Atomoxetine hydrochlorideProduct ingredient for Atomoxetine

Name
Atomoxetine hydrochloride
Drug Entry
Atomoxetine

Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Also known as the marketed product Strattera, atomoxetine is used with other treatment modalities (psychological, educational, cognitive behaviour therapy, etc) to improve developmentally inappropriate symptoms associated with ADHD including distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and impulsivity. Although the underlying pathophysiology that causes ADHD remains unclear, evidence suggests that dysregulation in noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways plays a critical role in suboptimal executive functioning within prefrontal regions of the brain, which are involved in attention and memory.5 Atomoxetine has been shown to specifically increase NA and DA within the prefrontal cortex, but not in the nucleus accumbens (NA) or striatum.8 This is beneficial in the treatment of ADHD as DA activation in the subcortical NA and striatum is associated with many stimulant-associated side effects and an increase in abuse potential, which is a limiting factor associated with the use of stimulant medications such as Methylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, and Lisdexamfetamine.8 Use of non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine is therefore thought to offer a clinical advantage over the use of traditional medications for the management of ADHD. More recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that atomoxetine also binds to the serotonin transporter (SERT),9 and blocks the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor,10 indicating a role for the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of ADHD.

Long-acting formulations of psychostimulants (such as Methylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, and Lisdexamfetamine) are typically considered the most effective and first-line treatment for ADHD in adults and children as recommended by CADDRA (Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance).16 However, these stimulant medications are limited by dose-related side effects and concerns of abuse. Many contain a blackbox warning stating that CNS stimulants, including methylphenidate-containing products and amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. In particular, increased dopamine in key areas caused by these stimulant medications is associated with their reinforcing and addictive properties, and even amplifies the potency and reinforcing effects of other drugs of abuse such as amphetamines, making ADHD sufferers more susceptible to their addictive effects.6 Concerns about abuse potential have spurred research into medications with fewer effects on DA and the use of non-stimulant ADHD medications including atomoxetine, Modafinil and Guanfacine. The non-stimulant norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor Bupropion (commonly used for the treatment of depression and for smoking cessation) has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of ADHD.7

Accession Number
DBSALT001207
Structure
Synonyms
Atomoxetine HCl
UNII
57WVB6I2W0
CAS Number
82248-59-7
Weight
Average: 291.82
Monoisotopic: 291.138992
Chemical Formula
C17H22ClNO
InChI Key
LUCXVPAZUDVVBT-UNTBIKODSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H21NO.ClH/c1-14-8-6-7-11-16(14)19-17(12-13-18-2)15-9-4-3-5-10-15;/h3-11,17-18H,12-13H2,1-2H3;1H/t17-;/m1./s1
IUPAC Name
methyl[(3R)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropyl]amine hydrochloride
SMILES
Cl.CNCC[C@@H](OC1=C(C)C=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
KEGG Drug
D02574
ChemSpider
49515
ChEBI
331697
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1702
Wikipedia
Atomoxetine
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0039 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.95ALOGPS
logP3.81Chemaxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.8Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area21.26 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity79.44 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability29.77 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon