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Version 2.5
Creation Date 2005-06-13 13:24:05
Update Date 2009-04-16 16:47:53
Primary Accession Number DB00668
Secondary Accession Number
  • APRD00450
  • EXPT00496
Name Epinephrine
Drug Type
  • Approved
  • Small Molecule
Description The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [PubChem]
Synonyms
  1. ADR Adrenaline
  2. Adrenalin
  3. Adrenalin Chloride
  4. Adrenalina
  5. Adrenaline
  6. Adrenalinum
  7. D-Adrenaline
  8. D-Epifrin
  9. D-Epinephrine
  10. Epinefrin [Czech]
  11. Epinefrina [INN-Spanish]
  12. Epinephran
  13. Epinephrine Bitartrate
  14. Epinephrinum [INN-Latin]
  15. L-Adrenalin
  16. L-Adrenaline
  17. L-Adrenaline Base
  18. L-Epinephine
  19. L-Epinephrine
  20. L-Epirenamine
  21. Levoadrenaline
  22. Levoepinephrine
  23. Racepinefrina [inn-spanish]
  24. Racepinefrine
  25. Racepinefrinum [inn-latin]
  26. Racepinephrine
Brand Names
  1. ADROP
  2. Adnephrine
  3. Adrenal
  4. Adrenalin-Medihaler
  5. Adrenamine
  6. Adrenan
  7. Adrenapax
  8. Adrenasol
  9. Adrenatrate
  10. Adrenine
  11. Adrenodis
  12. Adrenohorma
  13. Adrenor
  14. Adrenosan
  15. Adrenutol
  16. Adrin
  17. Adrine
  18. Aktamin
  19. Ana-Guard
  20. Antiasthmatique
  21. Asmatane Mist
  22. Asthma Meter Mist
  23. Asthma-Nefrin
  24. Asthmahaler Mist
  25. Asthmanefrin
  26. Astmahalin
  27. Astminhal
  28. Balmadren
  29. Bernarenin
  30. Biorenine
  31. Bosmin
  32. Brevirenin
  33. Bronkaid
  34. Bronkaid Mist
  35. Bronkaid Suspension Mist
  36. Chelafrin
  37. Citanest Forte
  38. Corisol
  39. Drenamist
  40. Duranest
  41. Dylephrin
  42. Epi EZ Pen Jr
  43. Epifrin
  44. Epiglaufrin
  45. Epipen
  46. Epipen Auto-Injector
  47. Epipen EZ Pen
  48. Epipen Jr.
  49. Epipen Jr. Auto-Injector
  50. Epirenamine
  51. Epirenan
  52. Epirenin
  53. Epitrate
  54. Eppy
  55. Esphygmogenina
  56. Exadrin
  57. Glaucon
  58. Glaucosan
  59. Glauposine
  60. Glycirenan
  61. Haemostasin
  62. Haemostatin
  63. Hektalin
  64. Hemisine
  65. Hemostasin
  66. Hemostatin
  67. Hypernephrin
  68. Hyporenin
  69. IOP
  70. Intranefrin
  71. Iontocaine
  72. Isoptoepinal
  73. Kidoline
  74. Levonor
  75. Levorenen
  76. Levorenin
  77. Levorenine
  78. Lidocaton
  79. Lyophrin
  80. Medihaler-Epi
  81. Metanephrin
  82. Micronefrin
  83. Mucidrina
  84. Myosthenine
  85. Mytrate
  86. Nephridine
  87. Nephron
  88. Nieraline
  89. Nor-Epirenan
  90. Norartrinal
  91. Paranephrin
  92. Primatene Mist
  93. Renagladin
  94. Renaglandin
  95. Renaglandulin
  96. Renaleptine
  97. Renalina
  98. Renoform
  99. Renostypricin
  100. Renostypticin
  101. Renostyptin
  102. Scurenaline
  103. Septocaine
  104. Simplene
  105. Sindrenina
  106. Soladren
  107. Sphygmogenin
  108. Stryptirenal
  109. Styptirenal
  110. Supracapsulin
  111. Supradin
  112. Supranefran
  113. Supranephrane
  114. Supranephrine
  115. Supranol
  116. Suprarenaline
  117. Suprarenin
  118. Suprel
  119. Surenine
  120. Surrenine
  121. Sus-Phrine
  122. Susphrine
  123. Sympathin E
  124. Sympathin I
  125. Takamina
  126. Takamine
  127. Tokamina
  128. Tolansin
  129. Tolax
  130. Tolcil
  131. Tolhart
  132. Tonogen
  133. Twinject
  134. Vaponefrin
  135. Vasoconstrictine
  136. Vasodrine
  137. Vasoton
  138. Vasotonin
Brand Mixtures
  1. 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 1:100000 Inj Usp (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  2. 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 1:100000 Inj Usp (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  3. 2% Xylocaine Dental with Epinephrine 1:100,000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  4. 2% Xylocaine Dental with Epinephrine 1:50,000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  5. 4% Citanest Forte Dental with Epinephrine 1:200,000 (Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate) + Prilocaine Hydrochloride)
  6. Ad Plex (Celandine + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Milk Thistle + Phosphoric Acid + Propolis + Sodium Chloride)
  7. Ad Tonic (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Sarsaparilla + Sodium Chloride)
  8. Adaptagen (Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Copper + Elaeis Guineensis + Epinephrine + Ginkgo Biloba + Ginseng + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Ledum Palustre + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Picric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Selenium + Sepia Officinalis L + Silicon Dioxide + Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous) + Thuja Occidentalis + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B2)
  9. All- I (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Histamine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphorus + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Pulsatilla + Silicon Dioxide + Sodium Phosphate Dibasic)
  10. All-Ii (Epinephrine + Euphrasia Officinalis + Goldenrod + Histamine + Liverwort + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Phosphorus + Potassium Iodide + Pulsatilla + Sulfur)
  11. Allforce (Aralia Racemosa + Cantharides + Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Ginger + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Onion + Oyster Shells + Phosphorus + Poison Ivy + Sarsaparilla + Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous))
  12. Alopt (Baptisia Tinctoria + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Euphrasia Officinalis + Garlic + Goldenrod + Histamine + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Onion + Phosphorus + Potassium Dichromate + Pulsatilla + Sulfur)
  13. Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  14. Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  15. Ana-Kit (2mg/Tab Orl, 1mg/Ml Liq Sc Im) (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine)
  16. Ana-Kit (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine Hcl)
  17. Anakit Insect Sting Treatment Kit (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine)
  18. Andropt (Astragalus Menziesii + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Juniper Berries + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Picric Acid + Pulsatilla + Saw Palmetto + Selenium + Sodium Hexafluorosilicate + Thuja Occidentalis + Vitex Agnus Castus)
  19. Bac (Astragalus Menziesii + Baptisia Tinctoria + Belladonna + Charcoal Activated + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hypericum Perforatum + Iodine + Myrrh + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Water Cress)
  20. Candopt (Astragalus Menziesii + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Platanus Occidentalis + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride)
  21. Chemtox (Barberry Root + Belladonna + Burdock + Cascarilla + Charcoal Activated + Couch Grass + Epinephrine + Glycerine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Pulsatilla + Stillingia + Trifolium Pratense + Xanthoxylum)
  22. Crc-Plex (Arnica Montana + Barium Chloride + Calcium Lactate + Charcoal Activated + Cholesterol + Convallaria Majalis + Epinephrine + Iodine + Magnesium Carbonate + Nitroglycerin + Phosphorus + Picric Acid + Potassium Iodide + Strophanthus Hispidus)
  23. Cv Tox (Astragalus Menziesii + Barberry Root + Diadem Spider + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hydrochloric Acid + Ipecac + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Phosphoric Acid + Poison Ivy + Scurvy Grass + Silicon Dioxide)
  24. E-Pilo 1 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  25. E-Pilo 2 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  26. E-Pilo 4 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  27. E-Pilo 6 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  28. E-Pilo-1 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  29. E-Pilo-2 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  30. E-Pilo-4 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  31. E-Pilo-6 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride)
  32. Endangitin (Aesculus Hippocastanum + Cupric Acetate + Epinephrine + Ergot + Potentilla Anserina + Tobacco + White Hellebore Root)
  33. Endoplex F (Bovine Ovaries, Dried + Charcoal Activated + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Murex Purpurea + Pituitary Posterior + Pulsatilla + Sabina + Sepia Officinalis L + Xanthoxylum)
  34. Endoplex M (Clematis Erecta + Conium Maculatum + Epinephrine + Ginseng + Juniper Berries + Lycopodium Clavatum + Parsley + Picric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Pulsatilla + Saw Palmetto + Thuja Occidentalis + Uva Ursi + Vitex Agnus Castus + Xanthoxylum)
  35. Ev Tox (Astragalus Menziesii + Belladonna + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hydrochloric Acid + Ipecac + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Poison Ivy + Propolis + Scurvy Grass + Silicon Dioxide)
  36. F Alleropt (Aethusa Cynapium + Belladonna + Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Comfrey + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gentiana Cruciata + Histamine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphorus + Potassium Dichromate + Pulsatilla)
  37. Fml-Tox (Angelicae Sinensis Radix + Beechwood Creosote + Boric Acid + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Iodine + Oophorinum + Oyster Shells + Placenta + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Sulfur + Zinc)
  38. Fng I (Astragalus Menziesii + Condurango + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Ginkgo Biloba + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Propolis + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Water Cress)
  39. Fng Ii (Astragalus Menziesii + Candida Parapsilosis + Charcoal Activated + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Iodine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Silver + Sodium Chloride + Water Cress)
  40. Gingibraid W Alum Pot Sulf and Epin 0e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  41. Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 1e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  42. Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 2e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  43. Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 3e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  44. Gingicord W Epineph and Alum Size No 1 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  45. Gingicord W Epineph and Alum Size No 3 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  46. Gingicord W/Epineph and Alum Size 2 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  47. Gynopt (Angelica + Beechwood Creosote + Boric Acid + Bovine Ovaries, Dried + Charcoal Activated + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Iodine + Nitric Acid + Placenta + Potassium Acetate + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Sulfur)
  48. Immplex (Astragalus Menziesii + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Eupatorium Perfoliatum + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Hydrastis Canadensis + Myrrh + Phosphoric Acid + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Water Cress)
  49. Lido-2 Liq (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  50. Lidocaine 2% Sterile Injectable Solution (Epinephrine Racemic + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  51. Lidocaine 2% with Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  52. Lidocaine Hcl 2% (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  53. Lidocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  54. Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  55. Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  56. Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  57. Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  58. Lidocaine Inj 2% (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  59. Lidocaine and Epinephrine Inj.Usp2% 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  60. Lignospan Forte (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  61. Lignospan Speciale Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  62. Lignospan Standard (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  63. Marcaine E 0.25% Liq Prt (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  64. Marcaine E 2.5 Mg/Ml (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  65. Marcaine E 5.0 Mg/Ml (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  66. Marcaine E Liq Prt 0.50% (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate)
  67. Nasal Spray (Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Onion + Potassium Iodide + Sanguinaria Canadensis + Sticta Pulmonaria)
  68. Neuplex (Agaricus Muscarius + Arnica Montana + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Hypericum Perforatum + Iodine + Passion Flower + Plumbum Metallicum + Trifolium Pratense)
  69. Octocaine 100 Needleject Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  70. Octocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine 1:100000inj (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  71. Octocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine 1:50000inj (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  72. Panplex (Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Common Bean Garden + Epinephrine + Eugenia Jambolana + Ginger + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Hydrastis Canadensis + Iodine + Liverwort + Nux Moschata + Pancreas + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Pituitary Posterior + Rhubarb + Taraxacum Officinale Weber)
  73. Prilocaine Hcl 4% Epineph 1:200000inj (Epinephrine + Prilocaine Hydrochloride)
  74. R63 (Aesculus Hippocastanum + Cupric Acetate + Epinephrine + Potentilla Anserina + Tobacco)
  75. Racord Two 7 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  76. Racord Two No 10 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  77. Racord Two No 8 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  78. Racord Two No 9 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  79. Radopt (Brassica Napus + Cadmium Iodatum + Cadmium Sulphuricum + Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Goldenrod + Iodine + Ipecac + Iridium Metallicum + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Uranium Nitrate + X-Ray)
  80. Rdn-Tox (Cadmium Iodatum + Cadmium Sulphuricum + Capsicum + Cetraria Islandica + Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Hydrangea Arborescens + Iodine + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Pulsatilla + Strontium Carbonate + Uranium Nitrate + X-Ray)
  81. Scandonest 2% Special Inj (Epinephrine + Mepivacaine Hydrochloride)
  82. Sensorcaine 0.25% with Epinephrine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  83. Sensorcaine 0.5% with Epinephrine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  84. Sensorcaine Forte (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  85. Septanest N (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  86. Septanest Sp (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
  87. Sil Trax Plus No 10 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  88. Sil Trax Plus No 8 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  89. Sil Trax Plus No 9 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  90. Siltrax Plus 7 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate)
  91. Spinal Anaesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  92. Spinal Anaesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  93. Spinal Anesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Ephedrine Sulfate + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  94. Spinal Anesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride)
  95. Super Sulpak R 44 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  96. Super Sulpak R 45 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  97. Super Sulpak R 46 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride)
  98. Systopt (Barberry Root + Burdock + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Goldenrod + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Tarentula Cubensis + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense)
  99. Systox (Barberry Root + Boldo + Burdock + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Sarsaparilla + Taraxacum Officinale Weber + Tarentula Cubensis + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense)
  100. Tyd-Plex (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Ferrous Iodide + Fucus Vesiculosus + Iodine + Oyster Shells + Phosphoric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Potassium Iodide + Spongia Tosta)
  101. Ultracaine D-S Forte Injection (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  102. Ultracaine D-S Injection (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  103. Ultracaine Ds Forte Inj (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  104. Ultracaine Ds Inj (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine)
  105. Universaltox (Alfalfa + Buckthorn + Charcoal Activated + Coffea Tosta + Comfrey + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Iodine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Manganese + Oats + Oyster Shells + Poison Ivy + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Spigelia Anthelmia + Water Cress)
  106. Vactox (Arnica Montana + Astragalus Menziesii + Baptisia Tinctoria + Belladonna + Calendula + Celandine + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + German Chamomile + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phytolacca Decandra + Poison Ivy + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Taraxacum Officinale Weber + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense + Urtica Urens + Water Cress)
  107. Virotox (Astragalus Menziesii + Belladonna + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Eupatorium Perfoliatum + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Myrrh + Phytolacca Decandra + Water Cress)
  108. Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  109. Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  110. Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  111. Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  112. Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  113. Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 Test Dose (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  114. Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  115. Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  116. Xylocaine Mpf 1.5% with Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride)
  117. Zorcaine (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
Chemical IUPAC Name 4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminoethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
Chemical Formula C9H13NO3
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 51-43-4
InChI Identifier InChI=1/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
InChI Key UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQEBW
KEGG Drug D00095 Link Image
KEGG Compound C00788 Link Image
PubChem Compound 5816 Link Image
PubChem Substance 7847163 Link Image
ChEBI ID 28918 Link Image
PharmGKB ID PA449470 Link Image
HET ID ALE Link Image
GenBank ID Not Available
Drug ID Number [DIN] 00710814 Link Image
RxList Link http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/epi.htm Link Image
PDRhealth Link Not Available
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine Link Image
FDA Label
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Synthesis Reference Stolz, Ber. 37, 4149; Payne, Ind. Chem. 37, 523
Average Molecular Weight 183.2044
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 183.0895
State Solid
Melting Point 211.5 oC
Experimental Water Solubility 0.18 mg/mL at 20 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted Water Solubility 1.86e+01 mg/mL Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogP/Hydrophobicity -1.37 [HANSCH,C & LEO,AJ (1985)] Source: PhysProp
Predicted LogP -0.81 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental LogS Not Available
Predicted LogS -0.99 Calculated using ALOGPS
Experimental Caco2 Permeability -6.02 [ADME Research, USCD]
pKa/Isoelectric Point 8.59
Mass Spectrum Not Available
MOL File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
SDF File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
PDB File Show Link Image | Download Link Image
2D Structure
3D Structure
Experimental PDB ID 3PAH Link Image
Experimental PDB File Show
Experimental PDB Structure
Isomeric SMILES CNC[C@H](O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
Canonical SMILES CNCC(O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1
Drug Category
  • Adrenergic Agonists
  • Adrenergic alpha-Agonists
  • Adrenergic beta-Agonists
  • Bronchodilator Agents
  • Mydriatics
  • Sympathomimetics
  • Vasoconstrictor Agents
ATC Codes
AHFS Codes
  • 12:12.12
  • 52:24.00
  • 52:32.00
  • 92:02.00*
Indication Used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis.
Pharmacology Epinephrine is indicated for intravenous injection in treatment of acute hypersensitivity, treatment of acute asthmatic attacks to relieve bronchospasm, and treatment and prophylaxis of cardiac arrest and attacks of transitory atrioventricular heart block with syncopal seizures (Stokes-Adams Syndrome). The actions of epinephrine resemble the effects of stimulation of adrenergic nerves. To a variable degree it acts on both alpha and beta receptor sites of sympathetic effector cells. Its most prominent actions are on the beta receptors of the heart, vascular and other smooth muscle. When given by rapid intravenous injection, it produces a rapid rise in blood pressure, mainly systolic, by (1) direct stimulation of cardiac muscle which increases the strength of ventricular contraction, (2) increasing the heart rate and (3) constriction of the arterioles in the skin, mucosa and splanchnic areas of the circulation. When given by slow intravenous injection, epinephrine usually produces only a moderate rise in systolic and a fall in diastolic pressure. Although some increase in pulse pressure occurs, there is usually no great elevation in mean blood pressure. Accordingly, the compensatory reflex mechanisms that come into play with a pronounced increase in blood pressure do not antagonize the direct cardiac actions of epinephrine as much as with catecholamines that have a predominant action on alpha receptors.
Mechanism of Action Epinephrine works via the stimulation of alpha and beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and a moderate activity at beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
Absorption Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output.
Toxicity Skin, LD50 = 62 mg/kg (rat)
Protein Binding Not Available
Biotransformation Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body and is degraded by enzymes in the liver and other tissues. The larger portion of injected doses is excreted in the urine as inactivated compounds and the remainder either partly unchanged or conjugated. The drug becomes fixed in the tissues and is inactivated chiefly by enzymatic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine either of which is subsequently conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid which also is detectable in the urine.
Half Life 2 minutes
Dosage Forms
Form Route
Liquid Intramuscular
Liquid Oral
Solution Intramuscular
Solution Intravenous
Solution Nasal
Solution Respiratory (inhalation)
Solution / drops Ophthalmic
Solution / drops Oral
Patient Information Not Available
Contraindications Show Link Image
Interactions Show Link Image
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acebutolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Alseroxylon Increased arterial pressure
Amitriptyline The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Amoxapine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Atenolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Betaxolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Bevantolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Bisoprolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Carteolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Carvedilol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Clomipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Deserpidine Increased arterial pressure
Desipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Doxepin The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Entacapone Entacapone increases the effect and toxicity of sympathomimetics
Ergonovine Possible marked increase of arterial pressure
Esmolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Guanethidine The agent decreases the effect of guanethidine
Imipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Isocarboxazid Increased arterial pressure
Labetalol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Linezolid Possible increase of arterial pressure
Methyldopa Increased arterial pressure
Methylergonovine Possible marked increase of arterial pressure
Metoprolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Midodrine Increased arterial pressure
Moclobemide Moclobemide increases the sympathomimetic effect
Nadolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Nortriptyline The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Oxprenolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Oxytocin Possible marked increase of arterial pressure
Pargyline Increased arterial pressure
Penbutolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Phenelzine Increased arterial pressure
Pindolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Practolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Propranolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Protriptyline The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Rasagiline Increased arterial pressure
Reserpine Increased arterial pressure
Sotalol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Timolol Hypertension, then bradycardia
Tranylcypromine Increased arterial pressure
Trimipramine The tricyclic increases the sympathomimetic effect
Food Interactions Not Available
Pathways Not Available
General References
  1. Bennett MR: One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors. Clin Auton Res. 1999 Jun;9(3):145-59. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Yamashima T: Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin. J Med Biogr. 2003 May;11(2):95-102. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Drugs.com Link Image
  4. Wikipedia Link Image
  5. RxList Link Image
Organisms Affected
  • Humans and other mammals
Targets
  1. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
  2. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
  3. Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
  4. Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase
Drug Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 193
Target 1 Name Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Beta-1 adrenoceptor
  2. Beta-1 adrenoreceptor
Target 1 Gene Name ADRB1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 
MGAGVLVLGASEPGNLSSAAPLPDGAATAARLLVPASPPASLLPPASESPEPLSQQWTAG
MGLLMALIVLLIVAGNVLVIVAIAKTPRLQTLTNLFIMSLASADLVMGLLVVPFGATIVV
WGRWEYGSFFCELWTSVDVLCVTASIETLCVIALDRYLAITSPFRYQSLLTRARARGLVC
TVWAISALVSFLPILMHWWRAESDEARRCYNDPKCCDFVTNRAYAIASSVVSFYVPLCIM
AFVYLRVFREAQKQVKKIDSCERRFLGGPARPPSPSPSPVPAPAPPPGPPRPAAAAATAP
LANGRAGKRRPSRLVALREQKALKTLGIIMGVFTLCWLPFFLANVVKAFHRELVPDRLFV
FFNWLGYANSAFNPIIYCRSPDFRKAFQRLLCCARRAARRRHATHGDRPRASGCLARPGP
PPSPGAASDDDDDDVVGATPPARLLEPWAGCNGGAAADSDSSLDEPCRPGFASESKV
Target 1 Number of Residues 484
Target 1 Molecular Weight 51323
Target 1 Theoretical pI 9.03
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
adrenoceptor activity
beta-adrenergic receptor activity
beta1-adrenergic receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in beta1-adrenergic receptor activity
Target 1 Specific Function Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Pfam Domain Function
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 60-83
  • 97-120
  • 132-155
  • 176-199
  • 222-245
  • 326-349
  • 357-380
Target 1 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein 178200 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P08588 Link Image
Target 1 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADRB1_HUMAN Link Image
Target 1 PDB ID Not Available
Target 1 Cellular Location
  • Cell membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein. Localized at the plasma membrane. Found in the Golgi upo
Target 1 Gene Sequence >1434 bp 
ATGGGCGCGGGGGTGCTCGTCCTGGGCGCCTCCGAGCCCGGTAACCTGTCGTCGGCCGCA
CCGCTCCCCGACGGCGCGGCCACCGCGGCGCGGCTGCTGGTGCCCGCGTCGCCGCCCGCC
TCGTTGCTGCCTCCCGCCAGCGAAAGCCCCGAGCCGCTGTCTCAGCAGTGGACAGCGGGC
ATGGGTCTGCTGATGGCGCTCATCGTGCTGCTCATCGTGGCGGGCAATGTGCTGGTGATC
GTGGCCATCGCCAAGACGCCGCGGCTGCAGACGCTCACCAACCTCTTCATCATGTCCCTG
GCCAGCGCCGACCTGGTCATGGGGCTGCTGGTGGTGCCGTTCGGGGCCACCATCGTGGTG
TGGGGCCGCTGGGAGTACGGCTCCTTCTTCTGCGAGCTGTGGACCTCAGTGGACGTGCTG
TGCGTGACGGCCAGCATCGAGACCCTGTGTGTCATTGCCCTGGACCGCTACCTCGCCATC
ACCTCGCCCTTCCGCTACCAGAGCCTGCTGACGCGCGCGCGGGCGCGGGGCCTCGTGTGC
ACCGTGTGGGCCATCTCGGCCCTGGTGTCCTTCCTGCCCATCCTCATGCACTGGTGGCGG
GCGGAGAGCGACGAGGCGCGCCGCTGCTACAACGACCCCAAGTGCTGCGACTTCGTCACC
AACCGGGCCTACGCCATCGCCTCGTCCGTAGTCTCCTTCTACGTGCCCCTGTGCATCATG
GCCTTCGTGTACCTGCGGGTGTTCCGCGAGGCCCAGAAGCAGGTGAAGAAGATCGACAGC
TGCGAGCGCCGTTTCCTCGGCGGCCCAGCGCGGCCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCCTCGCCCGTC
CCCGCGCCCGCGCCGCCGCCCGGACCCCCGCGCCCCGCCGCCGCCGCCGCCACCGCCCCG
CTGGCCAACGGGCGTGCGGGTAAGCGGCGGCCCTCGCGCCTCGTGGCCCTACGCGAGCAG
AAGGCGCTCAAGACGCTGGGCATCATCATGGGCGTCTTCACGCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTC
TTCCTGGCCAACGTGGTGAAGGCCTTCCACCGCGAGCTGGTGCCCGACCGCCTCTTCGTC
TTCTTCAACTGGCTGGGCTACGCCAACTCGGCCTTCAACCCCATCATCTACTGCCGCAGC
CCCGACTTCCGCAAGGCCTTCCAGGGACTGCTCTGCTGCGCGCGCAGGGCTGCCCGCCGG
CGCCACGCGACCCACGGAGACCGGCCGCGCGCCTCGGGCTGTCTGGCCCGGCCCGGACCC
CCGCCATCGCCCGGGGCCGCCTCGGACGACGACGACGACGATGTCGTCGGGGCCACGCCG
CCCGCGCGCCTGCTGGAGCCCTGGGCCGGCTGCAACGGCGGGGCGGCGGCGGACAGCGAC
TCGAGCCTGGACGAGCCGTGCCGCCCCGGCTTCGCCTCGGAATCCAAGGTGTAG
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID
Target 1 GeneCard ID ADRB1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID ADRB1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:285 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location 10
Target 1 Locus 10q24-q26
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 General References
  1. Mason DA, Moore JD, Green SA, Liggett SB: A gain-of-function polymorphism in a G-protein coupling domain of the human beta1-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 30;274(18):12670-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Moore JD, Mason DA, Green SA, Hsu J, Liggett SB: Racial differences in the frequencies of cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: analysis of c145A>G and c1165G>C. Hum Mutat. 1999 Sep 19;14(3):271. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Borjesson M, Magnusson Y, Hjalmarson A, Andersson B: A novel polymorphism in the gene coding for the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor associated with survival in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2000 Nov;21(22):1853-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Ranade K, Jorgenson E, Sheu WH, Pei D, Hsiung CA, Chiang FT, Chen YD, Pratt R, Olshen RA, Curb D, Cox DR, Botstein D, Risch N: A polymorphism in the beta1 adrenergic receptor is associated with resting heart rate. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Apr;70(4):935-42. Epub 2002 Feb 18. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Frielle T, Collins S, Daniel KW, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK: Cloning of the cDNA for the human beta 1-adrenergic receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7920-4. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Leineweber K, Bogedain P, Wolf C, Wagner S, Weber M, Jakob HG, Heusch G, Philipp T, Brodde OE: In patients chronically treated with metoprolol, the demand of inotropic catecholamine support after coronary artery bypass grafting is determined by the Arg389Gly-beta 1-adrenoceptor polymorphism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;375(5):303-9. Epub 2007 Jun 1. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Ozakca I, Arioglu E, Guner S, Altan VM, Ozcelikay AT: Role of Beta-3-Adrenoceptor in Catecholamine-Induced Relaxations in Gastric Fundus from Control and Diabetic Rats. Pharmacology. 2007 Jul 6;80(4):227-238. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 556
Target 2 Name Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. Alpha 1A- adrenoreceptor
  2. Alpha 1A-adrenoceptor
  3. Alpha adrenergic receptor 1c
  4. Alpha-1C adrenergic receptor
Target 2 Gene Name ADRA1A
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor 
MVFLSGNASDSSNCTQPPAPVNISKAILLGVILGGLILFGVLGNILVILSVACHRHLHSV
THYYIVNLAVADLLLTSTVLPFSAIFEVLGYWAFGRVFCNIWAAVDVLCCTASIMGLCII
SIDRYIGVSYPLRYPTIVTQRRGLMALLCVWALSLVISIGPLFGWRQPAPEDETICQINE
EPGYVLFSALGSFYLPLAIILVMYCRVYVVAKRESRGLKSGLKTDKSDSEQVTLRIHRKN
APAGGSGMASAKTKTHFSVRLLKFSREKKAAKTLGIVVGCFVLCWLPFFLVMPIGSFFPD
FKPSETVFKIVFWLGYLNSCINPIIYPCSSQEFKKAFQNVLRIQCLCRKQSSKHALGYTL
HPPSQAVEGQHKDMVRIPVGSRETFYRISKTDGVCEWKFFSSMPRGSARITVSKDQSSCT
TARVRSKSFLQVCCCVGPSTPSLDKNHQVPTIKVHTISLSENGEEV
Target 2 Number of Residues 473
Target 2 Molecular Weight 51487
Target 2 Theoretical pI 9.23
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
adrenoceptor activity
alpha-adrenergic receptor activity
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Target 2 Specific Function This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Pfam Domain Function
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 28-51
  • 65-88
  • 100-122
  • 144-167
  • 182-205
  • 274-297
  • 306-329
Target 2 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein 433201 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P35348 Link Image
Target 2 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADA1A_HUMAN Link Image
Target 2 PDB ID Not Available
Target 2 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 2 Gene Sequence >1401 bp 
ATGGTGTTTCTCTCGGGAAATGCTTCCGACAGCTCCAACTGCACCCAACCGCCGGCACCG
GTGAACATTTCCAAGGCCATTCTGCTCGGGGTGATCTTGGGGGGCCTCATTCTTTTCGGG
GTGCTGGGTAACATCCTAGTGATCCTCTCCGTAGCCTGTCACCGACACCTGCACTCAGTC
ACGCACTACTACATCGTCAACCTGGCGGTGGCCGACCTCCTGCTCACCTCCACGGTGCTG
CCCTTCTCCGCCATCTTCGAGGTCCTAGGCTACTGGGCCTTCGGCAGGGTCTTCTGCAAC
ATCTGGGCGGCAGTGGATGTGCTGTGCTGCACCGCGTCCATCATGGGCCTCTGCATCATC
TCCATCGACCGCTACATCGGCGTGAGCTACCCGCTGCGCTACCCAACCATCGTCACCCAG
AGGAGGGGTCTCATGGCTCTGCTCTGCGTCTGGGCACTCTCCCTGGTCATATCCATTGGA
CCCCTGTTCGGCTGGAGGCAGCCGGCCCCCGAGGACGAGACCATCTGCCAGATCAACGAG
GAGCCGGGCTACGTGCTCTTCTCAGCGCTGGGCTCCTTCTACCTGCCTCTGGCCATCATC
CTGGTCATGTACTGCCGCGTCTACGTGGTGGCCAAGAGGGAGAGCCGGGGCCTCAAGTCT
GGCCTCAAGACCGACAAGTCGGACTCGGAGCAAGTGACGCTCCGCATCCATCGGAAAAAC
GCCCCGGCAGGAGGCAGCGGGATGGCCAGCGCCAAGACCAAGACGCACTTCTCAGTGAGG
CTCCTCAAGTTCTCCCGGGAGAAGAAAGCGGCCAAAACGCTGGGCATCGTGGTCGGCTGC
TTCGTCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCTTTTTTCTTAGTCATGCCCATTGGGTCTTTCTTCCCTGAT
TTCAAGCCCTCTGAAACAGTTTTTAAAATAGTATTTTGGCTCGGATATCTAAACAGCTGC
ATCAACCCCATCATATACCCATGCTCCAGCCAAGAGTTCAAAAAGGCCTTTCAGAATGTC
TTGAGAATCCAGTGTCTCCGCAGAAAGCAGTCTTCCAAACATGCCCTGGGCTACACCCTG
CACCCGCCCAGCCAGGCCGTGGAAGGGCAACACAAGGACATGGTGCGCATCCCCGTGGGA
TCAAGAGAGACCTTCTACAGGATCTCCAAGACGGATGGCGTTTGTGAATGGAAATTTTTC
TCTTCCATGCCCCGTGGATCTGCCAGGATTACAGTGTCCAAAGACCAATCCTCCTGTACC
ACAGCCCGGGTGAGAAGTAAAAGCTTTTTGGAGGTCTGCTGCTGTGTAGGGCCCTCAACC
CCCAGCCTTGACAAGAACCATCAAGTTCCAACCATTAAGGTCCACACCATCTCCCTCAGT
GAGAACGGGGAGGAAGTCTAG
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID
Target 2 GeneCard ID ADRA1A Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID ADRA1A Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:277 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location 8
Target 2 Locus 8p21-p11.2
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 General References
  1. Hirasawa A, Shibata K, Horie K, Takei Y, Obika K, Tanaka T, Muramoto N, Takagaki K, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human alpha 1c-adrenoceptor splice variants. FEBS Lett. 1995 Apr 24;363(3):256-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Schwinn DA, Johnston GI, Page SO, Mosley MJ, Wilson KH, Worman NP, Campbell S, Fidock MD, Furness LM, Parry-Smith DJ, et al.: Cloning and pharmacological characterization of human alpha-1 adrenergic receptors: sequence corrections and direct comparison with other species homologues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jan;272(1):134-42. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Weinberg DH, Trivedi P, Tan CP, Mitra S, Perkins-Barrow A, Borkowski D, Strader CD, Bayne M: Cloning, expression and characterization of human alpha adrenergic receptors alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Jun 30;201(3):1296-304. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM, Chiu G, Shapiro E, Tang R, Lepor H, Hartig PR, Weinshank RL, Branchek TA, et al.: The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha 1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):703-8. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Hirasawa A, Horie K, Tanaka T, Takagaki K, Murai M, Yano J, Tsujimoto G: Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of human cDNA for the alpha 1C-adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Sep 15;195(2):902-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Tseng-Crank J, Kost T, Goetz A, Hazum S, Roberson KM, Haizlip J, Godinot N, Robertson CN, Saussy D: The alpha 1C-adrenoceptor in human prostate: cloning, functional expression, and localization to specific prostatic cell types. Br J Pharmacol. 1995 Aug;115(8):1475-85. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chang DJ, Chang TK, Yamanishi SS, Salazar FH, Kosaka AH, Khare R, Bhakta S, Jasper JR, Shieh IS, Lesnick JD, Ford AP, Daniels DV, Eglen RM, Clarke DE, Bach C, Chan HW: Molecular cloning, genomic characterization and expression of novel human alpha1A-adrenoceptor isoforms. FEBS Lett. 1998 Jan 30;422(2):279-83. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 Drug References
  1. Sanbe A, Tanaka Y, Fujiwara Y, Tsumura H, Yamauchi J, Cotecchia S, Koike K, Tsujimoto G, Tanoue A: alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors are required for normal male sexual function. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;152(3):332-40. Epub 2007 Jul 2. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Tomiyama Y, Kobayashi K, Tadachi M, Kobayashi S, Inada Y, Kobayashi M, Yamazaki Y: Expressions and mechanical functions of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes in hamster ureter. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Nov 14;573(1-3):201-5. Epub 2007 Jul 6. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 766
Target 3 Name Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Target 3 Synonyms
  1. Beta-2 adrenoceptor
  2. Beta-2 adrenoreceptor
Target 3 Gene Name ADRB2
Target 3 Protein Sequence >Beta-2 adrenergic receptor 
MGQPGNGSAFLLAPNRSHAPDHDVTQQRDEVWVVGMGIVMSLIVLAIVFGNVLVITAIAK
FERLQTVTNYFITSLACADLVMGLAVVPFGAAHILMKMWTFGNFWCEFWTSIDVLCVTAS
IETLCVIAVDRYFAITSPFKYQSLLTKNKARVIILMVWIVSGLTSFLPIQMHWYRATHQE
AINCYANETCCDFFTNQAYAIASSIVSFYVPLVIMVFVYSRVFQEAKRQLQKIDKSEGRF
HVQNLSQVEQDGRTGHGLRRSSKFCLKEHKALKTLGIIMGTFTLCWLPFFIVNIVHVIQD
NLIRKEVYILLNWIGYVNSGFNPLIYCRSPDFRIAFQELLCLRRSSLKAYGNGYSSNGNT
GEQSGYHVEQEKENKLLCEDLPGTEDFVGHQGTVPSDNIDSQGRNCSTNDSLL
Target 3 Number of Residues 419
Target 3 Molecular Weight 46557
Target 3 Theoretical pI 7.44
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
transmembrane receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity
rhodopsin-like receptor activity
amine receptor activity
adrenoceptor activity
beta-adrenergic receptor activity
beta2-adrenergic receptor activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
cell surface receptor linked signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Component
cell
membrane
intrinsic to membrane
integral to membrane
Target 3 General Function Involved in beta2-adrenergic receptor activity
Target 3 Specific Function Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Pfam Domain Function
Target 3 Signals
  • None
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 35-58
  • 72-95
  • 107-129
  • 151-174
  • 197-220
  • 275-298
  • 306-329
Target 3 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein 29371 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P07550 Link Image
Target 3 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name ADRB2_HUMAN Link Image
Target 3 PDB ID Not Available
Target 3 Cellular Location
  • Membrane
  • multi-pass membrane protein
Target 3 Gene Sequence >1242 bp 
ATGGGGCAACCCGGGAACGGCAGCGCCTTCTTGCTGGCACCCAATAGAAGCCATGCGCCG
GACCACGACGTCACGCAGCAAAGGGACGAGGTGTGGGTGGTGGGCATGGGCATCGTCATG
TCTCTCATCGTCCTGGCCATCGTGTTTGGCAATGTGCTGGTCATCACAGCCATTGCCAAG
TTCGAGCGTCTGCAGACGGTCACCAACTACTTCATCACTTCACTGGCCTGTGCTGATCTG
GTCATGGGCCTGGCAGTGGTGCCCTTTGGGGCCGCCCATATTCTTATGAAAATGTGGACT
TTTGGCAACTTCTGGTGCGAGTTTTGGACTTCCATTGATGTGCTGTGCGTCACGGCCAGC
ATTGAGACCCTGTGCGTGATCGCAGTGGATCGCTACTTTGCCATTACTTCACCTTTCAAG
TACCAGAGCCTGCTGACCAAGAATAAGGCCCGGGTGATCATTCTGATGGTGTGGATTGTG
TCAGGCCTTACCTCCTTCTTGCCCATTCAGATGCACTGGTACCGGGCCACCCACCAGGAA
GCCATCAACTGCTATGCCAATGAGACCTGCTGTGACTTCTTCACGAACCAAGCCTATGCC
ATTGCCTCTTCCATCGTGTCCTTCTACGTTCCCCTGGTGATCATGGTCTTCGTCTACTCC
AGGGTCTTTCAGGAGGCCAAAAGGCAGCTCCAGAAGATTGACAAATCTGAGGGCCGCTTC
CATGTCCAGAACCTTAGCCAGGTGGAGCAGGATGGGCGGACGGGGCATGGACTCCGCAGA
TCTTCCAAGTTCTGCTTGAAGGAGCACAAAGCCCTCAAGACGTTAGGCATCATCATGGGC
ACTTTCACCCTCTGCTGGCTGCCCTTCTTCATCGTTAACATTGTGCATGTGATCCAGGAT
AACCTCATCCGTAAGGAAGTTTACATCCTCCTAAATTGGATAGGCTATGTCAATTCTGGT
TTCAATCCCCTTATCTACTGCCGGAGCCCAGATTTCAGGATTGCCTTCCAGGAGCTTCTG
TGCCTGCGCAGGTCTTCTTTGAAGGCCTATGGGAATGGCTACTCCAGCAACGGCAACACA
GGGGAGCAGAGTGGATATCACGTGGAACAGGAGAAAGAAAATAAACTGCTGTGTGAAGAC
CTCCCAGGCACGGAAGACTTTGTGGGCCATCAAGGTACTGTGCCTAGCGATAACATTGAT
TCACAAGGGAGGAATTGTAGTACAAATGACTCACTGCTGTAA
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID
Target 3 GeneCard ID ADRB2 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID ADRB2 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:286 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location 5
Target 3 Locus 5q31-q32
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 General References
  1. Cao TT, Deacon HW, Reczek D, Bretscher A, von Zastrow M: A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Nature. 1999 Sep 16;401(6750):286-90. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Moffett S, Rousseau G, Lagace M, Bouvier M: The palmitoylation state of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor regulates the synergistic action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase involved in its phosphorylation and desensitization. J Neurochem. 2001 Jan;76(1):269-79. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. O'Dowd BF, Hnatowich M, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Bouvier M: Palmitoylation of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Mutation of Cys341 in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpalmitoylated form of the receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7564-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Emorine LJ, Marullo S, Delavier-Klutchko C, Kaveri SV, Durieu-Trautmann O, Strosberg AD: Structure of the gene for human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: expression and promoter characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):6995-9. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Chung FZ, Wang CD, Potter PC, Venter JC, Fraser CM: Site-directed mutagenesis and continuous expression of human beta-adrenergic receptors. Identification of a conserved aspartate residue involved in agonist binding and receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 25;263(9):4052-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Kobilka BK, Dixon RA, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Sigal IS, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: cDNA for the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains and encoded by a gene whose chromosomal location is shared with that of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jan;84(1):46-50. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Chung FZ, Lentes KU, Gocayne J, Fitzgerald M, Robinson D, Kerlavage AR, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain beta-adrenergic receptor. Evolutionary relationship to rodent and avian beta-receptors and porcine muscarinic receptors. FEBS Lett. 1987 Jan 26;211(2):200-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Schofield PR, Rhee LM, Peralta EG: Primary structure of the human beta-adrenergic receptor gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 24;15(8):3636. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Kobilka BK, Frielle T, Dohlman HG, Bolanowski MA, Dixon RA, Keller P, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ: Delineation of the intronless nature of the genes for the human and hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor and their putative promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 25;262(15):7321-7. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Turki J, Pak J, Green SA, Martin RJ, Liggett SB: Genetic polymorphisms of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in nocturnal and nonnocturnal asthma. Evidence that Gly16 correlates with the nocturnal phenotype. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1635-41. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 7915137 Green SA, Turki J, Innis M, Liggett SB: Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. 1994 Aug 16;33(32):9414-9.
  12. 8383511 Reihsaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Liggett SB: Mutations in the gene encoding for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1993 Mar;8(3):334-9.
Target 3 Drug References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Prenner L, Sieben A, Zeller K, Weiser D, Haberlein H: Reduction of high-affinity beta2-adrenergic receptor binding by hyperforin and hyperoside on rat C6 glioblastoma cells measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biochemistry. 2007 May 1;46(17):5106-13. Epub 2007 Apr 7. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Lucin KM, Sanders VM, Jones TB, Malarkey WB, Popovich PG: Impaired antibody synthesis after spinal cord injury is level dependent and is due to sympathetic nervous system dysregulation. Exp Neurol. 2007 Sep;207(1):75-84. Epub 2007 Jun 2. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Ozakca I, Arioglu E, Guner S, Altan VM, Ozcelikay AT: Role of Beta-3-Adrenoceptor in Catecholamine-Induced Relaxations in Gastric Fundus from Control and Diabetic Rats. Pharmacology. 2007 Jul 6;80(4):227-238. [PubMed Link Image]
Drug Target 4 [top]
Target 4 ID 828
Target 4 Name Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase
Target 4 Synonyms
  1. EC 1.14.16.1
  2. PAH
  3. Phe-4- monooxygenase
Target 4 Gene Name PAH
Target 4 Protein Sequence >Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase 
MSTAVLENPGLGRKLSDFGQETSYIEDNCNQNGAISLIFSLKEEVGALAKVLRLFEENDV
NLTHIESRPSRLKKDEYEFFTHLDKRSLPALTNIIKILRHDIGATVHELSRDKKKDTVPW
FPRTIQELDRFANQILSYGAELDADHPGFKDPVYRARRKQFADIAYNYRHGQPIPRVEYM
EEEKKTWGTVFKTLKSLYKTHACYEYNHIFPLLEKYCGFHEDNIPQLEDVSQFLQTCTGF
RLRPVAGLLSSRDFLGGLAFRVFHCTQYIRHGSKPMYTPEPDICHELLGHVPLFSDRSFA
QFSQEIGLASLGAPDEYIEKLATIYWFTVEFGLCKQGDSIKAYGAGLLSSFGELQYCLSE
KPKLLPLELEKTAIQNYTVTEFQPLYYVAESFNDAKEKVRNFAATIPRPFSVRYDPYTQR
IEVLDNTQQLKILADSINSEIGILCSALQKIK
Target 4 Number of Residues 459
Target 4 Molecular Weight 51863
Target 4 Theoretical pI 6.57
Target 4 GO Classification
Function
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity
amine binding
amino acid binding
binding
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
iron ion binding
catalytic activity
oxidoreductase activity
monooxygenase activity
Process
L-phenylalanine metabolism
L-phenylalanine catabolism
physiological process
metabolism
cellular metabolism
amino acid and derivative metabolism
amino acid metabolism
aromatic amino acid family metabolism
Component
Not Available
Target 4 General Function Amino acid transport and metabolism
Target 4 Specific Function Not Available
Target 4 Pathways
Name SMPDB Link KEGG Link
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis map00400 Link Image
Target 4 Reactions
  • L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Target 4 Pfam Domain Function
Target 4 Signals
  • None
Target 4 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 4 Essentiality Non-Essential
Target 4 GenBank ID Protein 189937 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ID P00439 Link Image
Target 4 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Entry Name PH4H_HUMAN Link Image
Target 4 PDB ID 2PHM Link Image
Target 4 PDB File Show
Target 4 3D Structure
Target 4 Cellular Location Not Available
Target 4 Gene Sequence >1359 bp 
ATGTCCACTGCGGTCCTGGAAAACCCAGGCTTGGGCAGGAAACTCTCTGACTTTGGACAG
GAAACAAGCTATATTGAAGACAACTGCAATCAAAATGGTGCCATATCACTGATCTTCTCA
CTCAAAGAAGAAGTTGGTGCATTGGCCAAAGTATTGCGCTTATTTGAGGAGAATGATGTA
AACCTGACCCACATTGAATCTAGACCTTCTCGTTTAAAGAAAGATGAGTATGAATTTTTC
ACCCATTTGGATAAACGTAGCCTGCCTGCTCTGACAAACATCATCAAGATCTTGAGGCAT
GACATTGGTGCCACTGTCCATGAGCTTTCACGAGATAAGAAGAAAGACACAGTGCCCTGG
TTCCCAAGAACCATTCAAGAGCTGGACAGATTTGCCAATCAGATTCTCAGCTATGGAGCG
GAACTGGATGCTGACCACCCTGGTTTTAAAGATCCTGTGTACCGTGCAAGACGGAAGCAG
TTTGCTGACATTGCCTACAACTACCGCCATGGGCAGCCCATCCCTCGAGTGGAATACATG
GAGGAAGAAAAGAAAACATGGGGCACAGTGTTCAAGACTCTGAAGTCCTTGTATAAAACC
CATGCTTGCTATGAGTACAATCACATTTTTCCACTTCTTGAAAAGTACTGTGGCTTCCAT
GAAGATAACATTCCCCAGCTGGAAGACGTTTCTCAATTCCTGCAGACTTGCACTGGTTTC
CGCCTCCGACCTGTGGCTGGCCTGCTTTCCTCTCGGGATTTCTTGGGTGGCCTGGCCTTC
CGAGTCTTCCACTGCACACAGTACATCAGACATGGATCCAAGCCCATGTATACCCCCGAA
CCTGACATCTGCCATGAGCTGTTGGGACATGTGCCCTTGTTTTCAGATCGCAGCTTTGCC
CAGTTTTCCCAGGAAATTGGCCTTGCCTCTCTGGGTGCACCTGATGAATACATTGAAAAG
CTCGCCACAATTTACTGGTTTACTGTGGAGTTTGGGCTCTGCAAACAAGGAGACTCCATA
AAGGCATATGGTGCTGGGCTCCTGTCATCCTTTGGTGAATTACAGTACTGCTTATCAGAG
AAGCCAAAGCTTCTCCCCCTGGAGCTGGAGAAGACAGCCATCCAAAATTACACTGTCACG
GAGTTCCAGCCCCTGTATTACGTGGCAGAGAGTTTTAATGATGCCAAGGAGAAAGTAAGG
AACTTTGCTGCCACAATACCTCGGCCCTTCTCAGTTCGCTACGACCCATACACCCAAAGG
ATTGAGGTCTTGGACAATACCCAGCAGCTTAAGATTTTGGCTGATTCCATTAACAGTGAA
ATTGGAATCCTTTGCAGTGCCCTCCAGAAAATAAAGTAA
Target 4 GenBank Gene ID
Target 4 GeneCard ID PAH Link Image
Target 4 GenAtlas ID PAH Link Image
Target 4 HGNC ID HGNC:8582 Link Image
Target 4 Chromosome Location 12
Target 4 Locus 12q22-q24.2
Target 4 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 4 General References
  1. Hennermann JB, Vetter B, Wolf C, Windt E, Buhrdel P, Seidel J, Monch E, Kulozik AE: Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia in eastern Germany: a characteristic molecular profile and 15 novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(3):254-60. [PubMed Link Image]
  2. Erlandsen H, Bjorgo E, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Crystal structure and site-specific mutagenesis of pterin-bound human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Biochemistry. 2000 Mar 7;39(9):2208-17. [PubMed Link Image]
  3. Acosta A, Silva W Jr, Carvalho T, Gomes M, Zago M: Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in Brazilian patients with phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat. 2001 Feb;17(2):122-30. [PubMed Link Image]
  4. Gjetting T, Petersen M, Guldberg P, Guttler F: Missense mutations in the N-terminal domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase interfere with binding of regulatory phenylalanine. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1353-60. Epub 2001 Apr 20. [PubMed Link Image]
  5. Yang Y, Drummond-Borg M, Garcia-Heras J: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns from Texas. Hum Mutat. 2001 Jun;17(6):523. [PubMed Link Image]
  6. Gjetting T, Romstad A, Haavik J, Knappskog PM, Acosta AX, Silva WA Jr, Zago MA, Guldberg P, Guttler F: A phenylalanine hydroxylase amino acid polymorphism with implications for molecular diagnostics. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Jul;73(3):280-4. [PubMed Link Image]
  7. Andersen OA, Flatmark T, Hough E: High resolution crystal structures of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in its catalytically active Fe(II) form and binary complex with tetrahydrobiopterin. J Mol Biol. 2001 Nov 23;314(2):279-91. [PubMed Link Image]
  8. Eisensmith RC, Woo SL: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria and related hyperphenylalaninemias: mutations and polymorphisms in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(1):13-23. [PubMed Link Image]
  9. Lin CH, Hsiao KJ, Tsai TF, Chao HK, Su TS: Identification of a missense phenylketonuria mutation at codon 408 in Chinese. Hum Genet. 1992 Aug;89(6):593-6. [PubMed Link Image]
  10. Economou-Petersen E, Henriksen KF, Guldberg P, Guttler F: Molecular basis for nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. Genomics. 1992 Sep;14(1):1-5. [PubMed Link Image]
  11. 1363837 Jaruzelska J, Melle D, Matuszak R, Borski K, Munnich A: A new 15 bp deletion in exon 11 of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):763-4.
  12. 1363838 Desviat LR, Perez B, Ugarte M: A new PKU mutation associated with haplotype 12. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):765-6.
  13. 1671810 Dianzani I, Forrest SM, Camaschella C, Saglio G, Ponzone A, Cotton RG: Screening for mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene from Italian patients with phenylketonuria by using the chemical cleavage method: a new splice mutation. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Mar;48(3):631-5.
  14. 1672290 Dworniczak B, Grudda K, Stumper J, Bartholome K, Aulehla-Scholz C, Horst J: Phenylalanine hydroxylase gene: novel missense mutation in exon 7 causing severe phenylketonuria. Genomics. 1991 Jan;9(1):193-9.
  15. 1672294 Okano Y, Wang T, Eisensmith RC, Longhi R, Riva E, Giovannini M, Cerone R, Romano C, Woo SL: Phenylketonuria missense mutations in the Mediterranean. Genomics. 1991 Jan;9(1):96-103.
  16. 1679029 Konecki DS, Lichter-Konecki U: The phenylketonuria locus: current knowledge about alleles and mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in various populations. Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;87(4):377-88.
  17. 1679030 Konecki DS, Schlotter M, Trefz FK, Lichter-Konecki U: The identification of two mis-sense mutations at the PAH gene locus in a Turkish patient with phenylketonuria. Hum Genet. 1991 Aug;87(4):389-93.
  18. 1709636 Caillaud C, Lyonnet S, Rey F, Melle D, Frebourg T, Berthelon M, Vilarinho L, Vaz Osorio R, Rey J, Munnich A: A 3-base pair in-frame deletion of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene results in a kinetic variant of phenylketonuria. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9351-4.
  19. 1975559 Svensson E, Andersson B, Hagenfeldt L: Two mutations within the coding sequence of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Hum Genet. 1990 Aug;85(3):300-4.
  20. 2014802 Hofman KJ, Steel G, Kazazian HH, Valle D: Phenylketonuria in U.S. blacks: molecular analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Apr;48(4):791-8.
  21. 2246858 Cotton RG: Heterogeneity of phenylketonuria at the clinical, protein and DNA levels. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1990;13(5):739-50.
  22. 2461704 Cotton RG, McAdam W, Jennings I, Morgan FJ: A monoclonal antibody to aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Identification of the epitope. Biochem J. 1988 Oct 1;255(1):193-6.
  23. 2564729 Lyonnet S, Caillaud C, Rey F, Berthelon M, Frezal J, Rey J, Munnich A: Molecular genetics of phenylketonuria in Mediterranean countries: a mutation associated with partial phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 1989 Apr;44(4):511-7.
  24. 2615649 Hofman KJ, Antonarakis SE, Missiou-Tsangaraki S, Boehm CD, Valle D: Phenylketonuria in the Greek population. Haplotype analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and identification of a PKU mutation. Mol Biol Med. 1989 Jun;6(3):245-50.
  25. 2840952 Lichter-Konecki U, Konecki DS, DiLella AG, Brayton K, Marvit J, Hahn TM, Trefz FK, Woo SL: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency caused by a single base substitution in an exon of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Biochemistry. 1988 Apr 19;27(8):2881-5.
  26. 2986678 Kwok SC, Ledley FD, DiLella AG, Robson KJ, Woo SL: Nucleotide sequence of a full-length complementary DNA clone and amino acid sequence of human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Biochemistry. 1985 Jan 29;24(3):556-61.
  27. 7833954 Benit P, Rey F, Melle D, Munnich A, Rey J: Five novel missense mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria. Hum Mutat. 1994;4(3):229-31.
  28. 8068076 Goebel-Schreiner B, Schreiner R: Identification of a new missense mutation in Japanese phenylketonuric patients. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(6):950-6.
  29. 8088845 Guldberg P, Henriksen KF, Thony B, Blau N, Guttler F: Molecular heterogeneity of nonphenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia in 25 Danish patients. Genomics. 1994 May 15;21(2):453-5.
  30. 8098245 Abadie V, Jaruzelska J, Lyonnet S, Millasseau P, Berthelon M, Rey F, Munnich A, Rey J: Illegitimate transcription of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in lymphocytes for identification of mutations in phenylketonuria. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Jan;2(1):31-4.
  31. 8406445 Guldberg P, Henriksen KF, Guttler F: Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria in Denmark: 99% of the mutations detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Genomics. 1993 Jul;17(1):141-6.
  32. 8594560 Hoang L, Byck S, Prevost L, Scriver CR: PAH Mutation Analysis Consortium Database: a database for disease-producing and other allelic variation at the human PAH locus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jan 1;24(1):127-31.
  33. 8889583 Knappskog PM, Eiken HG, Martinez A, Bruland O, Apold J, Flatmark T: PKU mutation (D143G) associated with an apparent high residual enzyme activity: expression of a kinetic variant form of phenylalanine hydroxylase in three different systems. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):236-46.
  34. 8889590 Guldberg P, Mallmann R, Henriksen KF, Guttler F: Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in a population in Germany: mutational profile and nine novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):276-9.
  35. 9048935 Argiolas A, Bosco P, Cali F, Ceratto N, Anello G, Riva E, Biasucci G, Carducci C, Romano V: Two novel PAH gene mutations detected in Italian phenylketonuric patients. Hum Genet. 1997 Feb;99(2):275-8.
  36. 9101291 Byck S, Tyfield L, Carter K, Scriver CR: Prediction of multiple hypermutable codons in the human PAH gene: codon 280 contains recurrent mutations in Quebec and other populations. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(4):316-21.
  37. 9406548 Erlandsen H, Fusetti F, Martinez A, Hough E, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human phenylalanine hydroxylase reveals the structural basis for phenylketonuria. Nat Struct Biol. 1997 Dec;4(12):995-1000.
  38. 9450897 Waters PJ, Parniak MA, Nowacki P, Scriver CR: In vitro expression analysis of mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase: linking genotype to phenotype and structure to function. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(1):4-17.
  39. 9452061 Park YS, Seoung CS, Lee SW, Oh KH, Lee DH, Yim J: Identification of three novel mutations in Korean phenylketonuria patients: R53H, N207D, and Y325X. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S121-2.
  40. 9452062 Michiels L, Francois B, Raus J, Vandevyver C: Identification of seven new mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, associated with hyperphenylalaninemia in the Belgian population. Hum Mutat. 1998;Suppl 1:S123-4.
  41. 9521426 Bosco P, Cali F, Meli C, Mollica F, Zammarchi E, Cerone R, Vanni C, Palillo L, Greco D, Romano V: Eight new mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Italian patients with hyperphenylalaninemia. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(3):240-3.
  42. 9600453 De Lucca M, Perez B, Desviat LR, Ugarte M: Molecular basis of phenylketonuria in Venezuela: presence of two novel null mutations. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):354-9.
  43. 9642259 Fusetti F, Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC: Structure of tetrameric human phenylalanine hydroxylase and its implications for phenylketonuria. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 3;273(27):16962-7.
  44. 9792407 Popescu T, Blazkova M, Kozak L, Jebeleanu G, Popescu A: Mutation spectrum and phenylalanine hydroxylase RFLP/VNTR background in 44 Romanian phenylketonuric alleles. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):314-9.
  45. 9792411 Waters PJ, Parniak MA, Hewson AS, Scriver CR: Alterations in protein aggregation and degradation due to mild and severe missense mutations (A104D, R157N) in the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH). Hum Mutat. 1998;12(5):344-54.
  46. 9843368 Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC, Hough E: Crystallographic analysis of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic domain with bound catechol inhibitors at 2.0 A resolution. Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 10;37(45):15638-46.
  47. 9852673 Kibayashi M, Nagao M, Chiba S: Mutation analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and its clinical implications in two Japanese patients with non-phenylketonuria hyperphenylalaninemia. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(4):231-6.
Target 4 Drug References
  1. Erlandsen H, Flatmark T, Stevens RC, Hough E: Crystallographic analysis of the human phenylalanine hydroxylase catalytic domain with bound catechol inhibitors at 2.0 A resolution. Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 10;37(45):15638-46. [PubMed Link Image]

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.