Azelastine

Identification

Summary

Azelastine is a histamine H1-receptor antagonist used intranasally to treat allergic and vasomotor rhinitis and in an ophthalmic solution to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

Brand Names
Astelin, Astepro, Astepro Allergy, Dymista
Generic Name
Azelastine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00972
Background

Azelastine, a phthalazine derivative, is an antihistamine available as an intranasal spray for the treatment of allergic and vasomotor rhinitis and as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.10,11 It is a racemic mixture, though there is no noted difference in pharmacologic activity between enantiomers, and was first granted FDA approval in 1996.10,11 Azelastine is also available in combination with fluticasone propionate as a nasal spray marketed under the trade name Dymista™, which is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in patients 6 years of age and older.13

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 381.898
Monoisotopic: 381.160790112
Chemical Formula
C22H24ClN3O
Synonyms
  • 4-(p-Chlorobenzyl)-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-1-(2H)-phthalazinone
  • Azelastina
  • Azelastine
  • Azélastine
  • Azelastinum

Pharmacology

Indication

Intranasal azelastine is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in patients 5 years and older and for the symptomatic treatment of vasomotor rhinitis in patients 12 years and older.10 Ophthalmic azelastine solution is indicated for the treatment of itchy eyes associated with allergic conjunctivitis.11

As a 0.15% nasal spray, azelastine hydrochloride is also indicated for over-the-counter treatment of allergies in patients aged six years and older.14

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Symptomatic treatment ofAllergic conjunctivitis•••••••••••••••••••• • •••••
Symptomatic treatment ofAllergic eye disease••••••••••••
Prevention ofAllergic eye disease••••••••••••
Symptomatic treatment ofAllergic rhinitis (ar)••• ••••••••
Symptomatic treatment ofAllergic rhinitis (ar)••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Azelastine antagonizes the actions of histamine, resulting in the relief of histamine-mediated allergy symptoms.2,10,11 Onset of action occurs within 15 minutes with intranasal formulations and as quickly as 3 minutes with ophthalmic solutions.1 Intranasal formulations have a relatively long-duration of action, with peak effects observed 4-6 hours after the initial dose and efficacy maintained over the entirety of the standard 12 hour dosing interval.2

Mechanism of action

Azelastine is primarily a selective antagonist of histamine H1-receptors, with a lesser affinity for H2-receptors, used for the symptomatic treatment of allergies.2,1,10,11 Histamine H1-receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors with 7 transmembrane spanning domains7 that are found on nerve endings, smooth muscle cells, and glandular cells.8 Following allergen exposure in sensitized individuals, IgE-receptor cross-linking on mast cells results in the release of histamine, which binds to H1-receptors and contributes to typical allergic symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and congestion.8

Though its primary mode of action is thought to be via H1-receptor antagonism, azelastine (like other second-generation antihistamines) appears to affect other mediators of allergic symptomatology. Azelastine has mast cell-stabilizing properties that prevent the release of interleukin-6, tryptase, histamine, and TNF-alpha2 from mast cells, and has been shown to reduce mediators of mast cell degranulation such as leukotrienes in the nasal lavage of patients with rhinitis,1 as well as inhibiting their production and release from eosinophils (potentially via inhibition of phospholipase A2 and leukotriene C4 synthase).2,9 Additionally, patients using oral azelastine were observed to have significantly reduced concentrations of substance P and bradykinin in nasal secretions2, both of which may play a role in nasal itching and sneezing in patients with allergic rhinitis.

TargetActionsOrganism
AHistamine H1 receptor
antagonist
Humans
UHistamine H2 receptor
inhibitor
Humans
UPhospholipase A2
inhibitor
Humans
ULeukotriene C4 synthase
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Systemic bioavailability of azelastine hydrochloride following intranasal administration is approximately 40%, reaching Cmax within 2-3 hours.2 When administered at doses greater than the recommended maximum, greater than proportional increases in both Cmax and AUC were observed.

Volume of distribution

After intravenous and oral administration, the steady-state volume of distribution is 14.5 L/kg.2,10,11

Protein binding

In-vitro studies in human plasma indicate that the plasma protein binding of azelastine and desmethylazelastine are approximately 88% and 97%, respectively.2,10,11

Metabolism

Azelastine hydrochloride is oxidatively metabolized to its main, and biologically active, metabolite desmethylazelastine by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.10,11 Though labels for azelastine state that specific CYP enzyme involvement has not been elucidated, it has been suggested that the N-demethylation of azelastine is primarily catalyzed by CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2.4

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

After an oral dose of radio-labeled azelastine hydrochloride, approximately 75% was excreted in the feces, with less than 10% as unchanged azelastine hydrochloride.2,10,11

Half-life

Based on intravenous and oral administration, azelastine demonstrated an elimination half-life of 22 hours.10,11 Its primary active metabolite, desmethylazelastine, has an elimination half-life of 54 hours.2

Clearance

Based on intravenous and oral administration, azelastine demonstrated a plasma clearance of 0.5 L/h/kg.10,11,6

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Overdosage of intranasal or ophthalmic azelastine is unlikely to result in clinically significant adverse effects aside from increased drowsiness.10,11 If overdose does occur, employ general supportive measures. Oral ingestion of antihistamines, including non-oral formulations of azelastine, can cause serious adverse effects in children - for this reason, these products should be kept out of the reach of children. The oral LD50 in rats is 580 mg/kg.12

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Azelastine H1-Antihistamine ActionDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-Benzodiazepine1,2-Benzodiazepine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Azelastine.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Azelastine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Azelastine can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Azelastine can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Azelastine.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may cause additive CNS depressant effects.

Products

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dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Azelastine hydrochloride0L591QR10I79307-93-0YEJAJYAHJQIWNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Astepro Allergy (Bayer)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AstelinSpray, metered137 ug/1NasalPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2004-05-25Not applicableUS flag
AstelinSpray, metered137 ug/1NasalMEDA Pharmaceuticals1996-11-01Not applicableUS flag
AsteproSpray, metered137 ug/1NasalMEDA Pharmaceuticals2008-11-032008-11-03US flag
AsteproSpray, metered205.5 ug/1NasalMEDA Pharmaceuticals2009-10-122020-12-31US flag
Azelastine HydrochlorideSpray, metered137 ug/1NasalA-S Medication Solutions2010-07-012019-10-31US flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AzelastineSpray, metered137 ug/1NasalAscend Laboratories, LLC2017-08-18Not applicableUS flag
Azelastine HCl NasalSpray205.5 ug/1NasalPadagis Israel Pharmaceuticals Ltd2014-05-09Not applicableUS flag
Azelastine HCl NasalSpray205.5 ug/1Nasalbryant ranch prepack2014-05-09Not applicableUS flag
Azelastine HydrochlorideSolution / drops0.5 mg/1mLIntraocularRpk Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2013-03-21Not applicableUS flag
Azelastine HydrochlorideSpray, metered137 ug/1NasalPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2011-06-28Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Astepro AllergySpray, metered205.5 ug/1NasalBayer Healthcare Llc.2022-06-27Not applicableUS flag
Children Astepro AllergySpray, metered205.5 ug/1NasalBayer Healthcare Llc.2022-06-27Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ALERXY® CAzelastine hydrochloride (137 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (50 mcg)SuspensionIntrasinal; NasalLABORATORIOS SYNTHESIS S.A.S.2015-04-21Not applicableColombia flag
Apo-azelastine/fluticasoneAzelastine hydrochloride (137 mcg / act) + Fluticasone propionate (50 mcg / act)Spray, meteredNasalApotex Corporation2023-10-31Not applicableCanada flag
AZEC®Azelastine hydrochloride (137 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (50 mcg)SuspensionIntrasinal; NasalPROCAPS S.A.2018-12-04Not applicableColombia flag
AZEFLU® SUSPENSION SPRAY NASALAzelastine hydrochloride (100 mg) + Fluticasone propionate (36.5 mg)SuspensionIntrasinal; NasalC.I. FARMACAPSULAS S.A.S. - PLANTA NO. 22018-04-052023-10-26Colombia flag
Azelastine Hydrochloride and Fluticasone PropionateAzelastine hydrochloride (137 ug/1) + Fluticasone propionate (50 ug/1)Spray, meteredNasalbryant ranch prepack2021-03-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
R06AX19 — AzelastineS01GX07 — AzelastineR01AC03 — Azelastine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phthalazinones. These are compounds containing a phthalazine bearing a ketone group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Diazanaphthalenes
Sub Class
Benzodiazines
Direct Parent
Phthalazinones
Alternative Parents
Pyridazinones / Chlorobenzenes / Azepanes / Aryl chlorides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Trialkylamines / Lactams / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds
show 3 more
Substituents
Amine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Azepane / Benzenoid / Chlorobenzene / Halobenzene / Heteroaromatic compound
show 16 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tertiary amino compound, monochlorobenzenes, phthalazines (CHEBI:2950)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
ZQI909440X
CAS number
58581-89-8
InChI Key
MBUVEWMHONZEQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H24ClN3O/c1-25-13-4-5-18(12-14-25)26-22(27)20-7-3-2-6-19(20)21(24-26)15-16-8-10-17(23)11-9-16/h2-3,6-11,18H,4-5,12-15H2,1H3
IUPAC Name
4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2-(1-methylazepan-4-yl)-1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-one
SMILES
CN1CCCC(CC1)N1N=C(CC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Yutaka Morita, Noritoshi Koyama, Shigemitsu Ohsawa, "Methods employing stable preparation containing azelastine hydrochloride." U.S. Patent US6117864, issued December 1990.

US6117864
General References
  1. Horak F: Effectiveness of twice daily azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Oct;4(5):1009-22. [Article]
  2. Bernstein JA: Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Oct;23(10):2441-52. [Article]
  3. Zha W, Shum L: Simultaneous determination of azelastine and its major metabolite desmethylazelastine in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2012 Oct 1;906:69-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.023. Epub 2012 Aug 24. [Article]
  4. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
  5. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
  6. Williams PB, Crandall E, Sheppard JD: Azelastine hydrochloride, a dual-acting anti-inflammatory ophthalmic solution, for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010 Sep 7;4:993-1001. doi: 10.2147/opth.s13479. [Article]
  7. Fukui H, Mizuguchi H, Nemoto H, Kitamura Y, Kashiwada Y, Takeda N: Histamine H1 Receptor Gene Expression and Drug Action of Antihistamines. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;241:161-169. doi: 10.1007/164_2016_14. [Article]
  8. Baroody FM, Naclerio RM: Antiallergic effects of H1-receptor antagonists. Allergy. 2000;55 Suppl 64:17-27. [Article]
  9. Hamasaki Y, Shafigeh M, Yamamoto S, Sato R, Zaitu M, Muro E, Kobayashi I, Ichimaru T, Tasaki H, Miyazaki S: Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis by azelastine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996 May;76(5):469-75. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63465-5. [Article]
  10. FDA Approved Drug Product: Azelastine nasal spray [Link]
  11. FDA Approved Drugs: Azelastine ophthalmic solution [Link]
  12. CaymenChem: Azelastine MSDS [Link]
  13. FDA Approved Drugs: Dymista nasal spray [Link]
  14. FDA News Release: Astepro OTC Approval [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015107
KEGG Drug
D07483
KEGG Compound
C07768
PubChem Compound
2267
PubChem Substance
46507582
ChemSpider
2180
BindingDB
50341448
RxNav
18603
ChEBI
2950
ChEMBL
CHEMBL639
Therapeutic Targets Database
DNC000270
PharmGKB
PA448517
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Azelastine

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentAllergic Rhinitis (AR)2
4CompletedTreatmentPerennial Allergic Rhinitis (PAR)1
4CompletedTreatmentSeasonal Allergic Rhinitis3
4CompletedTreatmentVasomotor Rhinitis1
4RecruitingSupportive CareCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Apotex inc richmond hill
  • Sun pharma global fze
  • Meda pharmaceuticals inc
  • Meda pharmaceuticals meda pharmaceuticals inc
  • Apotex inc
  • Meda pharmaceuticals
Packagers
  • Apotex Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Catalent Pharma Solutions
  • Meda AB
  • Patheon Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Redpharm Drug
  • Wallace Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionIntrasinal; Nasal0.1 g
SuspensionIntrasinal; Nasal
SprayNasal1 MG/1ML
Tablet, film coatedOral
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.05 %
SprayNasal0.14 mg/0.4mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
Spray, meteredNasal137 ug/1
SprayNasal1.5 MG/ML
SprayNasal0.15 %
SolutionOphthalmic0.5 mg
SprayNasal205.5 ug/1
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 mg/1mL
SprayNasal137 ug/0.137mL
Spray, meteredNasal1 mg/1mL
Spray, meteredNasal1.5 mg/1mL
Spray, meteredNasal137 ug/0.137mL
Spray, meteredNasal205.5 ug/1
SprayNasal0.14 mg
SolutionOphthalmic0.05 % w/v
SprayNasal1 mg/ml
SuspensionNasal0.050 g
SolutionNasal1.000 mg
SprayNasal137 MICROGRAMMI/50MICROGRAMMI
Spray, meteredNasal
Spray, suspensionRespiratory (inhalation)
Spray, suspensionRespiratory (inhalation)50 mcg
SuspensionNasal
Spray, suspensionNasal
Solution / dropsConjunctival0.5 MG/ML
Tablet2.2 MG
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic0.5 mg
SprayNasal0.14 mg/spray
SolutionNasal0.14 mg/spray
SprayNasal
Solution / dropsIntraocular0.5 mg/1mL
SprayNasal
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 MG/ML
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Optivar 0.05% Solution 6ml Bottle120.26USD bottle
Astelin 137 mcg/spray Solution 30ml Bottle117.27USD bottle
Azelastine HCl 0.05% Solution 6ml Bottle108.23USD bottle
Optivar 0.05% drops19.27USD ml
Azelastine hcl 0.05% drops17.35USD ml
Astelin 137 mcg nasal spray3.71USD ml
Astepro 137 mcg nasal spray3.61USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5164194No1992-11-172011-05-01US flag
US8518919No2013-08-272025-11-22US flag
US8071073No2011-12-062028-06-04US flag
US8163723Yes2012-04-242024-02-29US flag
US9259428Yes2016-02-162023-12-13US flag
US8168620Yes2012-05-012026-08-24US flag
US9901585No2018-02-272023-06-13US flag
US9919050No2018-03-202025-11-22US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)225 °C (hydrochloride salt)FDA Label (intranasal azelastine)
water solubilitySparingly soluble (hydrochloride salt)FDA Label (intranasal azelastine)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0092 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.81ALOGPS
logP4.04Chemaxon
logS-4.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.88Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area35.91 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity110.52 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability41.54 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.982
Caco-2 permeable-0.5102
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7034
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.8563
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.9563
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.6812
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7501
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8918
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.8204
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.6371
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8114
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.568
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.6934
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5902
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.7266
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6567
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.878
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity3.0597 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.7885
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.7391
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-03di-9886000000-488eee761663db10fdf7
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0219000000-689aed0dccf673820d4e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03e9-2908000000-3d19ebb91515adce237b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0009000000-244d3fc919912f127496
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0039000000-e33d9b18d179cf57cde9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-1049000000-0e3fded380e15dd4eb39
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01q9-0509000000-aa5b429b095a367293a3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03e9-6895000000-9c6df9c69709605ef5f6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9100000000-fdfad5ff3b2cbacc351f
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-200.9283568
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-185.36775
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+201.7355568
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+187.75728
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+201.6715568
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+195.84378
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Details
1. Histamine H1 receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function
In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamin...
Gene Name
HRH1
Uniprot ID
P35367
Uniprot Name
Histamine H1 receptor
Molecular Weight
55783.61 Da
References
  1. Casale TB: The interaction of azelastine with human lung histamine H1, beta, and muscarinic receptor-binding sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989 Apr;83(4):771-6. [Article]
  2. Conde Hernandez DJ, Palma Aqilar JL, Delgado Romero J: Comparison of azelastine nasal spray and oral ebastine in treating seasonal allergic rhinitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1995;13(6):299-304. [Article]
  3. Antepara I, Jauregui I, Basomba A, Cadahia A, Feo F, Garcia JJ, Gonzalo MA, Luna I, Rubio M, Vazquez M: [Investigation of the efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray versus ebastine tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis]. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1998 Jan-Feb;26(1):9-16. [Article]
  4. Horak F: Effectiveness of twice daily azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Oct;4(5):1009-22. [Article]
  5. Bernstein JA: Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Oct;23(10):2441-52. [Article]
  6. Golden SJ, Craig TJ: Efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 Jul;99(7 Suppl):S7-12. [Article]
  7. FDA Approved Drug Product: Azelastine nasal spray [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function
The H2 subclass of histamine receptors mediates gastric acid secretion. Also appears to regulate gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. Possible role in regulating cell growth and diff...
Gene Name
HRH2
Uniprot ID
P25021
Uniprot Name
Histamine H2 receptor
Molecular Weight
40097.65 Da
References
  1. Bernstein JA: Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Oct;23(10):2441-52. [Article]
  2. Williams PB, Crandall E, Sheppard JD: Azelastine hydrochloride, a dual-acting anti-inflammatory ophthalmic solution, for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010 Sep 7;4:993-1001. doi: 10.2147/opth.s13479. [Article]
  3. Horak F: Effectiveness of twice daily azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Oct;4(5):1009-22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Receptor binding
Specific Function
PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides, this releases glycerophospholipids and arachidonic acid that serve as the precursors of signal molecules.
Gene Name
PLA2G1B
Uniprot ID
P04054
Uniprot Name
Phospholipase A2
Molecular Weight
16359.535 Da
References
  1. Hamasaki Y, Shafigeh M, Yamamoto S, Sato R, Zaitu M, Muro E, Kobayashi I, Ichimaru T, Tasaki H, Miyazaki S: Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis by azelastine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996 May;76(5):469-75. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63465-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Lipid binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the conjugation of leukotriene A4 with reduced glutathione to form leukotriene C4.
Gene Name
LTC4S
Uniprot ID
Q16873
Uniprot Name
Leukotriene C4 synthase
Molecular Weight
16566.465 Da
References
  1. Hamasaki Y, Shafigeh M, Yamamoto S, Sato R, Zaitu M, Muro E, Kobayashi I, Ichimaru T, Tasaki H, Miyazaki S: Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis by azelastine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996 May;76(5):469-75. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63465-5. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
  2. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
Details
2. Cytochrome P450 2D6
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
  2. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
Data supporting this enzyme action is limited to in vitro studies.
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
  2. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID
P04798
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A1
Molecular Weight
58164.815 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
  2. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
Curator comments
Data are limited to the findings of one in vitro study.
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
  2. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Const...
Gene Name
CYP2A6
Uniprot ID
P11509
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2A6
Molecular Weight
56501.005 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
  2. Nakajima M, Nakamura S, Tokudome S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Azelastine N-demethylation by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes: evaluation of approach to predict the contribution of multiple CYPs. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Dec;27(12):1381-91. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic ...
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
Curator comments
Inhibition of CYP2B6 is via azelastine's active metabolite, desmethylazelastine, rather than the parent drug itself.
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID
P20813
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight
56277.81 Da
References
  1. Nakajima M, Ohyama K, Nakamura S, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of azelastine and its metabolites on drug oxidation catalyzed by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jul;27(7):792-7. [Article]

Transporters

Details
1. P-glycoprotein 1
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Katoh M, Nakajima M, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T: Inhibitory effects of CYP3A4 substrates and their metabolites on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001 Feb;12(4):505-13. [Article]
  2. Hu YP, Robert J: Azelastine and flezelastine as reversing agents of multidrug resistance: pharmacological and molecular studies. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Jul 17;50(2):169-75. [Article]
  3. Kim JY, Kim KS, Kim IS, Yoon S: Histamine Receptor Antagonists, Loratadine and Azelastine, Sensitize P-gp-overexpressing Antimitotic Drug-resistant KBV20C Cells Through Different Molecular Mechanisms. Anticancer Res. 2019 Jul;39(7):3767-3775. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.13525. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:46