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Showing drug card for Isosorbide Mononitrate (DB01020)

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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-06-23 18:06:29
Primary Accession Number DB01020
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00528
Name Isosorbide Mononitrate
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description Isosorbide mononitrate is a drug used principally in the treatment of angina pectoris[1] and acts by dilating the blood vessels so as to reduce the blood pressure. It is sold by AstraZeneca under the trade name Imdur. Isosorbide mononitrate is used to for the the prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris; that is, it is taken in order to prevent or at least reduce the occurrence of angina. Research on Isosorbide mononitrate as a cervical ripener to reduce time at hospital to birth is supportive. Isosorbide mononitrate is an active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate and exerts qualitatively similar effects. Isosorbide mononitrate reduces the workload of the heart by producing venous and arterial dilation. By reducing the end diastolic pressure and volume, isosorbide mononitrate lowers intramural pressure, hence leading to an improvement in the subendocardial blood flow. The net effect when administering isosorbide mononitrate is therefore a reduced workload for the heart and an improvement in the oxygen supply/demand balance of the myocardium. The adverse reactions which follow have been reported in studies with isosorbide mononitrate: Very common. Headache predominates (up to 30%) necessitating withdrawal of 2 to 3 % of patients, but the incidence reduces rapidly as treatment continues . Common. Tiredness, sleep disturbances (6%) and gastrointestinal disturbances (6%) have been reported during clinical trials with isosorbide mononitrate modified release tablets, but at a frequency no greater than for placebo. Hypotension (4 to 5%), poor appetite (2.5%), nausea (1%). Adverse effects associated with the clinical use of the drug are as expected with all nitrate preparations. They occur mainly in the early stages of treatment. Hypotension (4%) with symptoms such as dizziness and nausea (1%) have been reported. These symptoms generally disappear during long-term treatment. Other reactions that have been reported with isosorbide mononitrate modified release tablets include tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhoea, vertigo and heartburn
Synonyms
  1. IHD
  2. ISMN
  3. Isosorbidi Mononitras [Latin]
  4. Mononitrate d'Isosorbide [French]
  5. Mononitrato de Isosorbida [Spanish]
  6. Monosorbitrate
Brand Names
  1. Conpin
  2. Conpin Retardkaps
  3. Corangin
  4. Corangin Sr
  5. Duride
  6. Edistol
  7. Elantan
  8. Elantan Long
  9. Elantan Retard
  10. Epicordin
  11. Etimonis
  12. Fem-Mono
  13. IS 5MN
  14. ISMN AL
  15. Imazin
  16. Imdur
  17. Imdur 60
  18. Imdur Durules
  19. Imodur
  20. Imtrate
  21. Ismexin
  22. Ismn Abz
  23. Ismn Apogepha
  24. Ismn Atid
  25. Ismn Basics
  26. Ismn Heumann
  27. Ismn Hexal
  28. Ismn Lannacher
  29. Ismn Stada
  30. Ismo
  31. Ismo-20
  32. Ismox
  33. Isomon
  34. Isomonat
  35. Isomonit
  36. Isopen-20
  37. Iturol
  38. Medocor
  39. Monicor
  40. Monis
  41. Monisid
  42. Monit
  43. Monit 20
  44. Monizid
  45. Mono Corax
  46. Mono Corax Retard
  47. Mono Mack
  48. Mono-Mack
  49. Mono-Sanorania
  50. Monocedocard
  51. Monoclair
  52. Monocord 20
  53. Monocord 40
  54. Monocord 50 Sr
  55. Monodur Durules
  56. Monoket
  57. Monoket Od
  58. Monoket Retard
  59. Monolong
  60. Monolong 40
  61. Monolong 60
  62. Mononit
  63. Mononit 20
  64. Mononit 40
  65. Mononit Retard 50
  66. Monopront
  67. Monosigma
  68. Monosorb
  69. Monosordil
  70. Monotrate
  71. Multitab
  72. Nitex
  73. Nitramin
  74. Olicard
  75. Olicardin
  76. Orasorbil
  77. Pentacard
  78. Pentacard 20
  79. Percorina
  80. Pertil
  81. Plodin
  82. Promocard
  83. Sigacora
  84. Sorbimon
  85. Titarane
  86. Turimonit
  87. Uniket
  88. Vasdilat
  89. Vasotrate
Brand Mixtures Not Available
Chemical IUPAC Name [(3R,3aS,6S,6aR)-6-hydroxy-2,3,3a,5,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[2,3-d]furan-3-yl] nitrate
Chemical Formula C6H9NO6
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 16051-77-7
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C6H9NO6/c8-3-1-11-6-4(13-7(9)10)2-12-5(3)6/h3-6,8H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6+/m0/s1
InChI Key YWXYYJSYQOXTPL-SLPGGIOYBW
KEGG Drug D00630 Link Image
KEGG Compound C07714 Link Image
PubChem Compound 27661 Link Image
PubChem Substance 9916 Link Image
ChEBI ID Not Available
PharmGKB ID Not Available
HET ID Not Available
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 02126559 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/isomono2.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosorbide_mononitrate Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Hayward et al., Can.J.Chem., 45; 2191-2192 (1967) Gilmer JF et al., Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001 Oct;14(3):221-7
Average Molecular Weight 191.1388
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 191.0430
State Solid
Melting Point 88-91oC
Experimental Water Solubility 1.07E+005 mg/L Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 5.70e+01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -0.9 Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -0.74 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -0.53 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability Not Available
pKa/Isoelectric Point Not Available
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID Not Available
Isomeric SMILES O[C@H]1CO[C@@H]2[C@@H](CO[C@H]12)O[N+]([O-])=O
Canonical SMILES OC1COC2C(COC12)O[N+]([O-])=O
Drug Category
  • Nitrates and Nitrites
  • Nitric Oxide Donors
  • Vasodilator Agents
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes Not Available
Indication For the prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease and the treatment of acute and chronic angina pectoris, hypertension, and myocardial infarction.
Pharmacology Isosorbide-5-mononitrate, the long-acting metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate, is used as a vasodilatory agent in the management of angina pectoris. By dilating the vessels, it lowers the blood pressure and reduces the left ventricular preload and afterload, therefore, leads to a reduction of myocardial oxygen requirement.
Mechanism of Action Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, Isosorbide Mononitrate is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase (Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A). This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation.
Absorption 100%
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include vasodilatation, venous pooling, reduced cardiac output, and hypotension. There are no data suggesting what dose of isosorbide mononitrate is likely to be life-threatening in humans. In rats and mice, there is significant lethality at doses of 2000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg, respectively.
Protein Binding 5%
Biotransformation Hepatic
Half Life 5 hours
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Tablet Oral
Tablet, extended release Oral
Patient Information Show Link Image
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Dihydroergotamine Possible antagonism of action
Dihydroergotoxine Possible antagonism of action
Ergonovine Possible antagonism of action
Ergotamine Possible antagonism of action
Methylergonovine Possible antagonism of action
Methysergide Possible antagonism of action
Sildenafil Possible significant hypotension with this combination
Tadalafil Possible significant hypotension with this combination
Vardenafil Possible significant hypotension with this combination
Food Interactions
  • Take without regard to meals.
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Drugs.com Link Image
  2. Wikipedia Link Image
  3. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzymes
  1. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Targets
  1. Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A
Phase 1 Metabolizing Enzyme 1 [top]
Enzyme 1 Name Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Enzyme 1 Gene Name CYP3A4
Enzyme 1 SwissProt ID P08684 Link Image
Enzyme 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Enzyme 1 Protein Sequence >sp|P08684|CP3A4_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A4 (EC 1.14.13.67) 
ALIPDLAMETWLLLAVSLVLLYLYGTHSHGLFKKLGIPGPTPLPFLGNILSYHKGFCMFD
MECHKKYGKVWGFYDGQQPVLAITDPDMIKTVLVKECYSVFTNRRPFGPVGFMKSAISIA
EDEEWKRLRSLLSPTFTSGKLKEMVPIIAQYGDVLVRNLRREAETGKPVTLKDVFGAYSM
DVITSTSFGVNIDSLNNPQDPFVENTKKLLRFDFLDPFFLSITVFPFLIPILEVLNICVF
PREVTNFLRKSVKRMKESRLEDTQKHRVDFLQLMIDSQNSKETESHKALSDLELVAQSII
FIFAGYETTSSVLSFIMYELATHPDVQQKLQEEIDAVLPNKAPPTYDTVLQMEYLDMVVN
ETLRLFPIAMRLERVCKKDVEINGMFIPKGWVVMIPSYALHRDPKYWTEPEKFLPERFSK
KNKDNIDPYIYTPFGSGPRNCIGMRFALMNMKLALIRVLQNFSFKPCKETQIPLKLSLGG
LLQPEKPVVLKVESRDGTVSGA
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 613
Target 1 Name Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. ANP-A
  2. ANPRA
  3. Atrial natriuretic peptide A-type receptor
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A precursor
  5. EC 4.6.1.2
  6. GC-A
  7. Guanylate cyclase
  8. NPR-A
Target 1 Gene Name NPR1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A precursor 
MPGPRRPAGSRLRLLLLLLLPPLLLLLRGSHAGNLTVAVVLPLANTSYPWSWARVGPAVE
LALAQVKARPDLLPGWTVRTVLGSSENALGVCSDTAAPLAAVDLKWEHNPAVFLGPGCVY
AAAPVGRFTAHWRVPLLTAGAPALGFGVKDEYALTTRAGPSYAKLGDFVAALHRRLGWER
QALMLYAYRPGDEEHCFFLVEGLFMRVRDRLNITVDHLEFAEDDLSHYTRLLRTMPRKGR
VIYICSSPDAFRTLMLLALEAGLCGEDYVFFHLDIFGQSLQGGQGPAPRRPWERGDGQDV
SARQAFQAAKIITYKDPDNPEYLEFLKQLKHLAYEQFNFTMEDGLVNTIPASFHDGLLLY
IQAVTETLAHGGTVTDGENITQRMWNRSFQGVTGYLKIDSSGDRETDFSLWDMDPENGAF
RVVLNYNGTSQELVAVSGRKLNWPLGYPPPDIPKCGFDNEDPACNQDHLSTLEVLALVGS
LSLLGILIVSFFIYRKMQLEKELASELWRVRWEDVEPSSLERHLRSAGSRLTLSGRGSNY
GSLLTTEGQFQVFAKTAYYKGNLVAVKRVNRKRIELTRKVLFELKHMRDVQNEHLTRFVG
ACTDPPNICILTEYCPRGSLQDILENESITLDWMFRYSLTNDIVKGMLFLHNGAICSHGN
LKSSNCVVDGRFVLKITDYGLESFRDLDPEQGHTVYAKKLWTAPELLRMASPPVRGSQAG
DVYSFGIILQEIALRSGVFHVEGLDLSPKEIIERVTRGEQPPFRPSLALQSHLEELGLLM
QRCWAEDPQERPPFQQIRLTLRKFNRENSSNILDNLLSRMEQYANNLEELVEERTQAYLE
EKRKAEALLYQILPHSVAEQLKRGETVQAEAFDSVTIYFSDIVGFTALSAESTPMQVVTL
LNDLYTCFDAVIDNFDVYKVETIGDAYMVVSGLPVRNGRLHACEVARMALALLDAVRSFR
IRHRPQEQLRLRIGIHTGPVCAGVVGLKMPRYCLFGDTVNTASRMESNGEALKIHLSSET
KAVLEEFGGFELELRGDVEMKGKGKVRTYWLLGERGSSTRG
Target 1 Number of Residues 1078
Target 1 Molecular Weight 118921
Target 1 Theoretical pI 6.61
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
protein-tyrosine kinase activity
binding
nucleotide binding
purine nucleotide binding
adenyl nucleotide binding
ATP binding
transferase activity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
kinase activity
protein kinase activity
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
peptide receptor activity, G-protein coupled
catalytic activity
lyase activity
phosphorus-oxygen lyase activity
Process
macromolecule metabolism
biopolymer metabolism
biopolymer modification
protein modification
protein amino acid phosphorylation
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleotide metabolism
nucleotide biosynthesis
cyclic nucleotide biosynthesis
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
intracellular signaling cascade
Component
cell
membrane
Target 1 General Function Signal transduction mechanisms
Target 1 Specific Function Receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Has guanylate cyclase activity on binding of ANF
Target 1 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Purine metabolism SMP00050 Link Image map00230 Link Image
Target 1 Reactions
  • GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • 1-32
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 474-494
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 28230 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P16066 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ANPRA_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • single-pass type I membrane protein
Target 1 Gene Sequence >3186 bp 
ATGCCGGGGCCCCGGCGCCCCGCTGGCTCCCGCCTGCGCCTGCTCCTGCTCCTGCTGCTG
CCGCCGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTCCGGGGCAGCCACGCGGGCAACCTGACGGTAGCCGTGGTA
CTGCCGCTGGCCAATACCTCGTACCCCTGGTCGTGGGCGCGCGTGGGACCCGCCGTGGAG
CTGGCCCTGGCCCAGGTGAAGGCGCGCCCCGACTTGCTGCCGGGCTGGACGGTCCGCACG
GTGCTGGGCAGCAGCGAAAACGCGCTGGGCGTCTGCTCCGACACCGCAGCGCCCCTGGCC
GCGGTGGACCTCAAGTGGGAGCACAACCCCGCTGTGTTCCTGGGCCCCGGCTGCGTGTAC
GCCGCCGCCCCAGTGGGGCGCTTCACCGCGCACTGGCGGGTCCCGCTGCTGACCGCCGGC
GCCCCGGCGCTGGGCTTCGGTGTCAAGGACGAGTATGCGCTGACCACCCGCGCGGGGCCC
AGCTACGCCAAGCTGGGGGACTTCGTGGCGGCGCTGCACCGACGGCTGGGCTGGGAGCGC
CAAGCGCTCATGCTCTACGCCTACCGGCCGGGTGACGAAGAGCACTGCTTCTTCCTCGTG
GAGGGGCTGTTCATGCGGGTCCGCGACCGCCTCAATATTACGGTGGACCACCTGGAGTTC
GCCGAGGACGACCTCAGCCACTACACCAGGCTGCTGCGGACCATGCCGCGCAAAGGCCGA
GTTATCTACATCTGCAGCTCCCCTGATGCCTTCAGAACCCTCATGCTCCTGGCCCTGGAA
GCTGGCTTGTGTGGGGAGGACTACGTTTTCTTCCACCTGGATATCTTTGGGCAAAGCCTG
CAAGGTGGACAGGGCCCTGCTCCCCGCAGGCCCTGGGAGAGAGGGGATGGGCAGGATGTC
AGTGCCCGCCAGGCCTTTCAGGCTGCCAAAATCATTACATATAAAGACCCAGATAATCCC
GAGTACTTGGAATTCCTGAAGCAGTTAAAACACCTGGCCTATGAGCAGTTCAACTTCACC
ATGGAGGATGGCCTGGTGAACACCATCCCAGCATCCTTCCACGACGGGCTCCTGCTCTAT
ATCCAGGCAGTGACGGAGACTCTGGCACATGGGGGAACTGTTACTGATGGGGAGAACATC
ACTCAGCGGATGTGGAACCGAAGCTTTCAAGGTGTGACAGGATACCTGAAAATTGATAGC
AGTGGCGATCGGGAAACAGACTTCTCCCTCTGGGATATGGATCCCGAGAATGGTGCCTTC
AGGGTTGTACTGAACTACAATGGGACTTCCCAAGAGCTGGTGGCTGTGTCGGGGCGCAAA
CTGAACTGGCCCCTGGGGTACCCTCCTCCTGACATCCCCAAATGTGGCTTTGACAACGAA
GACCCAGCATGCAACCAAGATCACCTTTCCACCCTGGAGGTGCTGGCTTTGGTGGGCAGC
CTCTCCTTGCTCGGCATTCTGATTGTCTCCTTCTTCATATACAGGAAGATGCAGCTGGAG
AAGGAACTGGCCTCGGAGCTGTGGCGGGTGCGCTGGGAGGACGTTGAGCCCAGTAGCCTT
GAGAGGCACCTGCGGAGTGCAGGCAGCCGGCTGACCCTGAGCGGGAGAGGCTCCAATTAC
GGCTCCCTGCTAACCACAGAGGGCCAGTTCCAAGTCTTTGCCAAGACAGCATATTATAAG
GGCAACCTCGTGGCTGTGAAACGTGTGAACCGTAAACGCATTGAGCTGACACGAAAAGTC
CTGTTTGAACTGAAGCATATGCGGGATGTGCAGAATGAACACCTGACCAGGTTTGTGGGA
GCCTGCACCGACCCCCCCAATATCTGCATCCTCACAGAGTACTGTCCCCGTGGGAGCCTG
CAGGACATTCTGGAGAATGAGAGCATCACCCTGGACTGGATGTTCCGGTACTCACTCACC
AATGACATCGTCAAGGGCATGCTGTTTCTACACAATGGGGCTATCTGTTCCCATGGGAAC
CTCAAGTCATCCAACTGCGTGGTAGATGGGCGCTTTGTGCTCAAGATCACCGACTATGGG
CTGGAGAGCTTCAGGGACCTGGACCCAGAGCAAGGACACACCGTTTATGCCAAAAAGCTG
TGGACGGCCCCTGAGCTCCTGCGAATGGCTTCACCCCCTGTGCGGGGCTCCCAGGCTGGT
GACGTATACAGCTTTGGGATCATCCTTCAGGAGATTGCCCTGAGGAGTGGGGTCTTCCAC
GTGGAAGGTTTGGACCTGAGCCCCAAAGAGATCATCGAGCGGGTGACTCGGGGTGAGCAG
CCCCCCTTCCGGCCCTCCCTGGCCCTGCAGAGTCACCTGGAGGAGTTGGGGCTGCTCATG
CAGCGGTGCTGGGCTGAGGACCCACAGGAGAGGCCACCATTCCAGCAGATCCGCCTGACG
TTGCGCAAATTTAACAGGGAGAACAGCAGCAACATCCTGGACAACCTGCTGTCCCGCATG
GAGCAGTACGCGAACAATCTGGAGGAACTGGTGGAGGAGCGGACCCAGGCATACCTGGAG
GAGAAGCGCAAGGCTGAGGCCCTGCTCTACCAGATCCTGCCTCACTCAGTGGCTGAGCAG
CTGAAGCGTGGGGAGACGGTGCAGGCCGAAGCCTTTGACAGTGTTACCATCTACTTCAGT
GACATTGTGGGTTTCACAGCGCTGTCGGCGGAGAGCACACCCATGCAGGTGGTGACCCTG
CTCAATGACCTGTACACTTGCTTTGATGCTGTCATAGACAACTTTGATGTGTACAAGGTG
GAGACAATTGGCGATGCCTACATGGTGGTGTCAGGGCTCCCTGTGCGGAACGGGCGGCTA
CACGCCTGCGAGGTAGCCCGCATGGCCCTGGCACTGCTGGATGCTGTGCGCTCCTTCCGA
ATCCGCCACCGGCCCCAGGAGCAGCTGCGCTTGCGCATTGGCATCCACACAGGACCTGTG
TGTGCTGGAGTGGTGGGACTGAAGATGCCCCGTTACTGTCTCTTTGGGGATACAGTCAAC
ACAGCCTCAAGAATGGAGTCTAATGGGGAAGCCCTGAAGATCCACTTGTCTTCTGAGACC
AAGGCTGTCCTGGAGGAGTTTGGTGGTTTCGAGCTGGAGCTTCGAGGGGATGTAGAAATG
AAGGGCAAAGGCAAGGTTCGGACCTACTGGCTCCTTGGGGAGAGGGGGAGTAGCACCCGA
GGCTGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID NPR1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID NPR1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:7943 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 1
Target 1 Locus 1q21-q22
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Lowe DG, Chang MS, Hellmiss R, Chen E, Singh S, Garbers DL, Goeddel DV: Human atrial natriuretic peptide receptor defines a new paradigm for second messenger signal transduction. EMBO J. 1989 May;8(5):1377-84. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Pardhasaradhi K, Kutty RK, Gentleman S, Krishna G: Expression of mRNA for atrial natriuretic peptide receptor guanylate cyclase (ANPRA) in human retina. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1994 Feb;14(1):1-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Takahashi Y, Nakayama T, Soma M, Izumi Y, Kanmatsuse K: Organization of the human natriuretic peptide receptor A gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):736-9. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.