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Identification
Name Cisapride
Accession Number DB00604 (APRD00454)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, withdrawn
Description

In many countries (including Canada) cisapride has been either withdrawn or has had its indications limited due to reports about long QT syndrome due to cisapride, which predisposes to arrhythmias. The FDA issued a warning letter regarding this risk to health care professionals and patients.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • cisapride
Brand names
  • Acenalin
  • Alimix
  • Cipril
  • Enteropride
  • Kinestase
  • Prepulsid
  • Pridesia
  • Propulsid
  • Propulsid Quicksolv
  • Propulsin
  • Risamal
  • Syspride
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anti-Ulcer Agents
  • Gastrointestinal Agents
  • Serotonin Agonists
  • Prokinetic Agents
CAS number 81098-60-4
Weight Average: 465.945
Monoisotopic: 465.183062343
Chemical Formula C23H29ClFN3O4
InChI Key InChIKey=DCSUBABJRXZOMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C23H29ClFN3O4/c1-30-21-13-19(26)18(24)12-17(21)23(29)27-20-8-10-28(14-22(20)31-2)9-3-11-32-16-6-4-15(25)5-7-16/h4-7,12-13,20,22H,3,8-11,14,26H2,1-2H3,(H,27,29)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
4-amino-5-chloro-N-{1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-yl}-2-methoxybenzamide
SMILES
COC1CN(CCCOC2=CC=C(F)C=C2)CCC1NC(=O)C1=C(OC)C=C(N)C(Cl)=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Phenols and Derivatives
  • Ethers
  • Anisoles
  • Benzoyl Derivatives
  • Benzamides
Substructures
  • Phenols and Derivatives
  • Amino Ketones
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Ethers
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Halobenzenes
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Anisoles
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Benzoyl Derivatives
  • Phenyl Esters
  • Benzamides
  • Anilines
  • Piperidines
Pharmacology
Indication For the symptomatic treatment of adult patients with nocturnal heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Pharmacodynamics Cisapride is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a serotonin 5-HT4 agonist. Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous system. Cisapride stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract without stimulating gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions. Cisapride increases the tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increases peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum resulting in accelerated gastric emptying and intestinal transit. It increases the resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. It has little, if any, effect on the motility of the colon or gallbladder. Cisapride does not induce muscarinic or nicotinic receptor stimulation, nor does it inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity.
Mechanism of action Cisapride acts through the stimulation of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptors which increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous system (specifically the myenteric plexus). This results in increased tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxation of the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increased peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum resulting in accelerated gastric emptying and intestinal transit.
Absorption Cisapride is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with an absolute bioavailability of 35-40%.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 97.5%
Metabolism

Hepatic. Extensively metabolized via cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme.

Enzyme Metabolite Reaction Km Vmax
Cytochrome P450 3A4 norcisapride N-demethylation 3.2 100.98
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 6-12 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Janssen pharmaceutica products lp
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Suspension Oral
Tablet Oral
Prices Not Available
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires
United States 5648093 1994-07-15 2014-07-15
Properties
State solid
Melting point 110 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.71 mg/L PhysProp
logP 3.3 PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.20e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.95 ALOGPS
logP 2.49 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -4.59 ALOGPS
pKa 18.77 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 6 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 86.05 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 9 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 122.93 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 49.27 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Pearce RE, Gotschall RR, Kearns GL, Leeder JS: Cytochrome P450 Involvement in the biotransformation of cisapride and racemic norcisapride in vitro: differential activity of individual human CYP3A isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Dec;29(12):1548-54. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00274 Link_out
KEGG Compound C06910 Link_out
PubChem Compound 2769 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46504980 Link_out
ChemSpider 2667 Link_out
BindingDB 50005836 Link_out
ChEBI 3720 Link_out
ChEMBL 3720 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000222 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449011 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2054817 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/cisap.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/cisapride.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisapride Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A03FA02
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (74.5 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions
  • Grapefruit and grapefruit juice should be avoided throughout treatment, grapefruit can significantly increase serum levels of this product.
  • Increases absorption, take 30 minutes before a meal.
Targets

1. 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13639 Link_out
Gene: HTR4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Crema F, Modini C, Croci T, Langlois M, de Ponti F: Intestinal prokinesia by two esters of 4-amino-5-chloro-2- methoxybenzoic acid: involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine-4 receptors and dissociation from cardiac effects in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Mar;288(3):1045-52. Pubmed
  2. Nagakura Y, Akuzawa S, Miyata K, Kamato T, Suzuki T, Ito H, Yamaguchi T: Pharmacological properties of a novel gastrointestinal prokinetic benzamide selective for human 5-HT4 receptor versus human 5-HT3 receptor. Pharmacol Res. 1999 May;39(5):375-82. Pubmed
  3. Rahme MM, Cotter B, Leistad E, Wadhwa MK, Mohabir R, Ford AP, Eglen RM, Feld GK: Electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of the atrial selective 5-HT receptor antagonist RS-100302 in experimental atrial flutter and fibrillation. Circulation. 1999 Nov 9;100(19):2010-7. Pubmed
  4. Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Haydock S, Ferber I, Burton D, Cooper S, Tompson D, Fitzpatrick K, Higgins R, Zinsmeister AR: Effects of a serotonin 5-HT receptor antagonist SB-207266 on gastrointestinal motor and sensory function in humans. Gut. 2000 Nov;47(5):667-74. Pubmed
  5. Bach T, Syversveen T, Kvingedal AM, Krobert KA, Brattelid T, Kaumann AJ, Levy FO: 5HT4(a) and 5-HT4 receptors have nearly identical pharmacology and are both expressed in human atrium and ventricle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;363(2):146-60. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel, which when activated causes fast, depolarizing responses in neurons. It is a cation-specific, but otherwise relatively nonselective, ion channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P46098 Link_out
Gene: HTR3A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Nagakura Y, Akuzawa S, Miyata K, Kamato T, Suzuki T, Ito H, Yamaguchi T: Pharmacological properties of a novel gastrointestinal prokinetic benzamide selective for human 5-HT4 receptor versus human 5-HT3 receptor. Pharmacol Res. 1999 May;39(5):375-82. Pubmed
  2. Talley NJ: Review article: 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists and antagonists in the modulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation: clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1992 Jun;6(3):273-89. Pubmed
  3. de Ridder WJ, Schuurkes JA: Cisapride and 5-hydroxytryptamine enhance motility in the canine antrum via separate pathways, not involving 5-hydroxytryptamine1,2,3,4 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Jan;264(1):79-88. Pubmed
  4. Haga N, Suzuki H, Shiba Y, Mochiki E, Mizumoto A, Itoh Z: Effect of TKS159, a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine4 agonist, on gastric contractile activity in conscious dogs. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 1998 Aug;10(4):295-303. Pubmed

3. 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. This receptor is involved in tracheal smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and control of aldosterone production

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28223 Link_out
Gene: HTR2A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Kollias-Baker C, Stanley S: In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses. Am J Vet Res. 2000 Dec;61(12):1561-5. Pubmed
  2. Cushing DJ, Cohen ML: Serotonin-induced contraction in porcine coronary artery: use of ergolines to support vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine2-receptor heterogeneity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Jan;264(1):193-200. Pubmed
  3. Beubler E, Coupar IM, Hardcastle J, Hardcastle PT: Stimulatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on fluid secretion and transmural potential difference in rat small intestine are mediated by different receptor subtypes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;42(1):35-9. Pubmed

4. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifying potassium current in heart (IKr). Isoform 3 has no channel activity by itself, but modulates channel characteristics when associated with isoform 1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q12809 Link_out
Gene: KCNH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Walker BD, Singleton CB, Bursill JA, Wyse KR, Valenzuela SM, Qiu MR, Breit SN, Campbell TJ: Inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) potassium channel by cisapride: affinity for open and inactivated states. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;128(2):444-50. Pubmed
  2. Chen J, Seebohm G, Sanguinetti MC: Position of aromatic residues in the S6 domain, not inactivation, dictates cisapride sensitivity of HERG and eag potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12461-6. Epub 2002 Sep 3. Pubmed
  3. Lin J, Guo J, Gang H, Wojciechowski P, Wigle JT, Zhang S: Intracellular K+ is required for the inactivation-induced high-affinity binding of cisapride to HERG channels. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Sep;68(3):855-65. Epub 2005 Jun 20. Pubmed
  4. Perrio M, Voss S, Shakir SA: Application of the bradford hill criteria to assess the causality of cisapride-induced arrhythmia: a model for assessing causal association in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf. 2007;30(4):333-46. Pubmed
  5. Mohammad S, Zhou Z, Gong Q, January CT: Blockage of the HERG human cardiac K+ channel by the gastrointestinal prokinetic agent cisapride. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 2):H2534-8. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P24462 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  3. Pearce RE, Gotschall RR, Kearns GL, Leeder JS: Cytochrome P450 Involvement in the biotransformation of cisapride and racemic norcisapride in vitro: differential activity of individual human CYP3A isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Dec;29(12):1548-54. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Actions: substrate

Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase

UniProt ID: P11509 Link_out
Gene: CYP2A6
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20813 Link_out
Gene: CYP2B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

9. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

10. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on April 19, 2011 15:05

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.