Banner
Identification
Name Losartan
Accession Number DB00678 (APRD00052)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Losartan is an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) that may be used alone or with other agents to treat hypertension. Losartan and its longer acting metabolite, E-3174, lower blood pressure by antagonizing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); they compete with angiotensin II for binding to the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) subtype and prevents the blood pressure increasing effects of angiotensin II. Unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARBs do not have the adverse effect of dry cough. Losartan may be used to treat hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy. It may also be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
DUP 89
Losartan Potassium
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Cozaar Merck & Co.
Hyzaar
Lacidipine
Lortaan
Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Anzaplus Losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
Hyzaar Losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
Categories
  • Antihypertensive Agents
  • Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
  • Antiarrhythmic Agents
  • Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers
  • Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
CAS number 114798-26-4
Weight Average: 422.911
Monoisotopic: 422.162187095
Chemical Formula C22H23ClN6O
InChI Key InChIKey=PSIFNNKUMBGKDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H23ClN6O/c1-2-3-8-20-24-21(23)19(14-30)29(20)13-15-9-11-16(12-10-15)17-6-4-5-7-18(17)22-25-27-28-26-22/h4-7,9-12,30H,2-3,8,13-14H2,1H3,(H,25,26,27,28)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
[2-butyl-4-chloro-1-({4-[2-(2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl}methyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]methanol
SMILES
CCCCC1=NC(Cl)=C(CO)N1CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Biphenyltetrazoles and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Phenylpropenes
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Biphenyl and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Biphenyltetrazoles and Derivatives
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Tetrazoles
  • Imidazoles
  • Phenyltetrazoles and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Imines
  • Cyanamides
Pharmacology
Indication May be used as a first line agent to treat uncomplicated hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. May be used as a first line agent to delay progression of diabetic nephropathy. Losartan may be also used as a second line agent in the treatment of congestive heart failure, systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in those intolerant of ACE inhibitors.
Pharmacodynamics Losartan is the first of a class of antihypertensive agents called angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Losartan and its longer acting active metabolite, E-3174, are specific and selective type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) antagonists which block the blood pressure increasing effects angiotensin II via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating hemodynamics, water and electrolyte balance. During sympathetic stimulation or when renal blood pressure or blood flow is reduced, renin is released from granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys. Renin cleaves circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by increasing total peripheral resistance, increasing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys via aldosterone secretion, and altering cardiovascular structure. Angiotensin II binds to two receptors: AT1 and type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2). AT1 is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II. Studies performed in recent years suggest that AT2 antagonizes AT1-mediated effects and directly affects long-term blood pressure control by inducing vasorelaxation and increasing urinary sodium excretion. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are non-peptide competitive inhibitors of AT1. ARBs block the ability of angiotensin II to stimulate pressor and cell proliferative effects. Unlike ACE inhibitors, ARBs do not affect bradykinin-induced vasodilation. The overall effect of ARBs is a decrease in blood pressure.
Mechanism of action Losartan competitively inhibits the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 in many tissues including vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal glands. Losartan is metabolized to its active metabolite, E-3174, which is 10 to 40 times more potent than losartan and acts as a non-competitive AT1 antagonist. Inhibition of angiotensin II binding to AT1 inhibits its AT1-mediated vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects and results in decreased vascular resistance and blood pressure. Losartan is 1,000 times more selective for AT1 than AT2. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion may increase sodium and water excretion while decreasing potassium excretion. Losartan is effective for reducing blood pressure and may be used to treat essential hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy.
Absorption Well absorbed, the systemic bioavailability of losartan is approximately 33%
Volume of distribution
  • 34 L [losartan]
  • 12 L [active metabolite]
Protein binding 99.7%, primarily to albumin
Metabolism Hepatic. Losartan is metabolized to a 5-carboxylic acid derivative (E-3174) via an aldehyde intermediate (E-3179) primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP3A4. E-3174 is an active metabolite with 10- to 40-fold higher potency than its parent compound, losartan. Approxiamtely 14% of losartan is converted to E-3174; however, the AUC of E-3174 was found to be 4- to 8-fold higher than losartan and E-3174 is considered the main contributor to the pharmacologic effects of this medication.
Route of elimination After single doses of losartan administered orally, about 4% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine and about 6% is excreted in urine as active metabolite. Biliary excretion contributes to the elimination of losartan and its metabolites.
Half life The terminal t1/2 of losartan is 2 hours and that of E-3174 is 6-9 hours.
Clearance
  • 600 mL/min [Healthy volunteers after IV administration]
  • Renal cl=56 +/- 23 mL/min [Hypertensive adults given 50 mg once daily for 7 days]
  • Renal cl=53 +/- 33 mL/min [Hypertensive children (6-16 years old) given 0.7 mg/kg once daily for 7 days]
Toxicity Hypotension and tachycardia; Bradycardia could occur from parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation, LD50= 1000 mg/kg (orally in rat)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Merck research laboratories div merck co inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Merck & Co., Inc.
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 25 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Losartan Potassium 90 50 mg tablet Bottle 211.78 USD bottle
Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 30 50-12.5 mg tablet Bottle 78.05 USD bottle
Hyzaar 100-25 mg tablet 3.91 USD tablet
Hyzaar 100-12.5 mg tablet 3.87 USD tablet
Hyzaar 100-12.5 tablet 3.61 USD tablet
Hyzaar 100-25 tablet 3.61 USD tablet
Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 100-12.5 mg tablet 3.54 USD tablet
Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 100-25 mg tablet 3.54 USD tablet
Cozaar 100 mg tablet 3.41 USD tablet
Losartan potassium 100 mg tablet 3.14 USD tablet
Hyzaar 50-12.5 mg tablet 2.97 USD tablet
Hyzaar 50-12.5 tablet 2.65 USD tablet
Cozaar 50 mg tablet 2.5 USD tablet
Losartan potassium 50 mg tablet 2.26 USD tablet
Cozaar 25 mg tablet 1.92 USD tablet
Losartan potassium 25 mg tablet 1.72 USD tablet
Cozaar 100 mg Tablet 1.31 USD tablet
Cozaar 25 mg Tablet 1.31 USD tablet
Cozaar 50 mg Tablet 1.31 USD tablet
First Prev Next Last
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 5210079 1993-11-11 2010-11-11
United States 5608075 1992-03-04 2009-03-04
Canada 2085584 2003-02-11 2011-06-07
Canada 1334092 1995-01-24 2012-01-24
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 184 °C PhysProp
water solubility 0.82 mg/L Not Available
logP 6.1 Not Available
pKa 5.5 MERCK INDEX (1996); approx.
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 4.70e-03 g/l ALOGPS
logP 4.5 ALOGPS
logP 5.08 ChemAxon
logS -5 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 7.4 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 4.12 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 92.51 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 8 ChemAxon
refractivity 131.85 ChemAxon
polarizability 44.86 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002 Mar 23;359(9311):995-1003. Pubmed
  2. Guo ZX, Qiu MC: [Losartan downregulates the expression of transforming growth factor beta type I and type II receptors in kidney of diabetic rat] Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2003 Jun;42(6):403-8. Pubmed
  3. Habashi JP, Judge DP, Holm TM, Cohn RD, Loeys BL, Cooper TK, Myers L, Klein EC, Liu G, Calvi C, Podowski M, Neptune ER, Halushka MK, Bedja D, Gabrielson K, Rifkin DB, Carta L, Ramirez F, Huso DL, Dietz HC: Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):117-21. Pubmed
  4. Bader, M. (2004). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology (pp. 810-814). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  5. Sica, D.A., Gehr, T.W.B., & Ghosh, S. (2005). Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 44(8), 797-814. PMID: 16029066
  6. Stanfield, C.L., & Germann, W.J. (2008). Principles of human physiology (3 rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C07072 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3961 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506538 Link_out
ChemSpider 3824 Link_out
ChEBI 6541 Link_out
ChEMBL 6541 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000523 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450268 Link_out
IUPHAR 590 Link_out
Guide to Pharmacology 590 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2182882 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/losar.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/losartan.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losartan Link_out
ATC Codes
  • C09CA01
AHFS Codes
  • 24:32.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (212 KB)
MSDS show (19 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Amiloride Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Drospirenone Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Indomethacin Indomethacin decreases the effect of losartan
Lithium Losartan increases serum levels of lithium
Potassium Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Quinupristin This combination presents an increased risk of toxicity
Rifampin Rifampin decreases the effect of losartan
Spironolactone Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Tobramycin Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Tolbutamide Tolbutamide, a strong CYP2C9 inhibitor, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Losartan. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in Losartan therapeutic and adverse effects if Tolbutamide is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Trandolapril The angiotensin II receptor blocker, Losartan, may increase the adverse effects of Trandolapril.
Treprostinil Additive hypotensive effect. Monitor antihypertensive therapy during concomitant use.
Tretinoin The moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor, Losartan, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of oral Tretinoin. Monitor for changes in Tretinoin effectiveness and adverse/toxic effects if Losartan is initiated, discontinued to dose changed.
Triamterene Increased risk of hyperkalemia
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals. Take at same time each day. Food delays absorption, but does not affect the extent of absorption.
Targets

1. Type-1 angiotensin II receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

Receptor for angiotensin II. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30556 Link_out
Gene: AGTR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  2. Sardo MA, Castaldo M, Cinquegrani M, Bonaiuto M, Fontana L, Campo S, Campo GM, Altavilla D, Saitta A: Effects of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan on sICAM-1 and TNF-alpha levels in uncomplicated hypertensive patients. Angiology. 2004 Mar-Apr;55(2):195-203. Pubmed
  3. Dickstein K, Timmermans P, Segal R: Losartan: a selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist for the treatment of heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1998 Nov;7(11):1897-914. Pubmed
  4. Anand-Srivastava MB, Palaparti A: Angiotensin-II-induced enhanced expression of Gi proteins is attenuated by losartan in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells: role of AT1 receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;81(2):150-8. Pubmed
  5. Rocha I, Bras-Rosario L, Amparo-Barros M, Silva-Carvalho L: Angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan and the defence reaction in the anaesthetised rat. Effect on the carotid chemoreflex. Exp Physiol. 2003 May;88(3):309-14. Pubmed
  6. Guan J, Cheng DY, Chen XJ, Zhang Y, Wang H, Su QL: [The effects of losartan on pulmonary arterial collagen and AT1 in chronic hypoxic rats] Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2004 Nov;35(6):774-7. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Song JC, White CM: Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Feb;20(2):130-9. Pubmed
  2. Sica DA, Gehr TW, Ghosh S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(8):797-814. Pubmed
  3. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  4. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  5. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
  6. Yasar U, Forslund-Bergengren C, Tybring G, Dorado P, Llerena A, Sjoqvist F, Eliasson E, Dahl ML: Pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite E-3174 in relation to the CYP2C9 genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jan;71(1):89-98. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Song JC, White CM: Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Feb;20(2):130-9. Pubmed
  2. Sica DA, Gehr TW, Ghosh S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(8):797-814. Pubmed
  3. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  4. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P20815 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

7. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX- alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate

UniProt ID: P22309 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

8. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds

UniProt ID: P35503 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

9. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds

UniProt ID: Q9HAW8 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

10. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7

Actions: substrate

Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites

UniProt ID: P16662 Link_out
Gene: UGT2B7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

11. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The major substrates of this isozyme are eugenol > 4-methylumbelliferone > dihydrotestosterone (DHT) > androstane-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) > testosterone > androsterone (ADT)

UniProt ID: O75795 Link_out
Gene: UGT2B17 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Takara K, Kakumoto M, Tanigawara Y, Funakoshi J, Sakaeda T, Okumura K: Interaction of digoxin with antihypertensive drugs via MDR1. Life Sci. 2002 Feb 15;70(13):1491-500. Pubmed
  2. Borgnia MJ, Eytan GD, Assaraf YG: Competition of hydrophobic peptides, cytotoxic drugs, and chemosensitizers on a common P-glycoprotein pharmacophore as revealed by its ATPase activity. J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 9;271(6):3163-71. Pubmed
  3. Soldner A, Benet LZ, Mutschler E, Christians U: Active transport of the angiotensin-II antagonist losartan and its main metabolite EXP 3174 across MDCK-MDR1 and caco-2 cell monolayers. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;129(6):1235-43. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Race JE, Grassl SM, Williams WJ, Holtzman EJ: Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel human renal organic anion transporters (hOAT1 and hOAT3). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Feb 16;255(2):508-14. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19