointereau-Bellenger A, Barbault S, Alvarez JC, Varoquaux O, Perez-Diaz F, Jouvent R, Leboyer M: Clinical and neurochemical effect of acute tryptophan depletion in unaffected relatives of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Aug 1;50(3):184-90. Pubmed
  4. Goulet M, Miller GM, Bendor J, Liu S, Meltzer PC, Madras BK: Non-amines, drugs without an amine nitrogen, potently block serotonin transport: novel antidepressant candidates? Synapse. 2001 Dec 1;42(3):129-40. Pubmed
  5. Barkan T, Gurwitz D, Levy G, Weizman A, Rehavi M: Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of the serotonin transporter in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 May;14(3):237-43. Pubmed
  6. Schloss P, Betz H: Heterogeneity of antidepressant binding sites on the recombinant rat serotonin transporter SERT1. Biochemistry. 1995 Oct 3;34(39):12590-5. Pubmed
  7. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. Pubmed

3. 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. This receptor is involved in tracheal smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and control of aldosterone production

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28223 Link_out
Gene: HTR2A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

4. Histamine H1 receptor

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamine release from adrenal medulla, as well as mediating neurotransmission in the central nervous system

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35367 Link_out
Gene: HRH1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

5. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35348 Link_out
Gene: ADRA1A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed
  2. Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LR, Pupo AS: The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jul-Aug;59(1-2):49-57. Epub 2010 Apr 2. Pubmed

6. Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P25100 Link_out
Gene: ADRA1D Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Nojimoto FD, Mueller A, Hebeler-Barbosa F, Akinaga J, Lima V, Kiguti LR, Pupo AS: The tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine are weak antagonists of human and rat alpha1B-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology. 2010 Jul-Aug;59(1-2):49-57. Epub 2010 Apr 2. Pubmed

7. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P11229 Link_out
Gene: CHRM1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

8. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08172 Link_out
Gene: CHRM2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

9. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P20309 Link_out
Gene: CHRM3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

10. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is inhibition of adenylate cyclase

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08173 Link_out
Gene: CHRM4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

11. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: antagonist

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08912 Link_out
Gene: CHRM5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E: Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 May;114(4):559-65. Pubmed

12. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: inhibitor

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated rapidly inactivating A-type potassium channels. May contribute to I(To) current in heart and I(Sa) current in neurons. Channel properties are modulated by interactions with other alpha subunits and with regulatory subunits

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NZV8 Link_out
Gene: KCND2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Casis O, Sanchez-Chapula JA: Disopyramide, imipramine, and amitriptyline bind to a common site on the transient outward K+ channel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;32(4):521-6. Pubmed

13. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3

Pharmacological action: no
Actions: inhibitor

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated rapidly inactivating A-type potassium channels. May contribute to I(To) current in heart and I(Sa) current in neurons. Channel properties are modulated by interactions with other alpha subunits and with regulatory subunits

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UK17 Link_out
Gene: KCND3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Casis O, Sanchez-Chapula JA: Disopyramide, imipramine, and amitriptyline bind to a common site on the transient outward K+ channel. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;32(4):521-6. Pubmed

14. Transporter

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: O67854 Link_out
Gene: snf Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T: Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1199-210. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Shin JG, Park JY, Kim MJ, Shon JH, Yoon YR, Cha IJ, Lee SS, Oh SW, Kim SW, Flockhart DA: Inhibitory effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) on human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro: mechanism of drug interaction between TCAs and phenytoin. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Oct;30(10):1102-7. Pubmed
  2. Morinobu S, Tanaka T, Kawakatsu S, Totsuka S, Koyama E, Chiba K, Ishizaki T, Kubota T: Effects of genetic defects in the CYP2C19 gene on the N-demethylation of imipramine, and clinical outcome of imipramine therapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Aug;51(4):253-7. Pubmed
  3. Madsen H, Rasmussen BB, Brosen K: Imipramine demethylation in vivo: impact of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 Mar;61(3):319-24. Pubmed
  4. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  5. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  6. Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T: Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1199-210. Pubmed
  7. Obach RS, Reed-Hagen AE: Measurement of Michaelis constants for cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation reactions using a substrate depletion approach. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Jul;30(7):831-7. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Brosen K: Drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system. The role of cytochrome P450 1A2. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;29 Suppl 1:20-5. Pubmed
  2. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  4. Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T: Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1199-210. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  2. Koyama E, Chiba K, Tani M, Ishizaki T: Reappraisal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation: a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recombinant human CYPs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1199-210. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 2C18

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P33260 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C18 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2E1

Actions: inhibitor

Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms

UniProt ID: P05181 Link_out
Gene: CYP2E1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mahar Doan KM, Humphreys JE, Webster LO, Wring SA, Shampine LJ, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Adkison KK, Polli JW: Passive permeability and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux differentiate central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS marketed drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Dec;303(3):1029-37. Pubmed
  2. Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. Pubmed
  3. Faassen F, Vogel G, Spanings H, Vromans H: Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):113-22. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: inhibitor

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. Pubmed

3. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. Pubmed
  2. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S, Akazawa M, Saito H, Inui K: Distinct characteristics of organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, in the basolateral membrane of renal tubules. Pharm Res. 2001 Nov;18(11):1528-34. Pubmed

4. Solute carrier family 22 member 3

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain

UniProt ID: O75751 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, Huang W, Ganapathy ME, Wang H, Kekuda R, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Sep;279(3):F449-58. Pubmed

5. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wu X, George RL, Huang W, Wang H, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 1;1466(1-2):315-27. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1

Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction

UniProt ID: P02763 Link_out
Gene: ORM1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ferry DG, Caplan NB, Cubeddu LX: Interaction between antidepressants and alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonists on the binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. J Pharm Sci. 1986 Feb;75(2):146-9. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on October 19, 2011 12:13

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.