Banner
Identification
Name Glyburide
Accession Number DB01016 (APRD00233)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Glyburide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Medications in this class differ in their dose, rate of absorption, duration of action, route of elimination and binding site on their target pancreatic β cell receptor. Sulfonylureas also increase peripheral glucose utilization, decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis and may increase the number and sensitivity of insulin receptors. Sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain, though less so than insulin. Due to their mechanism of action, sulfonylureas may cause hypoglycemia and require consistent food intake to decrease this risk. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased in elderly, debilitated and malnourished individuals. Glyburide has been shown to decrease fasting plasma glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control). Glyburide appears to be completely metabolized, likely in the liver. Although its metabolites exert a small hypoglycemic effect, their contribution to glyburide’s hypoglycemic effect is thought to be clinically unimportant. Glyburide metabolites are excreted in urine and feces in approximately equal proportions. The half-life of glyburide appears to be unaffected in those with a creatinine clearance of greater than 29 ml/min/1.73m2.
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Apo-Glibenclamide
Glibenclamida [INN-Spanish]
Glibenclamide
Glibenclamidum [INN-Latin]
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Abbenclamide
Adiab
Azuglucon
Bastiverit
Benclamin
Betanase
Betanese 5
Calabren
Cytagon
Daonil
Debtan
Dia-basan
Diabeta Sanofi-Aventis
Diabiphage
Dibelet
Duraglucon
Euclamin
Euglucan
Euglucon
Euglucon 5
Euglykon
GBN 5
Gen-Glybe
Gewaglucon
Gilemal
Glamide
Glibadone
Gliban
Gliben
Gliben-Puren N
Glibenbeta
Glibenclamid AL
Glibenclamid Basics
Glibenclamid Fabra
Glibenclamid Genericon
Glibenclamid Heumann
Glibenclamid Riker M.
Glibenclamid-Cophar
Glibenclamid-Ratiopharm
Glibenil
Glibens
Glibesyn
Glibet
Glibetic
Glibil
Gliboral
Glicem
Glidiabet
Glimel
Glimide
Glimidstata
Glisulin
Glitisol
Glubate
Gluben
Gluco-Tablimen
Glucobene
Glucohexal
Glucolon
Glucomid
Glucoremed
Glucoven
Glyben
Glybenclamide
Glybenzcyclamide
Glycolande
Glycomin
Glynase
Hexaglucon
Humedia
Lederglib
Libanil
Lisaglucon
Malix
Maninil
Med-Glionil
Melix
Micronase
Miglucan
Nadib
Neogluconin
Norglicem 5
Normoglucon
Novo-Glyburide Novopharm
Orabetic
Pira
Praeciglucon
PresTab
Prodiabet
Renabetic
Semi-Daonil
Sugril
Suraben
Tiabet
Yuglucon
First Prev Next Last
Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Glucovance Metformin + Glibenclamide
Categories
  • Hypoglycemic Agents
  • Antiarrhythmic Agents
  • Sulfonylureas
CAS number 10238-21-8
Weight Average: 494.004
Monoisotopic: 493.143819418
Chemical Formula C23H28ClN3O5S
InChI Key InChIKey=ZNNLBTZKUZBEKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C23H28ClN3O5S/c1-32-21-12-9-17(24)15-20(21)22(28)25-14-13-16-7-10-19(11-8-16)33(30,31)27-23(29)26-18-5-3-2-4-6-18/h7-12,15,18H,2-6,13-14H2,1H3,(H,25,28)(H2,26,27,29)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
5-chloro-N-[2-(4-{[(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)amino]sulfonyl}phenyl)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide
SMILES
COC1=C(C=C(Cl)C=C1)C(=O)NCCC1=CC=C(C=C1)S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)NC1CCCCC1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Sulfonylureas
Substructures
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Phenols and Derivatives
  • Amino Ketones
  • Sulfonyls
  • Ethers
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Ureas and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Benzenesulfonamides
  • Halobenzenes
  • Phenethylamines
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Anisoles
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Sulfonamides
  • Benzoyl Derivatives
  • Phenyl Esters
  • Benzamides
Pharmacology
Indication Indicated as an adjunct to diet to lower the blood glucose in patients with NIDDM whose hyperglycemia cannot be satisfactorily controlled by diet alone.
Pharmacodynamics Glyburide, a second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent, lowers blood glucose acutely by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas, an effect dependent upon functioning beta cells in the pancreatic islets. With chronic administration in Type II diabetic patients, the blood glucose lowering effect persists despite a gradual decline in the insulin secretory response to the drug. Extrapancreatic effects may be involved in the mechanism of action of oral sulfonyl-urea hypoglycemic drugs. The combination of glibenclamide and metformin may have a synergistic effect, since both agents act to improve glucose tolerance by different but complementary mechanisms. In addition to its blood glucose lowering actions, glyburide produces a mild diuresis by enhancement of renal free water clearance. Glyburide is twice as potent as the related second-generation agent glipizide.
Mechanism of action Sulfonylureas such as glyburide bind to ATP-sensitive potassium channels on the pancreatic cell surface, reducing potassium conductance and causing depolarization of the membrane. Depolarization stimulates calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, raising intracellular concentrations of calcium ions, which induces the secretion, or exocytosis, of insulin.
Absorption Significant absorption within 1 hour and peak plasma levels are reached in 2 to 4 hours. Onset of action occurs within one hour.
Volume of distribution

Steady state Vd=0.125 L/kg; Vd during elimination phase=0.155 L/kg.
Protein binding Unchanged drug is ~99% bound to serum proteins; 4-trans-hydroxyglyburide is greater than 97% bound to serum proteins. Protein binding is primarily nonionic making glyburide and is less likely to displace or be displaced by drugs that bind via an ionic mechanism.
Metabolism Primarily hepatic (mainly cytochrome P450 3A4). The major metabolite is the 4-trans-hydroxy derivative. A second metabolite, the 3-cis-hydroxy derivative, also occurs. These metabolites do not contribute clinically significant hypoglycemic action in humans as they are only weakly active; however, retention of 4-trans-hydroxyglyburide may prolong the hypoglycemic effect of the agent in those with severe renal impairment.
Route of elimination Glyburide is excreted as metabolites in the bile and urine, approximately 50% by each route. This dual excretory pathway is qualitatively different from that of other sulfonylureas, which are excreted primarily in the urine.
Half life 1.4-1.8 hours (unchanged drug only); 10 hours (metabolites included). Duration of effect is 12-24 hours.
Clearance

78 ml/hr/kg in healthy adults. Clearance may be substantially decreased in those with severe renal impairment.
Toxicity Oral rat LD50: > 20,000 mg/kg. Oral mouse LD50: 3250 mg/kg.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00460 Glibenclamide Pathway SMP00460
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Sanofi aventis us llc
  • Actavis totowa llc
  • Aurobindo pharma ltd
  • Corepharma llc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Dava pharmaceuticals inc
  • Hikma pharmaceuticals
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Pharmacia and upjohn co
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral 2.5 mg
Tablet Oral 5 mg
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Glynase 6 mg tablet 2.28 USD tablet
Glynase 6 mg prestab 2.19 USD tablet
Glynase 3 mg tablet 1.45 USD tablet
Glynase 3 mg prestab 1.39 USD tablet
Diabeta 5 mg tablet 1.36 USD tablet
Micronase 5 mg tablet 1.36 USD tablet
Diabeta 2.5 mg tablet 0.91 USD tablet
Glynase 1.5 mg tablet 0.83 USD tablet
Glynase 1.5 mg prestab 0.82 USD tablet
Micronase 2.5 mg tablet 0.8 USD tablet
Diabeta 1.25 mg tablet 0.5 USD tablet
Micronase 1.25 mg tablet 0.48 USD tablet
Diabeta 5 mg Tablet 0.26 USD tablet
Diabeta 2.5 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
Apo-Glyburide 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Euglucon 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Mylan-Glybe 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Novo-Glyburide 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Nu-Glyburide 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Pms-Glyburide 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Ratio-Glyburide 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Sandoz Glyburide 5 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
Apo-Glyburide 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Euglucon 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Mylan-Glybe 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Novo-Glyburide 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Nu-Glyburide 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Pms-Glyburide 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Ratio-Glyburide 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
Sandoz Glyburide 2.5 mg Tablet 0.04 USD tablet
First Prev Next Last
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 169 °C PhysProp
water solubility 4 mg/L (at 27 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP 4.7 Not Available
logS -5.09 ADME Research, USCD
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.06e-03 g/l ALOGPS
logP 3.78 ALOGPS
logP 3.79 ChemAxon
logS -5.4 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 4.32 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -1.2 ChemAxon
physiological charge -1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 113.6 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 7 ChemAxon
refractivity 126.98 ChemAxon
polarizability 51.75 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Monami M, Luzzi C, Lamanna C, Chiasserini V, Addante F, Desideri CM, Masotti G, Marchionni N, Mannucci E: Three-year mortality in diabetic patients treated with different combinations of insulin secretagogues and metformin. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006 Nov-Dec;22(6):477-82. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00336 Link_out
KEGG Compound C07022 Link_out
PubChem Compound 3488 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46509154 Link_out
ChemSpider 3368 Link_out
ChEBI 5441 Link_out
ChEMBL 5441 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000037 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449782 Link_out
IUPHAR 2414 Link_out
Guide to Pharmacology 2414 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2248008 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/glybur.htm Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A10BB01
AHFS Codes
  • 68:20.20
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (36.9 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acebutolol Acebutolol may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia and increase the time required for the body to compensate for hypoglycemia.
Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid increases the effect of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Atenolol The beta-blocker, atenolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Betaxolol The beta-blocker, betaxolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Bevantolol The beta-blocker, bevantolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Bismuth Subsalicylate The salicylate, bismuth subsalicylate, increases the effect of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Bisoprolol The beta-blocker, bisoprolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Bosentan Increased risk of hepatic toxicity
Carteolol The beta-blocker, carteolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Carvedilol The beta-blocker, carvedilol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol may increase the effect of sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Clofibrate Clofibrate may increase the effect of sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Colesevelam Colesevelam may decrease the serum concentration of Glyburide. Glyburide should be administered at least 4 hours before colesevelam to minimize the risk of an interaction.
Cyclosporine The sulfonylurea, glibenclamide, may increase the effect of cyclosporine.
Diazoxide Antagonism.
Dicumarol Dicumarol may increase the effect of sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Esmolol The beta-blocker, esmolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Glucosamine Possible hyperglycemia
Labetalol The beta-blocker, labetalol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Magnesium salicylate The salicylate, magnesium salicylate, increases the effect of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Metoprolol The beta-blocker, metoprolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Nadolol The beta-blocker, nadolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Oxprenolol The beta-blocker, oxprenolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Penbutolol The beta-blocker, penbutolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone increases the effect of the hypoglycemic agent
Pindolol The beta-blocker, pindolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Practolol The beta-blocker, practolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Propranolol The beta-blocker, propranolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Rifampin Rifampin may decrease the effect of sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Salicylate-sodium The salicylate, salicylate-sodium, increases the effect of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Salsalate The salicylate, salsalate, increases the effect of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Somatropin recombinant Somatropin may antagonize the hypoglycemic effect of glibenclamide. Monitor for changes in fasting and postprandial blood sugars.
Sotalol The beta-blocker, sotalol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Timolol The beta-blocker, timolol, may decrease symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Trisalicylate-choline The salicylate, trisalicylate-choline, increases the effect of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take 30-60 minutes before breakfast.
Targets

1. ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: modulator

Putative subunit of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP). Regulator of ATP-sensitive K+ channels and insulin release

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q09428 Link_out
Gene: ABCC8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Dabrowski M, Ashcroft FM, Ashfield R, Lebrun P, Pirotte B, Egebjerg J, Bondo Hansen J, Wahl P: The novel diazoxide analog 3-isopropylamino-7-methoxy-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide is a selective Kir6.2/SUR1 channel opener. Diabetes. 2002 Jun;51(6):1896-906. Pubmed
  2. Hambrock A, Preisig-Muller R, Russ U, Piehl A, Hanley PJ, Ray J, Daut J, Quast U, Derst C: Four novel splice variants of sulfonylurea receptor 1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 Aug;283(2):C587-98. Pubmed
  3. Hambrock A, Loffler-Walz C, Quast U: Glibenclamide binding to sulphonylurea receptor subtypes: dependence on adenine nucleotides. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug;136(7):995-1004. Pubmed
  4. Nielsen FE, Bodvarsdottir TB, Worsaae A, MacKay P, Stidsen CE, Boonen HC, Pridal L, Arkhammar PO, Wahl P, Ynddal L, Junager F, Dragsted N, Tagmose TM, Mogensen JP, Koch A, Treppendahl SP, Hansen JB: 6-Chloro-3-alkylamino-4H-thieno[3,2-e]-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives potently and selectively activate ATP sensitive potassium channels of pancreatic beta-cells. J Med Chem. 2002 Sep 12;45(19):4171-87. Pubmed
  5. Babenko AP, Bryan J: SUR-dependent modulation of KATP channels by an N-terminal KIR6.2 peptide. Defining intersubunit gating interactions. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 15;277(46):43997-4004. Epub 2002 Sep 3. Pubmed
  6. Ueda K, Komine J, Matsuo M, Seino S, Amachi T: Cooperative binding of ATP and MgADP in the sulfonylurea receptor is modulated by glibenclamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 16;96(4):1268-72. Pubmed

2. ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

In the kidney, probably plays a major role in potassium homeostasis. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. This channel is activated by internal ATP and can be blocked by external barium

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48048 Link_out
Gene: KCNJ1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Pondugula SR, Raveendran NN, Ergonul Z, Deng Y, Chen J, Sanneman JD, Palmer LG, Marcus DC: Glucocorticoid regulation of genes in the amiloride-sensitive sodium transport pathway by semicircular canal duct epithelium of neonatal rat. Physiol Genomics. 2006 Jan 12;24(2):114-23. Epub 2005 Nov 1. Pubmed
  2. Lu M, Leng Q, Egan ME, Caplan MJ, Boulpaep EL, Giebisch GH, Hebert SC: CFTR is required for PKA-regulated ATP sensitivity of Kir1.1 potassium channels in mouse kidney. J Clin Invest. 2006 Mar;116(3):797-807. Epub 2006 Feb 9. Pubmed

3. G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by external barium

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48544 Link_out
Gene: KCNJ5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

4. ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 9

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: modulator

Subunit of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). Can form cardiac and smooth muscle-type KATP channels with KIR6.2. KIR6.2 forms the channel pore while SUR2 is required for activation and regulation

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O60706 Link_out
Gene: ABCC9 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hambrock A, Loffler-Walz C, Quast U: Glibenclamide binding to sulphonylurea receptor subtypes: dependence on adenine nucleotides. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug;136(7):995-1004. Pubmed
  2. Rainbow RD, James M, Hudman D, Al Johi M, Singh H, Watson PJ, Ashmole I, Davies NW, Lodwick D, Norman RI: Proximal C-terminal domain of sulphonylurea receptor 2A interacts with pore-forming Kir6 subunits in KATP channels. Biochem J. 2004 Apr 1;379(Pt 1):173-81. Pubmed
  3. Felsch H, Lange U, Hambrock A, Loffler-Walz C, Russ U, Carroll WA, Gopalakrishnan M, Quast U: Interaction of a novel dihydropyridine K+ channel opener, A-312110, with recombinant sulphonylurea receptors and KATP channels: comparison with the cyanoguanidine P1075. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Apr;141(7):1098-105. Epub 2004 Mar 15. Pubmed
  4. Zhao JL, Yang YJ, You SJ, Jing ZC, Wu YJ, Cheng JL, Gao RL: Pretreatment with fosinopril or valsartan reduces myocardial no-reflow after acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion. Coron Artery Dis. 2006 Aug;17(5):463-9. Pubmed
  5. Wang YH, Zheng HY, Qin NL, Yu SB, Liu SY: Involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in proliferation and differentiation of rat preadipocytes. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2007 Feb 25;59(1):8-12. Pubmed

5. Bile salt export pump

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95342 Link_out
Gene: ABCB11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Byrne JA, Strautnieks SS, Mieli-Vergani G, Higgins CF, Linton KJ, Thompson RJ: The human bile salt export pump: characterization of substrate specificity and identification of inhibitors. Gastroenterology. 2002 Nov;123(5):1649-58. Pubmed
  2. Kemp DC, Brouwer KL: Viability assessment in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes after xenobiotic exposure. Toxicol In Vitro. 2004 Dec;18(6):869-77. Pubmed
  3. Horikawa M, Kato Y, Tyson CA, Sugiyama Y: Potential cholestatic activity of various therapeutic agents assessed by bile canalicular membrane vesicles isolated from rats and humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2003;18(1):16-22. Pubmed

6. ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

cAMP-dependent and sulfonylurea-sensitive anion transporter. Key gatekeeper influencing intracellular cholesterol transport

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95477 Link_out
Gene: ABCA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Reddy ST, Hama S, Ng C, Grijalva V, Navab M, Fogelman AM: ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 participates in LDL oxidation by artery wall cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Nov 1;22(11):1877-83. Pubmed
  2. Muhl H, Hofler S, Pfeilschifter J: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide/ATP-induced release of interleukin-18 by KN-62 and glyburide. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Dec 15;482(1-3):325-8. Pubmed
  3. Agassandian M, Mathur SN, Zhou J, Field FJ, Mallampalli RK: Oxysterols trigger ABCA1-mediated basolateral surfactant efflux. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004 Aug;31(2):227-33. Epub 2004 Mar 23. Pubmed
  4. Nieland TJ, Chroni A, Fitzgerald ML, Maliga Z, Zannis VI, Kirchhausen T, Krieger M: Cross-inhibition of SR-BI- and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol transport by the small molecules BLT-4 and glyburide. J Lipid Res. 2004 Jul;45(7):1256-65. Epub 2004 Apr 21. Pubmed
  5. Alder-Baerens N, Muller P, Pohl A, Korte T, Hamon Y, Chimini G, Pomorski T, Herrmann A: Headgroup-specific exposure of phospholipids in ABCA1-expressing cells. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 15;280(28):26321-9. Epub 2005 May 19. Pubmed

7. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: antagonist

Involved in the transport of chloride ions. May regulate bicarbonate secretion and salvage in epithelial cells by regulating the SLC4A7 transporter

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P13569 Link_out
Gene: CFTR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Reddy MM, Quinton PM: Effect of anion transport blockers on CFTR in the human sweat duct. J Membr Biol. 2002 Sep 1;189(1):15-25. Pubmed
  2. Jiang J, Song Y, Bai C, Koller BH, Matthay MA, Verkman AS: Pleural surface fluorescence measurement of Na+ and Cl- transport across the air space-capillary barrier. J Appl Physiol. 2003 Jan;94(1):343-52. Epub 2002 Aug 30. Pubmed
  3. Zhou Z, Hu S, Hwang TC: Probing an open CFTR pore with organic anion blockers. J Gen Physiol. 2002 Nov;120(5):647-62. Pubmed
  4. Larsen EH, Amstrup J, Willumsen NJ: Beta-adrenergic receptors couple to CFTR chloride channels of intercalated mitochondria-rich cells in the heterocellular toad skin epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Dec 30;1618(2):140-52. Pubmed
  5. Lee SY, Lee CO: Inhibition of Na+-K+ pump and L-type Ca2+ channel by glibenclamide in Guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):61-8. Epub 2004 Sep 13. Pubmed

8. ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: modulator

This receptor is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by extracellular barium

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q14654 Link_out
Gene: KCNJ11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Hambrock A, Loffler-Walz C, Quast U: Glibenclamide binding to sulphonylurea receptor subtypes: dependence on adenine nucleotides. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug;136(7):995-1004. Pubmed
  2. Nielsen FE, Bodvarsdottir TB, Worsaae A, MacKay P, Stidsen CE, Boonen HC, Pridal L, Arkhammar PO, Wahl P, Ynddal L, Junager F, Dragsted N, Tagmose TM, Mogensen JP, Koch A, Treppendahl SP, Hansen JB: 6-Chloro-3-alkylamino-4H-thieno[3,2-e]-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives potently and selectively activate ATP sensitive potassium channels of pancreatic beta-cells. J Med Chem. 2002 Sep 12;45(19):4171-87. Pubmed
  3. Gojkovic-Bukarica L, Hambrock A, Loffler-Walz C, Quast U, Russ U: Mg2+ sensitizes KATP channels to inhibition by DIDS: dependence on the sulphonylurea receptor subunit. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;137(4):429-40. Pubmed
  4. Ball AJ, McCluskey JT, Flatt PR, McClenaghan NH: Chronic exposure to tolbutamide and glibenclamide impairs insulin secretion but not transcription of K(ATP) channel components. Pharmacol Res. 2004 Jul;50(1):41-6. Pubmed
  5. Lim JG, Lee HY, Yun JE, Kim SP, Park JW, Suh SI, Jang BC, Cho CH, Bae JH, Kim SS, Han J, Park MJ, Song DK: Taurine block of cloned ATP-sensitive K+ channels with different sulfonylurea receptor subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 1;68(5):901-10. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.
  3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2

Actions: inhibitor

May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions

UniProt ID: O15438 Link_out
Gene: ABCC3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gedeon C, Behravan J, Koren G, Piquette-Miller M: Transport of glyburide by placental ABC transporters: implications in fetal drug exposure. Placenta. 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1096-102. Epub 2006 Feb 3. Pubmed

2. Bile salt export pump

Actions: inhibitor

Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes

UniProt ID: O95342 Link_out
Gene: ABCB11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Byrne JA, Strautnieks SS, Mieli-Vergani G, Higgins CF, Linton KJ, Thompson RJ: The human bile salt export pump: characterization of substrate specificity and identification of inhibitors. Gastroenterology. 2002 Nov;123(5):1649-58. Pubmed
  2. Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Fluorescent substrates of sister-P-glycoprotein (BSEP) evaluated as markers of active transport and inhibition: evidence for contingent unequal binding sites. Pharm Res. 2003 Apr;20(4):537-44. Pubmed
  3. Noe J, Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ, St-Pierre MV: Characterization of the mouse bile salt export pump overexpressed in the baculovirus system. Hepatology. 2001 May;33(5):1223-31. Pubmed
  4. Funk C, Pantze M, Jehle L, Ponelle C, Scheuermann G, Lazendic M, Gasser R: Troglitazone-induced intrahepatic cholestasis by an interference with the hepatobiliary export of bile acids in male and female rats. Correlation with the gender difference in troglitazone sulfate formation and the inhibition of the canalicular bile salt export pump (Bsep) by troglitazone and troglitazone sulfate. Toxicology. 2001 Oct 5;167(1):83-98. Pubmed
  5. Stieger B, Fattinger K, Madon J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Meier PJ: Drug- and estrogen-induced cholestasis through inhibition of the hepatocellular bile salt export pump (Bsep) of rat liver. Gastroenterology. 2000 Feb;118(2):422-30. Pubmed

3. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Golstein PE, Boom A, van Geffel J, Jacobs P, Masereel B, Beauwens R: P-glycoprotein inhibition by glibenclamide and related compounds. Pflugers Arch. 1999 Apr;437(5):652-60. Pubmed

4. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

May participate directly in the active transport of drugs into subcellular organelles or influence drug distribution indirectly. Confers resistance to anticancer drugs. Transports LTC4. May protect milk against xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P33527 Link_out
Gene: ABCC1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Payen L, Delugin L, Courtois A, Trinquart Y, Guillouzo A, Fardel O: The sulphonylurea glibenclamide inhibits multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) activity in human lung cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;132(3):778-84. Pubmed
  2. Gedeon C, Behravan J, Koren G, Piquette-Miller M: Transport of glyburide by placental ABC transporters: implications in fetal drug exposure. Placenta. 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1096-102. Epub 2006 Feb 3. Pubmed

5. Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform

Actions: inhibitor

Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products

UniProt ID: P46059 Link_out
Gene: SLC15A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sawada K, Terada T, Saito H, Hashimoto Y, Inui K: Effects of glibenclamide on glycylsarcosine transport by the rat peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;128(6):1159-64. Pubmed

6. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity)

UniProt ID: P46721 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Shitara Y, Sugiyama D, Kusuhara H, Kato Y, Abe T, Meier PJ, Itoh T, Sugiyama Y: Comparative inhibitory effects of different compounds on rat oatpl (slc21a1)- and Oatp2 (Slc21a5)-mediated transport. Pharm Res. 2002 Feb;19(2):147-53. Pubmed

7. Oligopeptide transporter, kidney isoform

Actions: inhibitor

Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides

UniProt ID: Q16348 Link_out
Gene: SLC15A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sawada K, Terada T, Saito H, Hashimoto Y, Inui K: Effects of glibenclamide on glycylsarcosine transport by the rat peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;128(6):1159-64. Pubmed

8. Solute carrier family 22 member 6

Actions: inhibitor
UniProt ID: Q4U2R8 Link_out
Gene: hROAT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Uwai Y, Saito H, Hashimoto Y, Inui K: Inhibitory effect of anti-diabetic agents on rat organic anion transporter rOAT1. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 16;398(2):193-7. Pubmed

9. Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter

UniProt ID: Q92887 Link_out
Gene: ABCC2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gedeon C, Behravan J, Koren G, Piquette-Miller M: Transport of glyburide by placental ABC transporters: implications in fetal drug exposure. Placenta. 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1096-102. Epub 2006 Feb 3. Pubmed
  2. Payen L, Delugin L, Courtois A, Trinquart Y, Guillouzo A, Fardel O: The sulphonylurea glibenclamide inhibits multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) activity in human lung cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;132(3):778-84. Pubmed

10. ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Xenobiotic transporter that may play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain. May be involved in brain-to-blood efflux. Appears to play a major role in the multidrug resistance phenotype of several cancer cell lines. When overexpressed, the transfected cells become resistant to mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, display diminished intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, and manifest an ATP- dependent increase in the efflux of rhodamine 123

UniProt ID: Q9UNQ0 Link_out
Gene: ABCG2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gedeon C, Behravan J, Koren G, Piquette-Miller M: Transport of glyburide by placental ABC transporters: implications in fetal drug exposure. Placenta. 2006 Nov-Dec;27(11-12):1096-102. Epub 2006 Feb 3. Pubmed
  2. Pollex EK, Anger G, Hutson J, Koren G, Piquette-Miller M: Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated glyburide transport: effect of the C421A/Q141K BCRP single-nucleotide polymorphism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 May;38(5):740-4. Epub 2010 Feb 16. Pubmed

11. Solute carrier family 22 member 7

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha- ketoglutarate

UniProt ID: Q9Y694 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Morita N, Kusuhara H, Sekine T, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional characterization of rat organic anion transporter 2 in LLC-PK1 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Sep;298(3):1179-84. Pubmed

12. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1

Actions: substrate

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost

UniProt ID: O94956 Link_out
Gene: SLCO2B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Satoh H, Yamashita F, Tsujimoto M, Murakami H, Koyabu N, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Citrus juices inhibit the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):518-23. Epub 2005 Jan 7. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Serum albumin

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
Gene: ALB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Crooks MJ, Brown KF: The binding of sulphonylureas to serum albumin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1974 May;26(5):304-11. Pubmed
  2. Hsu PL, Ma JK, Luzzi LA: Interactions of sulfonylureas with plasma proteins. J Pharm Sci. 1974 Apr;63(4):570-3. Pubmed
  3. Brown KF, Crooks MJ: Displacement of tolbutamide, glibencalmide and chlorpropamide from serum albumin by anionic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1976 May 15;25(10):1175-8. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19