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Showing drug card for Modafinil (DB00745)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-10-05 18:30:01
Primary Accession Number DB00745
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00534
Name Modafinil
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Investigational
  • Small Molecule
Description Modafinil is a stimulant drug marketed as a 'wakefulness promoting agent' and is one of the stimulants used in the treatment of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is caused by dysfunction of a family of wakefulness-promoting and sleep-suppressing peptides, the orexins, whose neurons are activated by modafinil. The prexin neuron activation is associated with psychoactivation and euphoria. The exact mechanism of action is unclear, although in vitro studies have shown it to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine by binding to the dopamine reuptake pump, and lead to an increase in extracellular dopamine. Modafinil activates glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABA.
Synonyms
  1. Modafinil [USAN:INN]
  2. Modafinilo [Spanish]
  3. Modafinilum [Latin]
  4. Moderateafinil
Brand Names
  1. Modiodal
  2. Provigil
  3. Sparlon
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name 2-[di(phenyl)methylsulfinyl]acetamide
Chemical Formula C15H15NO2S
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 68693-11-8
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C15H15NO2S/c16-14(17)11-19(18)15(12-7-3-1-4-8-12)13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h1-10,15H,11H2,(H2,16,17)/f/h16H2
InChI Key YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-ZHLVXTBQCM
KEGG Drug D01832 Link Image
KEGG Compound Not Available
PubChem Compound 4236 Link Image
PubChem Substance 188735 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID PA450530 Link Image
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02239665 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/modafinil.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link http://www.pdrhealth.com/drugs/rx/rx-mono.aspx?contentFileName=pro1544.html&contentName=Provigil&contentId=631 Link Image
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference L. Lafon, U.S. pat. 4,927,855, (1990)
Average Molecular Weight 273.3500
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 273.0823
State Solid
Melting Point 164-166 oC
Experimental Water Solubility Slightly soluble Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 6.22e-01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity 0.6 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP 1.75 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -2.64 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES NC(=O)C[S@@](=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Canonical SMILES NC(=O)CS(=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Drug Category
  • Anorexigenic Agents
  • Central Nervous System Agents
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants
  • Neuroprotective Agents
  • Stimulants
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 28:20.92
Indication To improve wakefulness in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy.
Pharmacology Modafinil is a stimulant drug marketed as a 'wakefulness promoting agent' and is one of the stimulants used in the treatment of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is caused by dysfunction of a family of wakefulness-promoting and sleep-suppressing peptides, the orexins, whose neurons are activated by modafinil. The prexin neuron activation is associated with psychoactivation and euphoria. Modafinil is not indicated for complaints of lack of energy or fatigue; but it appears to be very helpful for some patients. Also, it has been used in the treatment of hypersomnia, a disorder in which patients lack the capacity for meaningful sleep and may require ten or more hours per day. Recent studies have have found that modafinil may help recovering cocaine addicts fight their addiction.
Mechanism of Action The exact mechanism of action is unclear, although in vitro studies have shown it to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine by binding to the dopamine reuptake pump, and lead to an increase in extracellular dopamine. Modafinil activates glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABA. Modafinil is thought to have less potential for abuse than other stimulants due to the absence of any significant euphoric or pleasurable effects. It is possible that modafinil acts by a synergistic combination of mechanisms including direct inhibition of dopamine reuptake, indirect inhibition of noradrenalin reuptake in the VLPO and orexin activation. Modafinil has partial alpha 1B-adrenergic agonist effects by directly stimulating the receptors.
Absorption Rapid following oral administration.
Toxicity Not Available
Protein Binding 60%
Biotransformation Hepatic
Half Life 23-215 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Clozapine Modafinil increases the effect and toxicity of clozapine
Cyclosporine Modafinil decreases the effect of cyclosporine
Ethinyl Estradiol Modafinil decreases the effect of the contraceptive
Mestranol Modafinil decreases the effect of the contraceptive
Triazolam Modafinil decreases the effect of triazolam
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Ishizuka T, Sakamoto Y, Sakurai T, Yamatodani A: Modafinil increases histamine release in the anterior hypothalamus of rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Mar 20;339(2):143-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Lindsay SE, Gudelsky GA, Heaton PC: Use of modafinil for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Oct;40(10):1829-33. Epub 2006 Sep 5. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Drugs.com Link Image
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
  5. RxList Link Image
  6. PDRhealth Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  2. Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
  3. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Targets
  1. Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
  2. Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name COMT
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P21964 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >COMT ( catecol-O-methyl-transferase) 
MPEAPPLLLAAVLLGLVLLVVLLLLLRHWGWGLCLIGWNEFILQPIHNLLMGDTKEQRIL
NHVLQHAEPGNAQSVLEAIDTYCEQKEWAMNVGDKKGKIVDAVIQEHQPSVLLELGAYCG
YSAVRMARLLSPGARLITIEINPDCAAITQRMVDFAGVKDKVTLVVGASQDIIPQLKKKY
DVDTLDMVFLDHWKDRYLPDTLLLEECGLLRKGTVLLADNVICPGAPDFLAHVRGSSCFE
CTHYQSFLEYREVVDGLEKAIYKGPGSEAGP
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 2 [top]
Enzyme 2 Name Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
Enzyme 2 Gene Name CYP2C19
Enzyme 2 SwissProt ID P33261 Link Image
Enzyme 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 2 Protein Sequence >sp|P33261|CP2CJ_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C19 (EC 1.14.13.80) 
MDPFVVLVLCLSCLLLLSIWRQSSGRGKLPPGPTPLPVIGNILQIDIKDVSKSLTNLSKI
YGPVFTLYFGLERMVVLHGYEVVKEALIDLGEEFSGRGHFPLAERANRGFGIVFSNGKRW
KEIRRFSLMTLRNFGMGKRSIEDRVQEEARCLVEELRKTKASPCDPTFILGCAPCNVICS
IIFQKRFDYKDQQFLNLMEKLNENIRIVSTPWIQICNNFPTIIDYFPGTHNKLLKNLAFM
ESDILEKVKEHQESMDINNPRDFIDCFLIKMEKEKQNQQSEFTIENLVITAADLLGAGTE
TTSTTLRYALLLLLKHPEVTAKVQEEIERVVGRNRSPCMQDRGHMPYTDAVVHEVQRYID
LIPTSLPHAVTCDVKFRNYLIPKGTTILTSLTSVLHDNKEFPNPEMFDPRHFLDEGGNFK
KSNYFMPFSAGKRICVGEGLARMELFLFLTFILQNFNLKSLIDPKDLDTTPVVNGFASVP
PFYQLCFIPV
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 3 [top]
Enzyme 3 Name Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Enzyme 3 Gene Name CYP3A4
Enzyme 3 SwissProt ID P08684 Link Image
Enzyme 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 3 Protein Sequence >sp|P08684|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (EC 1.14.13.67) 
ALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFD
MECHKKYGKVWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIA
EDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSM
DVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKLLRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVF
PREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELVAQSII
FIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTVLQMEYLDMVVN
ETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGWVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFSK
KNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGG
LLQPEKPVVLKVESRDGTVSGA
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 632
Target 1 Name Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Alpha 1B- adrenoreceptor
  2. Alpha 1B-adrenoceptor
Target 1 Gene Name ADRA1B
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor 
MNPDLDTGHNTSAPAHWGELKNANFTGPNQTSSNSTLPQLDITRAISVGLVLGAFILFAI
VGNILVILSVACNRHLRTPTNYFIVNLAMADLLLSFTVLPFSAALEVLGYWVLGRIFCDI
WAAVDVLCCTASILSLCAISIDRYIGVRYSLQYPTLVTRRKAILALLSVWVLSTVISIGP
LLGWKEPAPNDDKECGVTEEPFYALFSSLGSFYIPLAVILVMYCRVYIVAKRTTKNLEAG
VMKEMSNSKELTLRIHSKNFHEDTLSSTKAKGHNPRSSIAVKLFKFSREKKAAKTLGIVV
GMFILCWLPFFIALPLGSLFSTLKPPDAVFKVVFWLGYFNSCLNPIIYPCSSKEFKRAFV
RILGCQCRGRGRRRRRRRRRLGGCAYTYRPWTRGGSLERSQSRKDSLDDSGSCLSGSQRT
LPSASPSPGYLGRGAPPPVELCAFPEWKAPGALLSLPAPEPPGRRGRHDSGPLFTFKLLT
EPESPGTDGGASNGGCEAAADVANGQPGFKSNMPLAPGQF
Target 1 Number of Residues 528
Target 1 Molecular Weight 56837
Target 1 Theoretical pI 9.79
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
adrenoceptor activity
alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 46-70
  • 84-105
  • 116-141
  • 162-182
  • 202-224
  • 296-319
  • 327-340
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35368 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA1B_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence Not Available
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID ADRA1B Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID ADRA1B Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:278 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 5
Target 1 Locus 5q23-q32
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Ramarao CS, Denker JM, Perez DM, Gaivin RJ, Riek RP, Graham RM: Genomic organization and expression of the human alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 25;267(30):21936-45. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 713
Target 2 Name Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. DA transporter
  2. DAT
Target 2 Gene Name SLC6A3
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 
MSKSKCSVGLMSSVVAPAKEPNAVGPKEVELILVKEQNGVQLTSSTLTNPRQSPVEAQDR
ETWGKKIDFLLSVIGFAVDLANVWRFPYLCYKNGGGAFLVPYLLFMVIAGMPLFYMELAL
GQFNREGAAGVWKICPILKGVGFTVILISLYVGFFYNVIIAWALHYLFSSFTTELPWIHC
NNSWNSPNCSDAHPGDSSGDSSGLNDTFGTTPAAEYFERGVLHLHQSHGIDDLGPPRWQL
TACLVLVIVLLYFSLWKGVKTSGKVVWITATMPYVVLTALLLRGVTLPGAIDGIRAYLSV
DFYRLCEASVWIDAATQVCFSLGVGFGVLIAFSSYNKFTNNCYRDAIVTTSINSLTSFSS
GFVVFSFLGYMAQKHSVPIGDVAKDGPGLIFIIYPEAIATLPLSSAWAVVFFIMLLTLGI
DSAMGGMESVITGLIDEFQLLHRHRELFTLFIVLATFLLSLFCVTNGGIYVFTLLDHFAA
GTSILFGVLIEAIGVAWFYGVGQFSDDIQQMTGQRPSLYWRLCWKLVSPCFLLFVVVVSI
VTFRPPHYGAYIFPDWANALGWVIATSSMAMVPIYAAYKFCSLPGSFREKLAYAIAPEKD
RELVDRGEVRQFTLRHWLKV
Target 2 Number of Residues 630
Target 2 Molecular Weight 68496
Target 2 Theoretical pI 6.92
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
transporter activity
neurotransmitter transporter activity
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
dopamine:sodium symporter activity
Process
physiological process
cellular physiological process
transport
neurotransmitter transport
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
integral to plasma membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in dopamine:sodium symporter activity
Target 2 Specific Function Amine transporter. Terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 69-89
  • 96-116
  • 140-160
  • 238-256
  • 265-282
  • 318-335
  • 347-368
  • 401-420
  • 447-465
  • 481-501
  • 522-541
  • 560-578
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 553260 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID Q01959 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name SC6A3_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1863 bp 
ATGAGTAAGAGCAAATGCTCCGTGGGACTCATGTCTTCCGTGGTGGCCCCGGCTAAGGAG
CCCAATGCCGTGGGCCCGAAGGAGGTGGAGCTCATCCTTGTCAAGGAGCAGAACGGAGTG
CAGCTCACCAGCTCCACCCTCACCAACCCGCGGCAGAGCCCCGTGGAGGCCCAGGATCGG
GAGACCTGGGGCAAGAAGATCGACTTTCTCCTGTCCGTCATTGGCTTTGCTGTGGACCTG
GCCAACGTCTGGCGGTTCCCCTACCTGTGCTACAAAAATGGTGGCGGTGCCTTCCTGGTC
CCCTACCTGCTCTTCATGGTCATTGCTGGGATGCCACTTTTCTACATGGAGCTGGCCCTC
GGCCAGTTCAACAGGGAAGGGGCCGCTGGTGTCTGGAAGATCTGCCCCATACTGAAAGGT
GTGGGCTTCACGGTCATCCTCATCTCACTGTATGTCGGCTTCTTCTACAACGTCATCATC
GCCTGGGCGCTGCACTATCTCTTCTCCTCCTTCACCACGGAGCTCCCCTGGATCCACTGC
AACAACTCCTGGAACAGCCCCAACTGCTCGGATGCCCATCCTGGTGACTCCAGTGGAGAC
AGCTCGGGCCTCAACGACACTTTTGGGACCACACCTGCTGCCGAGTACTTTGAACGTGGC
GTGCTGCACCTCCACCAGAGCCATGGCATCGACGACCTGGGGCCTCCGCGGTGGCAGCTC
ACAGCCTGCCTGGTGCTGGTCATCGTGCTGCTCTACTTCAGCCTCTGGAAGGGCGTGAAG
ACCTCAGGGAAGGTGGTATGGATCACAGCCACCATGCCATACGTGGTCCTCACTGCCCTG
CTCCTGCGTGGGGTCACCCTCCCTGGAGCCATAGACGGCATCAGAGCATACCTGAGCGTT
GACTTCTACCGGCTCTGCGAGGCGTCTGTTTGGATTGACGCGGCCACCCAGGTGTGCTTC
TCCCTGGGCGTGGGGTTCGGGGTGCTGATCGCCTTCTCCAGCTACAACAAGTTCACCAAC
AACTGCTACAGGGACGCGATTGTCACCACCTCCATCAACTCCCTGACGAGCTTCTCCTCC
GGCTTCGTCGTCTTCTCCTTCCTGGGGTACATGGCACAGAAGCACAGTGTGCCCATCGGG
GACGTGGCCAAGGACGGGCCAGGGCTGATCTTCATCATCTACCCGGAAGCCATCGCCACG
CTCCCTCTGTCCTCAGCCTGGGCCGTGGTCTTCTTCATCATGCTGCTCACCCTGGGTATC
GACAGCGCCATGGGTGGTATGGAGTCAGTGATCACCGGGCTCATCGATGAGTTCCAGCTG
CTGCACAGACACCGTGAGCTCTTCACGCTCTTCATCGTCCTGGCGACCTTCCTCCTGTCC
CTGTTCTGCGTCACCAACGGTGGCATCTACGTCTTCACGCTCCTGGACCATTTTGCAGCC
GGCACGTCCATCCTCTTTGGAGTGCTCATCGAAGCCATCGGAGTGGCCTGGTTCTATGGT
GTTGGGCAGTTCAGCGACGACATCCAGCAGATGACCGGGCAGCGGCCCAGCCTGTACTGG
CGGCTGTGCTGGAAGCTGGTCAGCCCCTGCTTTCTCCTGTTCGTGGTCGTGGTCAGCATT
GTGACCTTCAGACCCCCCCACTACGGAGCCTACATCTTCCCCGACTGGGCCAACGCGCTG
GGCTGGGTCATCGCCACATCCTCCATGGCCATGGTGCCCATCTATGCGGCCTACAAGTTC
TGCAGCCTGCCTGGGTCCTTTCGAGAGAAACTGGCCTACGCCATTGCACCCGAGAAGGAC
CGTGAGCTGGTGGACAGAGGGGAGGTGCGCCAGTTCACGCTCCGCCACTGGCTCAAGGTG
TAG
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID SLC6A3 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID SLC6A3 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:11049 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 5
Target 2 Locus 5p15.3
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Vandenbergh DJ, Thompson MD, Cook EH, Bendahhou E, Nguyen T, Krasowski MD, Zarrabian D, Comings D, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF, George SR, O'Dowd BF, Uhl GR: Human dopamine transporter gene: coding region conservation among normal, Tourette's disorder, alcohol dependence and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder populations. Mol Psychiatry. 2000 May;5(3):283-92. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Greenwood TA, Alexander M, Keck PE, McElroy S, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Kelsoe JR: Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine transporter and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Mar 8;105(2):145-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Torres GE, Yao WD, Mohn AR, Quan H, Kim KM, Levey AI, Staudinger J, Caron MG: Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1. Neuron. 2001 Apr;30(1):121-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Bannon MJ, Poosch MS, Xia Y, Goebel DJ, Cassin B, Kapatos G: Dopamine transporter mRNA content in human substantia nigra decreases precipitously with age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7095-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Vandenbergh DJ, Persico AM, Uhl GR: A human dopamine transporter cDNA predicts reduced glycosylation, displays a novel repetitive element and provides racially-dimorphic TaqI RFLPs. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992 Sep;15(1-2):161-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Giros B, el Mestikawy S, Godinot N, Zheng K, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Caron MG: Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and chromosome assignment of the human dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Sep;42(3):383-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Donovan DM, Vandenbergh DJ, Perry MP, Bird GS, Ingersoll R, Nanthakumar E, Uhl GR: Human and mouse dopamine transporter genes: conservation of 5'-flanking sequence elements and gene structures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1995 Jun;30(2):327-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Pristupa ZB, Wilson JM, Hoffman BJ, Kish SJ, Niznik HB: Pharmacological heterogeneity of the cloned and native human dopamine transporter: disassociation of [3H]WIN 35,428 and [3H]GBR 12,935 binding. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Jan;45(1):125-35. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Kawarai T, Kawakami H, Yamamura Y, Nakamura S: Structure and organization of the gene encoding human dopamine transporter. Gene. 1997 Aug 11;195(1):11-8. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Wisor JP, Nishino S, Sora I, Uhl GH, Mignot E, Edgar DM: Dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness. J Neurosci. 2001 Mar 1;21(5):1787-94. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Swanson JM: Role of executive function in ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 14:35-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Zhou J, He R, Johnson KM, Ye Y, Kozikowski AP: Piperidine-based nocaine/modafinil hybrid ligands as highly potent monoamine transporter inhibitors: efficient drug discovery by rational lead hybridization. J Med Chem. 2004 Nov 18;47(24):5821-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Madras BK, Xie Z, Lin Z, Jassen A, Panas H, Lynch L, Johnson R, Livni E, Spencer TJ, Bonab AA, Miller GM, Fischman AJ: Modafinil occupies dopamine and norepinephrine transporters in vivo and modulates the transporters and trace amine activity in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Nov;319(2):561-9. Epub 2006 Aug 2. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Dopheide MM, Morgan RE, Rodvelt KR, Schachtman TR, Miller DK: Modafinil evokes striatal [(3)H]dopamine release and alters the subjective properties of stimulants. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 30;568(1-3):112-23. Epub 2007 Apr 5. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.