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Showing drug card for Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-02-19 16:03:49
Primary Accession Number DB00999
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00092
Name Hydrochlorothiazide
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. Dihydrochlorothiazid
  2. Dihydrochlorothiazide
  3. Dihydrochlorothiazidum
  4. Dihydrochlorurit
  5. Dihydrochlorurite
  6. Dihydroxychlorothiazidum
  7. HCTZ
  8. HCZ
  9. Hydrochlorothiazid
  10. Hydrochlorthiazide
Brand Names
  1. Acuretic
  2. Aldoril
  3. Apresazide
  4. Aquarills
  5. Aquarius
  6. Bremil
  7. Caplaril
  8. Capozide
  9. Chlorosulthiadil
  10. Chlorzide
  11. Cidrex
  12. Dichlorosal
  13. Dichlorotride
  14. Dichlotiazid
  15. Dichlotride
  16. Diclotride
  17. Dicyclotride
  18. Direma
  19. Disalunil
  20. Diu-Melusin
  21. Drenol
  22. Esidrex
  23. Esimil
  24. Fluvin
  25. Hidril
  26. Hidrochlortiazid
  27. Hidroronol
  28. Hidrotiazida
  29. Hydril
  30. Hydro-Aquil
  31. Hydro-Diuril
  32. Hydrodiuretic
  33. Hydropres
  34. Hydrosaluric
  35. Hydrothide
  36. Hydrozide
  37. Hypothiazid
  38. Hypothiazide
  39. Idrotiazide
  40. Ivaugan
  41. Jen-Diril
  42. Lotensin Hct
  43. Maschitt
  44. Megadiuril
  45. Moduretic
  46. Nefrix
  47. Neo-Codema
  48. Neoflumen
  49. Newtolide
  50. Panurin
  51. Ro-Hydrazide
  52. Servithiazid
  53. Thiaretic
  54. Thiuretic
  55. Thlaretic
  56. Timolide
  57. Urodiazin
  58. Vetidrex
  59. Ziac
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine-7-sulfonamide
Chemical Formula C7H8ClN3O4S2
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 58-93-5
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C7H8ClN3O4S2/c8-4-1-5-7(2-6(4)16(9,12)13)17(14,15)11-3-10-5/h1-2,10-11H,3H2,(H2,9,12,13)/f/h9H2
InChI Key JZUFKLXOESDKRF-JSGPKCTECK
KEGG Drug D00340 Link Image
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 3639 Link Image
PubChem Substance 7847406 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA449899 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02247386 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/hctz.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide Link Image
FDA Label Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Werner et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 1161 (1960)
Average Molecular Weight 297.7390
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 296.9645
State Solid
Melting Point 274 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 0.7 mg/mL Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 2.24e+00 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.5 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -0.15 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS -2.62 [ADME Research, USCD]
Predicted LogS -2.12 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability -6.06 [ADME Research, USCD]
pKa/Isoelectric Point 7.9
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(Cl)C=C2NCNS(=O)(=O)C2=C1
Canonical SMILES NS(=O)(=O)C1=C(Cl)C=C2NCNS(=O)(=O)C2=C1
Drug Category
  • Antihypertensive Agents
  • Diuretics
  • Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 40:28.20
Indication For the treatment of high blood pressure and management of edema.
Pharmacology Thiazides such as hydrochlorothiazide promote water loss from the body (diuretics). They inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessarily due to their diuretic activity. Thiazides have been shown to prevent hypertension-related morbidity and mortality although the mechanism is not fully understood. Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conductance) in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue.
Mechanism of Action As a diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like hydrochlorothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of hydrochlorothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.
Absorption 50-60%
Toxicity The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia) and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias. The oral LD50 of hydrochlorothiazide is greater than 10 g/kg in the mouse and rat.
Protein Binding 67.9%
Biotransformation Hydrochlorothiazide is not metabolized.
Half Life 5.6 and 14.8 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Amantadine The diuretic increases the adverse effect of amantadine
Deslanoside Possible electrolyte variations and arrhythmias
Diazoxide Significant hyperglycemic effect
Digitoxin Possible electrolyte variations and arrhythmias
Digoxin Possible electrolyte variations and arrhythmias
Dofetilide Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias
Lithium The thiazide diuretic increases serum levels of lithium
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Avoid excess salt/sodium unless otherwise instructed by your physician.
  • Avoid natural licorice.
  • Do not take calcium, aluminum, magnesium or Iron supplements within 2 hours of taking this medication.
  • Increase potassium intake; add a banana or orange juice; unless instructed otherwise.
  • Take with food.
Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Hydrochlorothiazide Pathway SMP00100 Link Image
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Carbonic anhydrase 1
  2. Carbonic anhydrase 2
  3. Solute carrier family 12 member 3
  4. Carbonic anhydrase 4
  5. Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 295
Target 1 Name Carbonic anhydrase 1
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. CA-I
  2. Carbonate dehydratase I
  3. Carbonic anhydrase I
  4. EC 4.2.1.1
Target 1 Gene Name CA1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Carbonic anhydrase 1 
ASPDWGYDDKNGPEQWSKLYPIANGNNQSPVDIKTSETKHDTSLKPISVSYNPATAKEII
NVGHSFHVNFEDNDNRSVLKGGPFSDSYRLFQFHFHWGSTNEHGSEHTVDGVKYSAELHV
AHWNSAKYSSLAEAASKADGLAVIGVLMKVGEANPKLQKVLDALQAIKTKGKRAPFTNFD
PSTLLPSSLDFWTYPGSLTHPPLYESVTWIICKESISVSSEQLAQFRSLLSNVEGDNAVP
MQHNNRPTQPLKGRTVRASF
Target 1 Number of Residues 264
Target 1 Molecular Weight 28739
Target 1 Theoretical pI 7.14
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
lyase activity
carbon-oxygen lyase activity
hydro-lyase activity
carbonate dehydratase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
one-carbon compound metabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 1 General Function Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Target 1 Specific Function Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Nitrogen metabolism map00910 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 29600 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P00915 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CAH1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID 1CZM Link Image
Target 1 PDB File Show
Target 1 3D Structure
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm
Target 1 Gene Sequence >786 bp 
ATGGCAAGTCCAGACTGGGGATATGATGACAAAAATGGTCCTGAACAATGGAGCAAGCTG
TATCCCATTGCCAATGGAAATAACCAATCCCCTGTTGATATTAAAACCAGTGAAACCAAA
CATGACACCTCTCTGAAACCTATTAGTGTCTCCTACAACCCAGCCACAGCCAAAGAAATT
ATCAATGTGGGGCATTCTTTCCATGTAAATTTTGAGGACAACGATAACCGATCAGTGCTG
AAAGGTGGTCCTTTCTCTGACAGCTACAGGCTCTTTCAGTTTCATTTTCACTGGGGCAGT
ACAAATGAGCATGGTTCAGAACATACAGTGGATGGAGTCAAATATTCTGCCGAGCTTCAC
GTAGCTCACTGGAATTCTGCAAAGTACTCCAGCCTTGCTGAAGCTGCCTCAAAGGCTGAT
GGTTTGGCAGTTATTGGTGTTTTGATGAAGGTTGGTGAGGCCAACCCAAAGCTGCAGAAA
GTACTTGATGCCCTCCAAGCAATTAAAACCAAGGGCAAACGAGCCCCATTCACAAATTTT
GACCCCTCTACTCTCCTTCCTTCATCCCTGGATTTCTGGACCTACCCTGGCTCTCTGACT
CATCCTCCTCTTTATGAGAGTGTAACTTGGATCATCTGTAAGGAGAGCATCAGTGTCAGC
TCAGAGCAGCTGGCACAATTCCGCAGCCTTCTATCAAATGTTGAAGGTGATAACGCTGTC
CCCATGCAGCACAACAACCGCCCAACCCAACCTCTGAAGGGCAGAACAGTGAGAGCTTCA
TTTTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID CA1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID CA1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:1368 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 8
Target 1 Locus 8q13-q22.1
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Lowe N, Brady HJ, Barlow JH, Sowden JC, Edwards M, Butterworth PH: Structure and methylation patterns of the gene encoding human carbonic anhydrase I. Gene. 1990 Sep 14;93(2):277-83. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Barlow JH, Lowe N, Edwards YH, Butterworth PH: Human carbonic anhydrase I cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Mar 11;15(5):2386. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lin KT, Deutsch HF: Human carbonic anhydrases. XII. The complete primary structure of the C isozyme. J Biol Chem. 1974 Apr 25;249(8):2329-37. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Giraud N, Marriq C, Laurent-Tabusse G: [Primary structure of human B erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. 3. Sequence of CNBr fragment I and III (residues 149-260)] Biochimie. 1974;56(8):1031-43. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Andersson B, Nyman PO, Strid L: Amino acid sequence of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1972 Aug 7;48(3):670-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Lin KT, Deutsch HF: Human carbonic anhydrases. XI. The complete primary structure of carbonic anhydrase B. J Biol Chem. 1973 Mar 25;248(6):1885-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Omoto K, Ueda S, Goriki K, Takahashi N, Misawa S, Pagaran IG: Population genetic studies of the Philippine Negritos. III. Identification of the carbonic anhydrase-1 variant with CA1 Guam. Am J Hum Genet. 1981 Jan;33(1):105-11. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Chegwidden WR, Wagner LE, Venta PJ, Bergenhem NC, Yu YS, Tashian RE: Marked zinc activation of ester hydrolysis by a mutation, 67-His (CAT) to Arg (CGT), in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase I. Hum Mutat. 1994;4(4):294-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Kannan KK, Notstrand B, Fridborg K, Lovgren S, Ohlsson A, Petef M: Crystal structure of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B. Three-dimensional structure at a nominal 2.2-A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):51-5. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Puscas I, Coltau M, Baican M, Domuta G, Hecht A: Vasodilatory effect of diuretics is dependent on inhibition of vascular smooth muscle carbonic anhydrase by a direct mechanism of action. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999;25(6):271-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Couloigner V, Loiseau A, Sterkers O, Amiel C, Ferrary E: Effect of locally applied drugs on the endolymphatic sac potential. Laryngoscope. 1998 Apr;108(4 Pt 1):592-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 357
Target 2 Name Carbonic anhydrase 2
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. CA-II
  2. Carbonate dehydratase II
  3. Carbonic anhydrase C
  4. Carbonic anhydrase II
  5. EC 4.2.1.1
Target 2 Gene Name CA2
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Carbonic anhydrase 2 
SHHWGYGKHNGPEHWHKDFPIAKGERQSPVDIDTHTAKYDPSLKPLSVSYDQATSLRILN
NGHAFNVEFDDSQDKAVLKGGPLDGTYRLIQFHFHWGSLDGQGSEHTVDKKKYAAELHLV
HWNTKYGDFGKAVQQPDGLAVLGIFLKVGSAKPGLQKVVDVLDSIKTKGKSADFTNFDPR
GLLPESLDYWTYPGSLTTPPLLECVTWIVLKEPISVSSEQVLKFRKLNFNGEGEPEELMV
DNWRPAQPLKNRQIKASFK
Target 2 Number of Residues 263
Target 2 Molecular Weight 29115
Target 2 Theoretical pI 7.47
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
lyase activity
carbon-oxygen lyase activity
hydro-lyase activity
carbonate dehydratase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
one-carbon compound metabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 2 General Function Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Target 2 Specific Function Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide
Target 2 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Nitrogen metabolism map00910 Link Image
Target 2 Reactions
  • H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 179780 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P00918 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CAH2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID 1T9N Link Image
Target 2 PDB File Show
Target 2 3D Structure
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Cytoplasm
Target 2 Gene Sequence >783 bp 
ATGTCCCATCACTGGGGGTACGGCAAACACAACGGACCTGAGCACTGGCATAAGGACTTC
CCCATTGCCAAGGGAGAGCGCCAGTCCCCTGTTGACATCGACACTCATACAGCCAAGTAT
GACCCTTCCCTGAAGCCCCTGTCTGTTTCCTATGATCAAGCAACTTCCCTGAGGATCCTC
AACAATGGTCATGCTTTCAACGTGGAGTTTGATGACTCTCAGGACAAAGCAGTGCTCAAG
GGAGGACCCCTGGATGGCACTTACAGATTGATTCAGTTTCACTTTCACTGGGGTTCACTT
GATGGACAAGGTTCAGAGCATACTGTGGATAAAAAGAAATATGCTGCAGAACTTCACTTG
GTTCACTGGAACACCAAATATGGGGATTTTGGGAAAGCTGTGCAGCAACCTGATGGACTG
GCCGTTCTAGGTATTTTTTTGAAGGTTGGCAGCGCTAAACCGGGCCTTCAGAAAGTTGTT
GATGTGCTGGATTCCATTAAAACAAAGGGCAAGAGTGCTGACTTCACTAACTTCGATCCT
CGTGGCCTCCTTCCTGAATCCTTGGATTACTGGACCTACCCAGGCTCACTGACCACCCCT
CCTCTTCTGGAATGTGTGACCTGGATTGTGCTCAAGGAACCCATCAGCGTCAGCAGCGAG
CAGGTGTTGAAATTCCGTAAACTTAACTTCAATGGGGAGGGTGAACCCGAAGAACTGATG
GTGGACAACTGGCGCCCAGCTCAGCCACTGAAGAACAGGCAAATCAAAGCTTCCTTCAAA
TAA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID CA2 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID CA2 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:1373 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 8
Target 2 Locus 8q22
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Cox JD, Hunt JA, Compher KM, Fierke CA, Christianson DW: Structural influence of hydrophobic core residues on metal binding and specificity in carbonic anhydrase II. Biochemistry. 2000 Nov 14;39(45):13687-94. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Roth DE, Venta PJ, Tashian RE, Sly WS: Molecular basis of human carbonic anhydrase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 1;89(5):1804-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Venta PJ, Welty RJ, Johnson TM, Sly WS, Tashian RE: Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a Belgian family is caused by a point mutation at an invariant histidine residue (107 His----Tyr): complete structure of the normal human CA II gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Nov;49(5):1082-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Venta PJ, Montgomery JC, Hewett-Emmett D, Tashian RE: Comparison of the 5' regions of human and mouse carbonic anhydrase II genes and identification of possible regulatory elements. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Dec 18;826(4):195-201. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Montgomery JC, Venta PJ, Tashian RE, Hewett-Emmett D: Nucleotide sequence of human liver carbonic anhydrase II cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jun 11;15(11):4687. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Murakami H, Marelich GP, Grubb JH, Kyle JW, Sly WS: Cloning, expression, and sequence homologies of cDNA for human carbonic anhydrase II. Genomics. 1987 Oct;1(2):159-66. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Eriksson AE, Jones TA, Liljas A: Refined structure of human carbonic anhydrase II at 2.0 A resolution. Proteins. 1988;4(4):274-82. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Eriksson AE, Kylsten PM, Jones TA, Liljas A: Crystallographic studies of inhibitor binding sites in human carbonic anhydrase II: a pentacoordinated binding of the SCN- ion to the zinc at high pH. Proteins. 1988;4(4):283-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Lin KT, Deutsch HF: Human carbonic anhydrases. XII. The complete primary structure of the C isozyme. J Biol Chem. 1974 Apr 25;249(8):2329-37. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Liljas A, Kannan KK, Bergsten PC, Waara I, Fridborg K, Strandberg B, Carlbom U, Jarup L, Lovgren S, Petef M: Crystal structure of human carbonic anhydrase C. Nat New Biol. 1972 Feb 2;235(57):131-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 6407977 Jones GL, Shaw DC: A chemical and enzymological comparison of the common major human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase II, its minor component, and a new genetic variant, CA II Melbourne (237 Pro leads to His). Hum Genet. 1983;63(4):392-9.
  12. 6817747 Jones GL, Sofro AS, Shaw DC: Chemical and enzymological characterization of an Indonesian variant of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase II, CAII Jogjakarta (17 Lys leads to Glu). Biochem Genet. 1982 Oct;20(9-10):979-1000.
  13. 823150 Henderson LE, Henriksson D, Nyman PO: Primary structure of human carbonic anhydrase C. J Biol Chem. 1976 Sep 25;251(18):5457-63.
  14. 8834238 Soda H, Yukizane S, Yoshida I, Koga Y, Aramaki S, Kato H: A point mutation in exon 3 (His 107-->Tyr) in two unrelated Japanese patients with carbonic anhydrase II deficiency with central nervous system involvement. Hum Genet. 1996 Apr;97(4):435-7.
  15. 9143915 Hu PY, Lim EJ, Ciccolella J, Strisciuglio P, Sly WS: Seven novel mutations in carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome identified by SSCP and direct sequencing analysis. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(5):383-7.
  16. 9541386 Stams T, Chen Y, Boriack-Sjodin PA, Hurt JD, Liao J, May JA, Dean T, Laipis P, Silverman DN, Christianson DW: Structures of murine carbonic anhydrase IV and human carbonic anhydrase II complexed with brinzolamide: molecular basis of isozyme-drug discrimination. Protein Sci. 1998 Mar;7(3):556-63.
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Meyerson LR, Nesta D: [3H]acetazolamide binding to carbonic anhydrase in normal and transformed cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1991 Mar 15-Apr 1;41(6-7):995-1000. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Schaeffer P, Vigne P, Frelin C, Lazdunski M: Identification and pharmacological properties of binding sites for the atypical thiazide diuretic, indapamide. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jul 17;182(3):503-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 466
Target 3 Name Solute carrier family 12 member 3
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. Na-Cl symporter
  2. Thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter
Target 3 Gene Name SLC12A3
Target 3 Protein Sequence >Solute carrier family 12 member 3 
MAELPTTETPGDATLCSGRFTISTLLSSDEPSPPAAYDSSHPSHLTHSSTFCMRTFGYNT
IDVVPTYEHYANSTQPGEPRKVRPTLADLHSFLKQEGRHLHALAFDSRPSHEMTDGLVEG
EAGTSSEKNPEEPVRFGWVKGVMIRCMLNIWGVILYLRLPWITAQAGIVLTWIIILLSVT
VTSITGLSISAISTNGKVKSGGTYFLISRSLGPELGGSIGLIFAFANAVGVAMHTVGFAE
TVRDLLQEYGAPIVDPINDIRIIGVVSVTVLLAISLAGMEWESKAQVLFFLVIMVSFANY
LVGTLIPPSEDKASKGFFSYRADIFVQNLVPDWRGPDGTFFGMFSIFFPSATGILAGANI
SGDLKDPAIAIPKGTLMAIFWTTISYLAISATIGSCVVRDASGVLNDTVTPGWGACEGLA
CSYGWNFTECTQQHSCHYGLINYYQTMSMVSGFAPLITAGIFGATLSSALACLVSAAKVF
QCLCEDQLYPLIGFFGKGYGKNKEPVRGYLLAYAIAVAFIIIAELNTIAPIISNFFLCSY
ALINFSCFHASITNSPGWRPSFQYYNKWAALFGAIISVVIMFLLTWWAALIAIGVVLFLL
LYVIYKKPEVNWGSSVQAGSYNLALSYSVGLNEVEDHIKNYRPQCLVLTGPPNFRPALVD
FVGTFTRNLSLMICGHVLIGPHKQRMPELQLIANGHTKWLNKRKIKAFYSDVIAEDLRRG
VQILMQAAGLGRMKPNILVVGFKKNWQSAHPATVEDYIGILHDAFEFNYGVCVMRMREGL
NVSKMMQAHINPVFDPAEDGKEASARVDPKALVKEEQATTIFQSEQGKKTIDIYWLFDDG
GLTLLIPYLLGRKRRWSKCKIRVFVGGQINRMDQERKAIISLLSKFRLGFHEVHILPDIN
QNPRAEHTKRFEDMIAPFRLNDGFKDEATVNEMRRDCPWKISDEEITKNRVKSLRQVRLN
EIVLDYSRDAALIVITLPIGRKGKCPSSLYMAWLETLSQDLRPPVILIRGNQENVLTFYC
Q
Target 3 Number of Residues 1038
Target 3 Molecular Weight 113140
Target 3 Theoretical pI 7.94
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
ion transporter activity
cation transporter activity
anion:cation symporter activity
cation:chloride symporter activity
transporter activity
Process
anion transport
inorganic anion transport
chloride transport
cation transport
monovalent inorganic cation transport
sodium ion transport
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
Component
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
cell
membrane
Target 3 General Function Involved in transporter activity
Target 3 Specific Function Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorption
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • None
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 136-156
  • 159-179
  • 219-239
  • 262-282
  • 287-307
  • 340-360
  • 378-398
  • 453-473
  • 512-532
  • 535-555
  • 578-598
  • 661-681
Target 3 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein 1172161 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P55017 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name S12A3_HUMAN Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID Not Available
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 3 Gene Sequence >3093 bp 
ATGGCAGAACTGCCCACAACAGAGACGCCTGGGGACGCCACTTTGTGCAGCGGGCGCTTC
ACCATCAGCACACTGCTGAGCAGTGATGAGCCCTCTCCACCAGCTGCCTATGACAGCAGC
CACCCCAGCCACCTGACCCACAGCAGCACCTTCTGCATGCGCACCTTTGGCTACAACACG
ATCGATGTGGTGCCCACATATGAGCACTATGCCAACAGCACCCAGCCTGGTGAGCCCCGG
AAGGTCCGGCCCACACTGGCTGACCTGCACTCCTTCCTCAAGCAGGAAGGCAGACACCTG
CATGCCCTGGCCTTTGACAGCCGGCCCAGCCACGAGATGACTGATGGGCTGGTGGAGGGC
GAGGCAGGCACCAGCAGCGAGAAGAACCCCGAGGAGCCAGTGCGCTTCGGCTGGGTCAAG
GGGGTGATGATTCGTTGCATGCTCAACATTTGGGGCGTGATCCTCTACCTGCGGCTGCCC
TGGATTACGGCCCAGGCAGGCATCGTCCTGACCTGGATCATCATCCTGCTGTCGGTCACG
GTGACCTCCATCACAGGCCTCTCCATCTCAGCCATCTCCACCAATGGCAAGGTCAAGTCA
GGTGGCACCTACTTCCTCATCTCCCGGAGTCTGGGCCCAGAGCTTGGGGGCTCCATCGGC
CTCATTTTCGCTTTCGCCAATGCCGTGGGTGTGGCCATGCACACGGTGGGCTTTGCAGAG
ACCGTGCGGGACCTGCTCCAGGAGTATGGGGCACCCATCGTGGACCCCATTAACGACATC
CGCATCATTGGCGTGGTCTCGGTCACTGTGCTGCTGGCCATCTCCCTGGCTGGCATGGAG
TGGGAGTCCAAGGCCCAGGTGCTGTTCTTCCTTGTCATCATGGTCTCCTTTGCCAACTAT
TTAGTGGGGACGCTGATCCCCCCATCTGAGGACAAGGCCTCCAAGGGCTTCTTCAGCTAC
CGGGCGGACATTTTTGTCCAGAACTTGGTGCCTGACTGGCGGGGTCCAGATGGCACCTTC
TTCGGAATGTTCTCCATCTTCTTCCCCTCGGCCACAGGCATCCTGGCAGGGGCCAACATA
TCTGGTGACCTCAAGGACCCTGCTATAGCCATCCCCAAGGGGACCCTCATGGCCATTTTC
TGGACGACCATTTCCTACCTGGCCATCTCAGCCACCATTGGCTCCTGCGTGGTGCGTGAT
GCCTCTGGGGTCCTGAATGACACAGTGACCCCTGGCTGGGGTGCCTGCGAGGGGCTGGCC
TGCAGCTATGGCTGGAACTTCACCGAGTGCACCCAGCAGCACAGCTGCCACTACGGCCTC
ATCAACTATTACCAGACCATGAGCATGGTGTCAGGCTTCGCGCCCCTGATCACGGCTGGC
ATCTTCGGGGCCACCCTCTCCTCTGCCCTGGCCTGCCTTGTCTCTGCTGCCAAAGTCTTC
CAGTGCCTTTGCGAGGACCAGCTGTACCCACTGATCGGCTTCTTCGGCAAAGGCTATGGC
AAGAACAAGGAGCCCGTGCGTGGCTACCTGCTGGCCTACGCCATCGCTGTGGCCTTCATC
ATCATCGCTGAGCTCAACACCATAGCCCCCATCATTTCCAACTTCTTCCTCTGCTCCTAT
GCCCTCATCAACTTCAGCTGCTTCCACGCCTCCATCACCAACTCGCCTGGGTGGAGACCT
TCATTCCAATACTACAACAAGTGGGCGGCGCTGTTTGGGGCTATCATCTCCGTGGTCATC
ATGTTCCTCCTCACCTGGTGGGCGGCCCTCATCGCCATTGGCGTGGTGCTCTTCCTCCTG
CTCTATGTCATCTACAAGAAGCCAGAGGTAAATTGGGGCTCCTCGGTACAGGCTGGCTCC
TACAACCTGGCCCTCAGCTACTCGGTGGGCCTCAATGAGGTGGAAGACCACATCAAGAAC
TACCGCCCCCAGTGCCTGGTGCTCACGGGGCCCCCCAACTTCCGCCCGGCCCTGGTGGAC
TTTGTGGGCACCTTCACCCGGAACCTCAGCCTGATGATCTGTGGCCACGTGCTCATCGGA
CCCCACAAGCAGAGGATGCCTGAGCTCCAGCTCATCGCCAACGGGCACACCAAGTGGCTG
AACAAGAGGAAGATCAAGGCCTTCTACTCGGATGTCATTGCCGAGGACCTCCGCAGAGGC
GTCCAGATCCTCATGCAGGCCGCAGGTCTCGGGAGAATGAAGCCCAACATTCTGGTGGTT
GGGTTCAAGAAGAACTGGCAGTCGGCTCACCCGGCCACAGTGGAAGACTACATTGGCATC
CTCCATGATGCCTTTGAGTTCAACTATGGCGTGTGTGTCATGAGGATGCGGGAGGGACTC
AACGTGTCCAAGATGATGCAGGCGCACATTAACCCCGTGTTTGACCCAGCGGAGGACGGG
AAGGAAGCCAGCGCCAGAGGTGCCAGGCCATCAGTCTCTGGCGCTTTGGACCCCAAGGCC
CTGGTGAAGGAGGAGCAGGCCACCACCATCTTCCAGTCGGAGCAGGGCAAGAAGACCATA
GACATCTACTGGCTCTTTGACGATGGAGGCCTCACCCTCCTCATTCCCTATCTCCTTGGC
CGCAAGAGGAGGTGGAGCAAATGCAAGATCCGTGTGTTCGTAGGCGGCCAGATTAACAGG
ATGGACCAGGAGAGAAAGGCGATCATTTCTCTGCTGAGCAAGTTCCGACTGGGATTCCAT
GAAGTCCACATCCTCCCTGACATCAACCAGAACCCTCGGGCTGAGCACACCAAGAGGTTT
GAGGACATGATTGCACCCTTCCGTCTGAATGATGGCTTCAAGGATGAGGCCACTGTCAAC
GAGATGCGGCGGGACTGCCCCTGGAAGATCTCAGATGAGGAGATTACGAAGAACAGAGTC
AAGTCCCTTCGGCAGGTGAGGCTGAATGAGATTGTGCTGGATTACTCCCGAGACGCTGCT
CTCATCGTCATCACTTTGCCCATAGGGAGGAAGGGGAAGTGCCCCAGCTCGCTGTACATG
GCCTGGCTGGAGACCCTGTCCCAGGACCTCAGACCTCCAGTCATCCTGATCCGAGGAAAC
CAGGAAAACGTGCTCACCTTTTACTGCCAGTAA
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID SLC12A3 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID SLC12A3 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:10912 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location 16
Target 3 Locus 16q13
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 General References
  1. Simon DB, Nelson-Williams C, Bia MJ, Ellison D, Karet FE, Molina AM, Vaara I, Iwata F, Cushner HM, Koolen M, Gainza FJ, Gitleman HJ, Lifton RP: Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. Nat Genet. 1996 Jan;12(1):24-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Mastroianni N, De Fusco M, Zollo M, Arrigo G, Zuffardi O, Bettinelli A, Ballabio A, Casari G: Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3). Genomics. 1996 Aug 1;35(3):486-93. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Kurschat C, Heering P, Grabensee B: [Gitelman's syndrome: an important differential diagnosis of hypokalemia] Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003 May 30;128(22):1225-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ran XW, Wang C, Dai F, Jiang JJ, Tong NW, Li XJ, Liang JZ: [A case of Gitelman's syndrome presenting with severe hypocalcaemia and hypokalemic periodic paralysis] Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2005 Jul;36(4):583-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E: WNK1 kinase polymorphism and blood pressure response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension. 2005 Oct;46(4):758-65. Epub 2005 Sep 19. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Barry EL, Gesek FA, Kaplan MR, Hebert SC, Friedman PA: Expression of the sodium-chloride cotransporter in osteoblast-like cells: effect of thiazide diuretics. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jan;272(1 Pt 1):C109-16. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Abuladze N, Yanagawa N, Lee I, Jo OD, Newman D, Hwang J, Uyemura K, Pushkin A, Modlin RL, Kurtz I: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells express mutated NCCT mRNA in Gitelman's syndrome: evidence for abnormal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransport. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 May;9(5):819-26. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 4 [top]
Target 4 ID 592
Target 4 Name Carbonic anhydrase 4
Target 4 Synonyms
  1. CA-IV
  2. Carbonate dehydratase IV
  3. Carbonic anhydrase 4 precursor
  4. Carbonic anhydrase IV
  5. EC 4.2.1.1
Target 4 Gene Name CA4
Target 4 Protein Sequence >Carbonic anhydrase 4 precursor 
MRMLLALLALSAARPSASAESHWCYEVQAESSNYPCLVPVKWGGNCQKDRQSPINIVTTK
AKVDKKLGRFFFSGYDKKQTWTVQNNGHSVMMLLENKASISGGGLPAPYQAKQLHLHWSD
LPYKGSEHSLDGEHFAMEMHIVHEKEKGTSRNVKEAQDPEDEIAVLAFLVEAGTQVNEGF
QPLVEALSNIPKPEMSTTMAESSLLDLLPKEEKLRHYFRYLGSLTTPTCDEKVVWTVFRE
PIQLHREQILAFSQKLYYDKEQTVSMKDNVRPLQQLGQRTVIKSGAPGRPLPWALPALLG
PMLACLLAGFLR
Target 4 Number of Residues 317
Target 4 Molecular Weight 35033
Target 4 Theoretical pI 7.94
Target 4 GO Classification
Function
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
catalytic activity
lyase activity
carbon-oxygen lyase activity
hydro-lyase activity
carbonate dehydratase activity
Process
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
one-carbon compound metabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 4 General Function Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Target 4 Specific Function Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. May stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4
Target 4 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Nitrogen metabolism map00910 Link Image
Target 4 Reactions
  • H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O
Target 4 Pfam Domain Function
Target 4 Signals
  • 1-18
Target 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • 292-311
Target 4 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 4 GenBank ID Protein 179791 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P22748 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name CAH4_HUMAN Link Image
Target 4 PDB ID 1ZNC Link Image
Target 4 PDB File Show
Target 4 3D Structure
Target 4 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • GPI-anchor
  • lipid-anchor
Target 4 Gene Sequence >939 bp 
ATGCGGATGCTGCTGGCGCTCCTGGCCCTCTCCGCGGCGCGGCCATCGGCCAGTGCAGAG
TCACACTGGTGCTACGAGGTTCAAGCCGAGTCCTCCAACTACCCCTGCTTGGTGCCAGTC
AAGTGGGGTGGAAACTGCCAGAAGGACCGCCAGTCCCCCATCAACATCGTCACCACCAAG
GCAAAGGTGGACAAAAAACTGGGACGCTTCTTCTTCTCTGGCTACGATAAGAAGCAAACG
TGGACTGTCCAAAATAACGGGCACTCAGTGATGATGTTGCTGGAGAACAAGGCCAGCATT
TCTGGAGGAGGACTGCCTGCCCCATACCAGGCCAAACAGTTGCACCTGCACTGGTCCGAC
TTGCCATATAAGGGCTCGGAGCACAGCCTCGATGGGGAGCACTTTGCCATGGAGATGCAC
ATAGTACATGAGAAAGAGAAGGGGACATCGAGGAATGTGAAAGAGGCCCAGGACCCTGAA
GACGAAATTGCGGTGCTGGCCTTTCTGGTGGAGGCTGGAACCCAGGTGAACGAGGGCTTC
CAGCCACTGGTGGAGGCACTGTCTAATATCCCCAAACCTGAGATGAGCACTACGATGGCA
GAGAGCAGCCTGTTGGACCTGCTCCCCAAGGAGGAGAAACTGAGGCACTACTTCCGCTAC
CTGGGCTCACTCACCACACCGACCTGCGATGAGAAGGTCGTCTGGACTGTGTTCCGGGAG
CCCATTCAGCTTCACAGAGAACAGATCCTGGCATTCTCTCAGAAGCTGTACTACGACAAG
GAACAGACAGTGAGCATGAAGGACAATGTCAGGCCCCTGCAGCAGCTGGGGCAGCGCACG
GTGATAAAGTCCGGGGCCCCGGGTCGGCCGCTGCCCTGGGCCCTGCCTGCCCTGCTGGGC
CCCATGCTGGCCTGCCTGCTGGCCGGCTTCCTGCGATGA
Target 4 GenBank Gene ID
Target 4 GeneCard ID CA4 Link Image
Target 4 GenAtlas ID CA4 Link Image
Target 4 HGNC ID HGNC:1375 Link Image
Target 4 Chromosome Location 17
Target 4 Locus 17q23
Target 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 4 General References
  1. Okuyama T, Sato S, Zhu XL, Waheed A, Sly WS: Human carbonic anhydrase IV: cDNA cloning, sequence comparison, and expression in COS cell membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 15;89(4):1315-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Zhu XL, Sly WS: Carbonic anhydrase IV from human lung. Purification, characterization, and comparison with membrane carbonic anhydrase from human kidney. J Biol Chem. 1990 May 25;265(15):8795-801. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Okuyama T, Waheed A, Kusumoto W, Zhu XL, Sly WS: Carbonic anhydrase IV: role of removal of C-terminal domain in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring and realization of enzyme activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Jul 10;320(2):315-22. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Okuyama T, Batanian JR, Sly WS: Genomic organization and localization of gene for human carbonic anhydrase IV to chromosome 17q. Genomics. 1993 Jun;16(3):678-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Waheed A, Okuyama T, Heyduk T, Sly WS: Carbonic anhydrase IV: purification of a secretory form of the recombinant human enzyme and identification of the positions and importance of its disulfide bonds. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 Sep 15;333(2):432-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Stams T, Nair SK, Okuyama T, Waheed A, Sly WS, Christianson DW: Crystal structure of the secretory form of membrane-associated human carbonic anhydrase IV at 2.8-A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 26;93(24):13589-94. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 4 Drug References
  1. Puscas I, Coltau M, Baican M, Domuta G, Hecht A: Vasodilatory effect of diuretics is dependent on inhibition of vascular smooth muscle carbonic anhydrase by a direct mechanism of action. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999;25(6):271-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 5 [top]
Target 5 ID 610
Target 5 Name Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1
Target 5 Synonyms
  1. BK channel
  2. BKCA alpha
  3. Calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M subunit alpha 1
  4. K(VCA)alpha
  5. KCa1.1
  6. Maxi K channel
  7. MaxiK
  8. Slo homolog
  9. Slo-alpha
  10. Slo1
  11. Slowpoke homolog
  12. hSlo
Target 5 Gene Name KCNMA1
Target 5 Protein Sequence >Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha 1 
MANGGGGGGGSSGGGGGGGGSSLRMSSNIHANHLSLDASSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
VHEPKMDALIIPVTMEVPCDSRGQRMWWAFLASSMVTFFGGLFIILLWRTLKYLWTVCCH
CGGKTKEAQKINNGSSQADGTLKPVDEKEEAVAAEVGWMTSVKDWAGVMISAQTLTGRVL
VVLVFALSIGALVIYFIDSSNPIESCQNFYKDFTLQIDMAFNVFFLLYFGLRFIAANDKL
WFWLEVNSVVDFFTVPPVFVSVYLNRSWLGLRFLRALRLIQFSEILQFLNILKTSNSIKL
VNLLSIFISTWLTAAGFIHLVENSGDPWENFQNNQALTYWECVYLLMVTMSTVGYGDVYA
KTTLGRLFMVFFILGGLAMFASYVPEIIELIGNRKKYGGSYSAVSGRKHIVVCGHITLES
VSNFLKDFLHKDRDDVNVEIVFLHNISPNLELEALFKRHFTQVEFYQGSVLNPHDLARVK
IESADACLILANKYCADPDAEDASNIMRVISIKNYHPKIRIITQMLQYHNKAHLLNIPSW
NWKEGDDAICLAELKLGFIAQSCLAQGLSTMLANLFSMRSFIKIEEDTWQKYYLEGVSNE
MYTEYLSSAFVGLSFPTVCELCFVKLKLLMIAIEYKSANRESRILINPGNHLKIQEGTLG
FFIASDAKEVKRAFFYCKACHDDITDPKRIKKCGCKRPKMSIYKRMRRACCFDCGRSERD
CSCMSGRVRGNVDTLERAFPLSSVSVNDCSTSFRAFEDEQPSTLSPKKKQRNGGMRNSPN
TSPKLMRHDPLLIPGNDQIDNMDSNVKKYDSTGMFHWCAPKEIEKVILTRSEAAMTVLSG
HVVVCIFGDVSSALIGLRNLVMPLRASNFHYHELKHIVFVGSIEYLKREWETLHNFPKVS
ILPGTPLSRADLRAVNINLCDMCVILSANQNNIDDTSLQDKECILASLNIKSMQFDDSIG
VLQANSQGFTPPGMDRSSPDNSPVHGMLRQPSITTGVNIPIITELVNDTNVQFLDQDDDD
DPDTELYLTQPFACGTAFAVSVLDSLMSATYFNDNILTLIRTLVTGGATPELEALIAEEN
ALRGGYSTPQTLANRDRCRVAQLALLDGPFADLGDGGCYGDLFCKALKTYNMLCFGIYRL
RDAHLSTPSQCTKRYVITNPPYEFELVPTDLIFCLMQFDHNAGQSRASLSHSSHSSQSSS
KKSSSVHSIPSTANRQNRPKSRESRDKQKYVQEERL
Target 5 Number of Residues 1256
Target 5 Molecular Weight 137561
Target 5 Theoretical pI 7.07
Target 5 GO Classification
Function
voltage-gated ion channel activity
voltage-gated potassium channel activity
transporter activity
ion transporter activity
ion channel activity
cation channel activity
potassium channel activity
calcium-activated potassium channel activity
Process
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
ion transport
cation transport
monovalent inorganic cation transport
potassium ion transport
Component
protein complex
voltage-gated potassium channel complex
cell
membrane
Target 5 General Function Inorganic ion transport and metabolism
Target 5 Specific Function Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). It is also activated by the concentration of cytosolic Mg(2+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential. Plays a key role in controlling excitability in a number of systems, such as regulation of the contraction of smooth muscle, the tuning of hair cells in the cochlea, regulation of transmitter release, and innate immunity. In smooth muscles, its activation by high level of Ca(2+), caused by ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates the membrane potential. In cochlea cells, its number and kinetic properties partly determine the characteristic frequency of each hair cell and thereby helps to establish a tonotopic map. Kinetics of KCNMA1 channels are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination with modulating beta subunits. Highly sensitive to both iberiotoxin (IbTx) and charybdotoxin (CTX)
Target 5 Pathways Not Available
Target 5 Reactions Not Available
Target 5 Pfam Domain Function
Target 5 Signals
  • None
Target 5 Transmembrane Regions
  • 87-107
  • 179-199
  • 215-235
  • 240-260
  • 265-285
  • 301-321
  • 368-388
Target 5 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 5 GenBank ID Protein 537439 Link Image
Target 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q12791 Link Image
Target 5 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name KCMA1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 5 PDB ID Not Available
Target 5 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 5 Gene Sequence >3639 bp 
ATGAGTAGCAATATCCACGCGAACCATCTCAGCCTAGACGCGTCCTCCTCCTCCTCCTCC
TCCTCTTCCTCTTCTTCTTCTTCCTCCTCCTCTTCCTCCTCGTCCTCGGTCCACGAGCCC
AAGATGGATGCGCTCATCATCCCGGTGACCATGGAGGTGCCGTGCGACAGCCGGGGCCAA
CGCATGTGGTGGGCTTTCCTGGCCTCCTCCATGGTGACTTTCTTCGGGGGCCTCTTCATC
ATCTTGCTCTGGCGGACGCTCAAGTACCTGTGGACCGTGTGCTGCCACTGCGGGGGCAAG
ACGAAGGAGGCCCAGAAGATTAACAATGGCTCAAGCCAGGCGGATGGCACTCTCAAACCA
GTGGATGAAAAAGAGGAGGCAGTGGCCGCCGAGGTCGGCTGGATGACCTCCGTGAAGGAC
TGGGCGGGGGTGATGATATCCGCCCAGACACTGACTGGCAGAGTCCTGGTTGTCTTAGTC
TTTGCTCTCAGCATCGGTGCACTTGTAATATACTTCATAGATTCATCAAACCCAATAGAA
TCCTGCCAGAATTTCTACAAAGATTTCACATTACAGATCGACATGGCTTTCAACGTGTTC
TTCCTTCTCTACTTCGGCTTGCGGTTTATTGCAGCCAACGATAAATTGTGGTTCTGGCTG
GAAGTGAACTCTGTAGTGGATTTCTTCACGGTGCCCCCCGTGTTTGTGTCTGTGTACTTA
AACAGAAGTTGGCTTGGTTTGAGATTTTTAAGAGCTCTGAGACTGATACAGTTTTCAGAA
ATTTTGCAGTTTCTGAATATTCTTAAAACAAGTAATTCCATCAAGCTGGTGAATCTGCTC
TCCATATTTATCAGCACGTGGCTGACTGCAGCCGGGTTCATCCATTTGGTGGAGAATTCA
GGGGACCCATGGGAAAATTTCCAAAACAACCAGGCTCTCACCTACTGGGAATGTGTCTAT
TTACTCATGGTCACAATGTCCACCGTTGGTTATGGGGATGTTTATGCAAAAACCACACTT
GGGCGCCTCTTCATGGTCTTCTTCATCCTCGGGGGACTGGCCATGTTTGCCAGCTACGTC
CCTGAAATCATAGAGTTAATAGGAAACCGCAAGAAATACGGGGGCTCCTATAGTGCGGTT
AGTGGAAGAAAGCACATTGTGGTCTGCGGACACATCACTCTGGAGAGTGTTTCCAACTTC
CTGAAGGACTTTCTGCACAAGGACCGGGATGACGTCAATGTGGAGATCGTTTTTCTTCAC
AACATCTCCCCCAACCTGGAGCTTGAAGCTCTGTTCAAACGACATTTTACTCAGGTGGAA
TTTTATCAGGGTTCCGTCCTCAATCCACATGATCTTGCAAGAGTCAAGATAGAGTCAGCA
GATGCATGCCTGATCCTTGCCAACAAGTACTGCGCTGACCCGGATGCGGAGGATGCCTCG
AATATCATGAGAGTAATCTCCATAAAGAACTACCATCCGAAGATAAGAATCATCACTCAA
ATGCTGCAGTATCACAACAAGGCCCATCTGCTAAACATCCCGAGCTGGAATTGGAAAGAA
GGTGATGACGCAATCTGCCTCGCAGAGTTGAAGTTGGGCTTCATAGCCCAGAGCTGCCTG
GCTCAAGGCCTCTCCACCATGCTTGCCAACCTCTTCTCCATGAGGTCATTCATAAAGATT
GAGGAAGACACATGGCAGAAATACTACTTGGAAGGAGTCTCAAATGAAATGTACACAGAA
TATCTCTCCAGTGCCTTCGTGGGTCTGTCCTTCCCTACTGTTTGTGAGCTGTGTTTTGTG
AAGCTCAAGCTCCTAATGATAGCCATTGAGTACAAGTCTGCCAACCGAGAGAGCCGTATA
TTAATTAATCCTGGAAACCATCTTAAGATCCAAGAAGGTACTTTAGGATTTTTCATCGCA
AGTGATGCCAAAGAAGTTAAAAGGGCATTTTTTTACTGCAAGGCCTGTCATGATGACATC
ACAGATCCCAAAAGAATAAAAAAATGTGGCTGCAAACGGCCCAAGATGTCCATCTACAAG
AGAATGAGACGGGCATGTTGTTTTGATTGCGGACGTTCTGAGCGTGACTGCTCATGCATG
TCAGGCCGTGTGCGTGGTAACGTGGACACCCTTGAGAGAGCCTTCCCACTTTCTTCTGTC
TCTGTTAATGATTGCTCCACCAGTTTCCGTGCCTTTGAAGATGAGCAGCCGTCAACACTA
TCACCAAAAAAAAAGCAACGGAATGGAGGCATGCGGAACTCACCCAACACCTCGCCTAAG
CTGATGAGGCATGACCCCTTGTTAATTCCTGGCAATGATCAGATTGACAACATGGACTCC
AATGTGAAGAAGTACGACTCTACTGGGATGTTTCACTGGTGTGCACCCAAGGAGATAGAG
AAAGTCATCCTGACTCGAAGTGAAGCTGCCATGACCGTCCTGAGTGGCCATGTCGTGGTC
TGCATCTTTGGCGACGTCAGCTCAGCCCTGATCGGCCTCCGGAACCTGGTGATGCCGCTC
CGTGCCAGCAACTTTCATTACCATGAGCTCAAGCACATTGTGTTTGTGGGCTCTATTGAG
TACCTCAAGCGGGAATGGGAGACGCTTCATAACTTCCCCAAAGTGTCCATATTGCCTGGT
ACGCCATTAAGTCGGGCTGATTTAAGGGCTGTCAACATCAACCTCTGTGACATGTGCGTT
ATCCTGTCAGCCAATCAGAATAATATTGATGATACTTCGCTGCAGGACAAGGAATGCATC
TTGGCGTCACTCAACATCAAATCTATGCAGTTTGATGACAGCATCGGAGTCTTGCAGGCT
AATTCCCAAGGGTTCACACCTCCAGGAATGGATAGATCCTCTCCAGATAACAGCCCAGTG
CACGGGATGTTACGTCAACCATCCATCACAACTGGGGTCAACATCCCCATCATCACTGAA
CTAGTGAACGATACTAATGTTCAGTTTTTGGACCAAGACGATGATGATGACCCTGATACA
GAACTGTACCTCACGCAGCCCTTTGCCTGTGGGACAGCATTTGCCGTCAGTGTCCTGGAC
TCACTCATGAGCGCGACGTACTTCAATGACAATATCCTCACCCTGATACGGACCCTGGTG
ACCGGAGGAGCCACGCCGGAGCTGGAGGCTCTGATTGCTGAGGAAAACGCCCTTAGAGGT
GGCTACAGCACCCCGCAGACACTGGCCAATAGGGACCGCTGCCGCGTGGCCCAGTTAGCT
CTGCTCGATGGGCCATTTGCGGACTTAGGGGATGGTGGTTGTTATGGTGATCTGTTCTGC
AAAGCTCTGAAAACATATAATATGCTTTGTTTTGGAATTTACCGGCTGAGAGATGCTCAC
CTCAGCACCCCCAGTCAGTGCACAAAGAGGTATGTCATCACCAACCCGCCCTATGAGTTT
GAGCTCGTGCCGACGGACCTGATCTTCTGCTTAATGCAGTTTGACCACAATGCCGGCCAG
TCCCGGGCCAGCCTGTCCCATTCCTCCCACTCGTCGCAGTCCTCCAGCAAGAAGAGCTCC
TCTGTTCACTCCATCCCATCCACAGCAAACCGACAGAACCGGCCCAAGTCCAGGGAGTCC
CGGGACAAACAGAAGTACGTGCAGGAAGAGCGGCTTTGA
Target 5 GenBank Gene ID
Target 5 GeneCard ID KCNMA1 Link Image
Target 5 GenAtlas ID KCNMA1 Link Image
Target 5 HGNC ID HGNC:6284 Link Image
Target 5 Chromosome Location 10
Target 5 Locus 10q22.3
Target 5 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 5 General References
  1. Wallner M, Meera P, Toro L: Molecular basis of fast inactivation in voltage and Ca2+-activated K+ channels: a transmembrane beta-subunit homolog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):4137-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Brenner R, Jegla TJ, Wickenden A, Liu Y, Aldrich RW: Cloning and functional characterization of novel large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunits, hKCNMB3 and hKCNMB4. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 3;275(9):6453-61. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. McCobb DP, Fowler NL, Featherstone T, Lingle CJ, Saito M, Krause JE, Salkoff L: A human calcium-activated potassium channel gene expressed in vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 2):H767-77. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Dworetzky SI, Trojnacki JT, Gribkoff VK: Cloning and expression of a human large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1994 Nov;27(1):189-93. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Pallanck L, Ganetzky B: Cloning and characterization of human and mouse homologs of the Drosophila calcium-activated potassium channel gene, slowpoke. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Aug;3(8):1239-43. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Tseng-Crank J, Foster CD, Krause JD, Mertz R, Godinot N, DiChiara TJ, Reinhart PH: Cloning, expression, and distribution of functionally distinct Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel isoforms from human brain. Neuron. 1994 Dec;13(6):1315-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Wallner M, Meera P, Ottolia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Latorre R, Garcia ML, Stefani E, Toro L: Characterization of and modulation by a beta-subunit of a human maxi KCa channel cloned from myometrium. Receptors Channels. 1995;3(3):185-99. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Wallner M, Meera P, Toro L: Determinant for beta-subunit regulation in high-conductance voltage-activated and Ca(2+)-sensitive K+ channels: an additional transmembrane region at the N terminus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Dec 10;93(25):14922-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Meera P, Wallner M, Song M, Toro L: Large conductance voltage- and calcium-dependent K+ channel, a distinct member of voltage-dependent ion channels with seven N-terminal transmembrane segments (S0-S6), an extracellular N terminus, and an intracellular (S9-S10) C terminus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):14066-71. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 5 Drug References
  1. Tricarico D, Barbieri M, Mele A, Carbonara G, Camerino DC: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are specific openers of skeletal muscle BK channel of K+-deficient rats. FASEB J. 2004 Apr;18(6):760-1. Epub 2004 Feb 6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.