Levobupivacaine

Identification

Summary

Levobupivacaine is a drug used for nerve block and anesthesia.

Generic Name
Levobupivacaine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01002
Background

Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide local anaesthetic drug belonging to the family of n-alkylsubstituted pipecoloxylidide. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Chirocaine. In particular, the specific levobupivacaine enantiomer is a worthwhile pursuit because it demonstrates less vasodilation and possesses a greater length of action in comparison to bupivacaine. It is approximately 13 per cent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine.Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. When administered appropriately, the occurrence of adverse effects is not anticipated much if at all. In general, the majority of potential adverse effects are predominantly associated with inappropriate administration methods that may cause systemic exposure and/or toxicity associated with overexposure to an anesthetic. Regardless, allergic reactions may also occur - although only rarely.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 288.4277
Monoisotopic: 288.220163528
Chemical Formula
C18H28N2O
Synonyms
  • (-)-bupivacaine
  • (S)-1-butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide
  • (S)-bupivacaine
  • L-(-)-1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide
  • L-(−)-bupivacaine
  • Levobupivacaína
  • Levobupivacaine

Pharmacology

Indication

For the production of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and obstetrics, and for post-operative pain management

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofPain•••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••
Associated Therapies
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Pharmacodynamics

Levobupivacaine, a local anesthetic agent, is indicated for the production of local or regional anesthesia or analgesia for surgery, for oral surgery procedures, for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for obstetrical procedures.

Mechanism of action

Local anesthetics such as Levobupivacaine block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Specifically, the drug binds to the intracellular portion of sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

The plasma concentration of levobupivacaine following therapeutic administration depends on dose and also on route of administration, because absorption from the site of administration is affected by the vascularity of the tissue. Peak levels in blood were reached approximately 30 minutes after epidural administration, and doses up to 150 mg resulted in mean Cmax levels of up to 1.2 µg/mL.

Volume of distribution

66.91 ±18.23 L [after intravenous administration of 40 mg in healthy volunteers]

Protein binding

>97%

Metabolism

Levobupivacaine is extensively metabolized with no unchanged levobupivacaine detected in urine or feces. In vitro studies using [14 C] levobupivacaine showed that CYP3A4 isoform and CYP1A2 isoform mediate the metabolism of levobupivacaine to desbutyl levobupivacaine and 3-hydroxy levobupivacaine, respectively. In vivo, the 3-hydroxy levobupivacaine appears to undergo further transformation to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Metabolic inversion of levobupivacaine to R(+)-bupivacaine was not evident both in vitro and in vivo.

Route of elimination

Following intravenous administration, recovery of the radiolabelled dose of levobupivacaine was essentially quantitative with a mean total of about 95% being recovered in urine and feces in 48 hours. Of this 95%, about 71% was in urine while 24% was in feces.

Half-life

3.3 hours

Clearance

39.06 ±13.29 L/h [after intravenous administration of 40 mg in healthy volunteers]

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50: 5.1mg/kg in rabbit, intravenous; 18mg/kg in rabbit, oral; 207mg/kg in rabbit, parenteral; 63mg/kg in rat, subcutaneous (Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 200, Pg. 359, 1972.) Levobupivacaine appears to cause less myocardial depression than both bupivacaine and ropivacaine, despite being in higher concentrations.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Levobupivacaine Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Levobupivacaine is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbacavirLevobupivacaine may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Levobupivacaine is combined with Abaloparatide.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Levobupivacaine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Levobupivacaine can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Levobupivacaine hydrochlorideJ998RDZ51I27262-48-2SIEYLFHKZGLBNX-NTISSMGPSA-N
International/Other Brands
Chirocaine (Abbott Laboratories) / Novabupi

Categories

ATC Codes
N01BB10 — Levobupivacaine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as piperidinecarboxamides. These are compounds containing a piperidine ring substituted with a carboxamide functional group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Piperidines
Sub Class
Piperidinecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Piperidinecarboxamides
Alternative Parents
m-Xylenes / Trialkylamines / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
2-piperidinecarboxamide / Amine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carboximidic acid / Carboximidic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / M-xylene / Monocyclic benzene moiety
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (CHEBI:6149)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
A5H73K9U3W
CAS number
27262-47-1
InChI Key
LEBVLXFERQHONN-INIZCTEOSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H28N2O/c1-4-5-12-20-13-7-6-11-16(20)18(21)19-17-14(2)9-8-10-15(17)3/h8-10,16H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21)/t16-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S)-1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide
SMILES
CCCCN1CCCC[C@H]1C(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C

References

Synthesis Reference

Hooshang Shahriari Zavareh, Graham Anthony Charles Frampton, "Process for preparing levobupivacaine and analogues thereof." U.S. Patent US5777124, issued February, 1985.

US5777124
General References
  1. Burlacu CL, Buggy DJ: Update on local anesthetics: focus on levobupivacaine. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Apr;4(2):381-92. [Article]
  2. Leone S, Di Cianni S, Casati A, Fanelli G: Pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical use of new long acting local anesthetics, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Acta Biomed. 2008 Aug;79(2):92-105. [Article]
  3. EMC Summary of Product Characteristics: Chirocaine (levobupivacaine hydrochloride) solution for injection [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015137
KEGG Drug
D08116
KEGG Compound
C07887
PubChem Compound
92253
PubChem Substance
46505295
ChemSpider
83289
BindingDB
50417951
RxNav
259453
ChEBI
6149
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1201193
ZINC
ZINC000001530812
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001233
PharmGKB
PA164754741
PDBe Ligand
OJ0
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Wikipedia
Levobupivacaine
PDB Entries
8i5b
FDA label
Download (2.72 MB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4Active Not RecruitingTreatmentBradycardia / Breast Tumor / Hypotension1
4Active Not RecruitingTreatmentInguinal Hernias / Spinal Anesthesia therapy1
4CompletedNot AvailableAnaesthesia / Nerve Block / Orthopaedic Disorders1
4CompletedNot AvailableHallux Valgus (Bunions) / Surgery1
4CompletedNot AvailablePain1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Purdue pharma lp
Packagers
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • Purdue Pharma LP
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionEpidural7.5 mg
Injection, solutionEpidural0.625 MG/ML
Injection, solutionEpidural2.5 mg/ml
Injection, solutionEpidural5 mg/ml
Injection, solutionEpidural7.5 mg/ml
InjectionEpidural2.5 MG/ML
SolutionEpidural
Injection, solutionEpidural5 mg/1ml
SolutionEpidural50 mg/10ml
InjectionEpidural7.5 MG/ML
InjectionEpidural5 mg/ml
InjectionEpidural
Injection, solutionEpidural
Injection, solutionEpidural0625 MG/ML
Injection, solutionEpidural1.25 MG/ML
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5708011No1998-01-132014-10-13US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP3.6Not Available
pKa8.1Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0977 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.31ALOGPS
logP4.52Chemaxon
logS-3.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.62Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area32.34 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity90.19 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability34.43 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9814
Blood Brain Barrier+0.936
Caco-2 permeable+0.6669
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8435
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.8582
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.7836
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.6471
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7957
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8346
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7045
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.6863
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9099
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.6205
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.6066
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8462
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8859
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9729
Rat acute toxicity2.2574 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8283
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.7851
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-006t-6920000000-20e4e8d5c09a52a31c75
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0290000000-50c6cebcc939057ef7de
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000e-9840000000-9e401523db8ac590476f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0190000000-164b1796be20b943744a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01bl-1940000000-ac93156f560d9eba0162
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-9710000000-9fc21a94cd5b33d10194
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-07ix-5980000000-29061bd571f77546d2ab
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-178.4528183
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-183.0009183
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-173.31892
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+178.8529183
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+183.2863183
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+175.67694
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+178.4998183
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+181.77008
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function
Tetrodotoxin-resistant channel that mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference acro...
Gene Name
SCN10A
Uniprot ID
Q9Y5Y9
Uniprot Name
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
220623.605 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Ueta K, Sugimoto M, Suzuki T, Uchida I, Mashimo T: In vitro antagonism of recombinant ligand-gated ion-channel receptors by stereospecific enantiomers of bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006 Jan-Feb;31(1):19-25. [Article]
  4. Vladimirov M, Nau C, Mok WM, Strichartz G: Potency of bupivacaine stereoisomers tested in vitro and in vivo: biochemical, electrophysiological, and neurobehavioral studies. Anesthesiology. 2000 Sep;93(3):744-55. [Article]
  5. Brau ME, Branitzki P, Olschewski A, Vogel W, Hempelmann G: Block of neuronal tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents by stereoisomers of piperidine local anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 2000 Dec;91(6):1499-505. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Bajwa SJ, Kaur J: Clinical profile of levobupivacaine in regional anesthesia: A systematic review. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Oct;29(4):530-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.119172. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Gurbuzel M, Karaca U, Karayilan N: Genotoxic evaluation of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine in the Drosophila wing spot test. Cytotechnology. 2016 Aug;68(4):979-86. doi: 10.1007/s10616-015-9852-2. Epub 2015 Feb 19. [Article]
  2. Chalkiadis GA, Anderson BJ, Tay M, Bjorksten A, Kelly JJ: Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine after caudal epidural administration in infants less than 3 months of age. Br J Anaesth. 2005 Oct;95(4):524-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aei218. Epub 2005 Aug 12. [Article]
  3. Bajwa SJ, Kaur J: Clinical profile of levobupivacaine in regional anesthesia: A systematic review. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Oct;29(4):530-9. doi: 10.4103/0970-9185.119172. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 03, 2024 02:34