| Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name | Insulin recombinant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | DB00030 (BIOD00105, BTD00105) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | biotech | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Groups | approved | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Insulin is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. |
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| Protein structure |
Display: 3D Structure |
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| Protein chemical formula | C257H387N65O76S6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protein average weight | 5795.6000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sequences |
>A chain GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN >B chain FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT FASTA |
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| Synonyms |
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| Salts | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Brand mixtures | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| CAS number | 9004-10-8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classes | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substructures | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharmacology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indication | For treatment of Type I and II diabetes mellitus. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharmacodynamics | Used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes, the primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of action | Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Absorption | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Volume of distribution | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protein binding | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism | Insulin is predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Route of elimination | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Half life | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clearance | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Affected organisms |
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| Pathways | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Prices |
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational
purposes only.
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| Patents | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | liquid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General Reference | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Links |
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| ATC Codes |
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| FDA label | show (133 KB) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interactions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Drug Interactions | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Food Interactions | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Targets |
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Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist This receptor binds insulin and has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity. Isoform Short has a higher affinity for insulin. Mediates the metabolic functions of insulin. Binding to insulin stimulates association of the receptor with downstream mediators including IRS1 and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K). Can activate PI3K either directly by binding to the p85 regulatory subunit, or indirectly via IRS1 Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P06213 ![]() Gene: INSR ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor Pharmacological action: unknownThis receptor binds insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with a high affinity and IGF2 with a lower affinity. It has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity, which is necessary for the activation of the IGF1-stimulated downstream signaling cascade Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P08069 ![]() Gene: IGF1R ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 3. Retinoblastoma-associated protein Pharmacological action: unknownKey regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. Recruits and targets histone methyltransferases SUV39H1, SUV420H1 and SUV420H2, leading to epigenetic transcriptional repression. Controls histone H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation. Also acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes to promoters. Inhibits the intrinsic kinase activity of TAF1. Forms a complex with adenovirus E1A and with SV40 large T antigen. May bind and modulate functionally certain cellular proteins with which T and E1A compete for pocket binding Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P06400 ![]() Gene: RB1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 4. Cathepsin D Pharmacological action: unknownAcid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P07339 ![]() Gene: CTSD ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Pharmacological action: unknown
May play a role in the cellular processing of insulin. May be involved in intercellular peptide signaling Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P14735 ![]() Gene: IDE ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 6. Neuroendocrine convertase 2 Pharmacological action: unknownInvolved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P16519 ![]() Gene: PCSK2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Pharmacological action: unknown
Removes residual C-terminal Arg or Lys remaining after initial endoprotease cleavage during prohormone processing. Processes proinsulin Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P16870 ![]() Gene: CPE ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 8. Neuroendocrine convertase 1 Pharmacological action: unknownInvolved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin and insulin Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P29120 ![]() Gene: PCSK1 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
Pharmacological action: unknown
Immediate-early protein likely to play a role in cell growth regulation Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P48745 ![]() Gene: NOV ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 10. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 Pharmacological action: unknownMay participate in regulation of parathyroid-hormone and para-thyroid-hormone-related protein release Organism class: humanUniProt ID: P98164 ![]() Gene: LRP2 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 11. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 Pharmacological action: unknownBinds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production Organism class: humanUniProt ID: Q16270 ![]() Gene: IGFBP7 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: 12. Synaptotagmin-like protein 4 Pharmacological action: unknownModulates exocytosis of dense-core granules and secretion of hormones in the pancreas and the pituitary. Interacts with vesicles containing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent manner Organism class: humanUniProt ID: Q96C24 ![]() Gene: SYTL4 ![]() Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References: |
| Enzymes |
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Actions: inducer
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen UniProt ID: P05177![]() Gene: CYP1A2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report ![]() References:
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