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Identification
Name Clonazepam
Accession Number DB01068 (APRD00054)
Type small molecule
Groups illicit, approved
Description

An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Chlonazepam
Clonazepamum
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Antelepsin
Antilepsin
Cloazepam
Clonopin
Iktorivil
Klonopin
Klonopin Rapidly Disintegrating
Landsen
Rivotril
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Benzodiazepines
  • GABA Modulators
CAS number 1622-61-3
Weight Average: 315.711
Monoisotopic: 315.041068908
Chemical Formula C15H10ClN3O3
InChI Key InChIKey=DGBIGWXXNGSACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C15H10ClN3O3/c16-12-4-2-1-3-10(12)15-11-7-9(19(21)22)5-6-13(11)18-14(20)8-17-15/h1-7H,8H2,(H,18,20)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
SMILES
[O-][N+](=O)C1=CC2=C(NC(=O)CN=C2C2=CC=CC=C2Cl)C=C1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Lactams
Substructures
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Nitrobenzenes
  • Oxoazaniums
  • Amino Ketones
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Aryl Halides
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Halobenzenes
  • Nitro compounds
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Diazepines
  • Lactams
  • Imines
  • Anilines
Pharmacology
Indication Used as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (petit mal variant), akinetic and myoclonic seizures.
Pharmacodynamics Clonazepam, a benzodiazepine, is used primarily as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of absence seizures, petit mal variant seizures (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome), akinetic and myoclonic seizures, and nocturnal myoclonus.
Mechanism of action Allosteric interactions between central benzodiazepine receptors and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors potentiate the effects of GABA. As GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, this results in increased inhibition of the ascending reticular activating system. Benzodiazepines, in this way, block the cortical and limbic arousal that occurs following stimulation of the reticular pathways.
Absorption Clonazepam is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. The absolute bioavailability of clonazepam is about 90%.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 85%
Metabolism Hepatic (cytochrome P450, including CYP3A). Biotransformation occurs mainly by reduction of the 7-nitro group to the 4-amino derivative. This derivative can be acetylated, hydroxylated, and glucuronidated.
Route of elimination Clonazepam is highly metabolized, with less than 2% unchanged clonazepam being excreted in the urine. Metabolites of Klonopin are excreted by the kidneys
Half life 30-40 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Somnolence, confusion, coma, and diminished reflexes
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Hoffmann la roche inc
  • Actavis elizabeth llc
  • Alphapharm party ltd
  • Apotex inc
  • Caraco pharmaceutical laboratories ltd
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Klonopin 2 mg tablet 2.85 USD tablet
Klonopin 1 mg tablet 2.17 USD tablet
Klonopin 0.5 mg tablet 1.91 USD tablet
ClonazePAM ODT 2 mg Dispersible Tablet 1.67 USD dispersible tablet
ClonazePAM ODT 0.25 mg Dispersible Tablet 1.22 USD dispersible tablet
ClonazePAM ODT 0.5 mg Dispersible Tablet 1.18 USD dispersible tablet
ClonazePAM ODT 0.125 mg Dispersible Tablet 1.17 USD dispersible tablet
ClonazePAM ODT 1 mg Dispersible Tablet 1.1 USD dispersible tablet
Clonazepam 2 mg tablet 0.81 USD tablet
Clonazepam 1 mg tablet 0.63 USD tablet
Clonazepam 0.5 mg tablet 0.61 USD tablet
Rivotril 2 mg Tablet 0.38 USD tablet
Rivotril 0.5 mg Tablet 0.22 USD tablet
Apo-Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Co Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Mylan-Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Novo-Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Phl-Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Pms-Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Ratio-Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Sandoz Clonazepam 2 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Co Clonazepam 1 mg Tablet 0.19 USD tablet
Phl-Clonazepam 1 mg Tablet 0.19 USD tablet
Pms-Clonazepam 1 mg Tablet 0.19 USD tablet
Sandoz Clonazepam 1 mg Tablet 0.19 USD tablet
Apo-Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Co Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Mylan-Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Novo-Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Phl-Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Phl-Clonazepam-R 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Pms-Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Pms-Clonazepam-R 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Ratio-Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Sandoz Clonazepam 0.5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Pms-Clonazepam 0.25 mg Tablet 0.07 USD tablet
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 237.5 °C PhysProp
water solubility 100 mg/L (at 25 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996)
logP 2.41 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.06e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.76 ALOGPS
logP 3.15 ChemAxon
logS -4.5 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 11.89 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 1.86 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 4 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon
polar surface area 87.28 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 2 ChemAxon
refractivity 84.02 ChemAxon
polarizability 29.59 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Dreifuss FE, Penry JK, Rose SW, Kupferberg HJ, Dyken P, Sato S: Serum clonazepam concentrations in children with absence seizures. Neurology. 1975 Mar;25(3):255-8. Pubmed
  2. Robertson MD, Drummer OH: Postmortem drug metabolism by bacteria. J Forensic Sci. 1995 May;40(3):382-6. Pubmed
  3. Rosen GM, Turner MJ 3rd: Synthesis of spin traps specific for hydroxyl radical. J Med Chem. 1988 Feb;31(2):428-32. Pubmed
  4. Rosen GM, Demos HA, Rauckman EJ: Not all aromatic nitro compounds form free radicals. Toxicol Lett. 1984 Aug;22(2):145-52. Pubmed
  5. Earley JV, Fryer RI, Ning RY: Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. LXXXIX: Haptens useful in benzodiazepine immunoassay development. J Pharm Sci. 1979 Jul;68(7):845-50. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00280 Link_out
PubChem Compound 2802 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46507677 Link_out
ChemSpider 2700 Link_out
BindingDB 50019213 Link_out
ChEBI 3756 Link_out
ChEMBL 3756 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000259 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449050 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2242078 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/clonaz.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/clonazepam.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam Link_out
ATC Codes
  • N03AE01
AHFS Codes
  • 28:12.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Cimetidine Cimetidine may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Clozapine Increased risk of toxicity
Fluconazole Fluconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Indinavir The protease inhibitor, indinavir, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Itraconazole Itraconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Kava Kava may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Ketoconazole Ketoconazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Nelfinavir The protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Omeprazole Omeprazole may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Ritonavir The protease inhibitor, ritonavir, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Saquinavir The protease inhibitor, saquinavir, may increase the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
St. John's Wort St. John's Wort may decrease the effect of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam.
Telithromycin Telithromycin may reduce clearance of Clonazepam. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Clonazepam if Telithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Tipranavir Tipranavir may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Clonazepam. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for Clonazepam toxic effects if Tipranavir is initiated or dose increased.
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Clonazepam, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Vigabatrin Vigabatrin increases Cmax of clonazepam by 30% and decreases Tmax by 45%
Voriconazole Voriconazole may increase the serum concentration of clonazepam by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for clonazepam toxicity if voriconazole is initiated or dose increased.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (Caffeine).
  • Take without regard to meals.
Targets

1. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14867 Link_out
Gene: GABRA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

2. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47869 Link_out
Gene: GABRA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

3. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P34903 Link_out
Gene: GABRA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

4. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48169 Link_out
Gene: GABRA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

5. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit alpha-5

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31644 Link_out
Gene: GABRA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

6. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P18505 Link_out
Gene: GABRB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

7. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47870 Link_out
Gene: GABRB2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

8. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit beta-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28472 Link_out
Gene: GABRB3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

9. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8N1C3 Link_out
Gene: GABRG1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

10. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P18507 Link_out
Gene: GABRG2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

11. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99928 Link_out
Gene: GABRG3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

12. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14764 Link_out
Gene: GABRD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

13. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P78334 Link_out
Gene: GABRE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

14. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. In the uterus, the function of the receptor appears to be related to tissue contractility. The binding of this pI subunit with other GABA(A) receptor subunits alters the sensitivity of recombinant receptors to modulatory agents such as pregnanolone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O00591 Link_out
Gene: GABRP Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

15. Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor subunit rho-1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-1 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P24046 Link_out
Gene: GABRR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

16. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-2 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28476 Link_out
Gene: GABRR2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

17. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel (By similarity)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: A8MPY1 Link_out
Gene: GABRR3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

18. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: potentiator

GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UN88 Link_out
Gene: GABRQ Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mohler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U: A new benzodiazepine pharmacology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jan;300(1):2-8. Pubmed
  2. Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S: Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Aug;118(2):69-86. Epub 2008 Mar 31. Pubmed

19. Translocator protein

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other/unknown

Responsible for the manifestation of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites and is most likely to comprise binding domains for benzodiazepines and isoquinoline carboxamides. May play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30536 Link_out
Gene: TSPO Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Carmel I, Fares FA, Leschiner S, Scherubl H, Weisinger G, Gavish M: Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in the regulation of proliferation of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Jul 15;58(2):273-8. Pubmed
  2. Bono F, Lamarche I, Prabonnaud V, Le Fur G, Herbert JM: Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonists exhibit potent antiapoptotic activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Nov 19;265(2):457-61. Pubmed
  3. Bolger GT, Abraham S, Oz N, Weissman BA: Interactions between peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligands and an activator of voltage-operated calcium channels. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;68(1):40-5. Pubmed
  4. Marano G, Massotti M, Spagnolo A, Carpi A: Enhancement of pharmacologically induced bronchoconstriction by Ro 5-4864. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Apr 10;179(1-2):237-40. Pubmed
  5. Awad M, Gavish M: Solubilization of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites from cat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 1989 Jun;52(6):1880-5. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Serum albumin

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

UniProt ID: P02768 Link_out
Gene: ALB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Pacifici GM, Viani A, Rizzo G, Carrai M, Rane A: Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in hepatic and renal insufficiency and after hemodialysis. Ther Drug Monit. 1987 Dec;9(4):369-73. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19