DrugBank: Insulin recombinant (DB00030)

targets (12) enzymes (1)

Identification

Name

Insulin recombinant

Accession Number

DB00030 (BIOD00105, BTD00105)

Type

biotech

Groups

approved

Description

Insulin is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use.

Protein structure

Display: 3D Structure

Protein chemical formula

C₂₅₇H₃₈₇N₆₅O₇₆S₆

Protein average weight

5795.6000

Sequences

>A chain
GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN

>B chain
FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT

FASTA

Synonyms

Insulin precursor

Salts

Not Available

Brand names

Name	Company
Novolin R (Novo Nordisk)

Brand mixtures

Not Available

Categories

Hypoglycemic Agents

CAS number

9004-10-8

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Not Available

Classes

Not Available

Substructures

Not Available

Pharmacology

Indication

For treatment of Type I and II diabetes mellitus.

Pharmacodynamics

Used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes, the primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Mechanism of action

Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.

Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Insulin is predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

Not Available

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Novo nordisk inc

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Liquid	Intramuscular
Liquid	Intravenous
Liquid	Oral
Liquid	Subcutaneous
Solution	Intravenous
Solution	Subcutaneous
Suspension	Intramuscular
Suspension	Subcutaneous

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
NovoLIN R PenFill 100 unit/ml Solution Five 3ml Cartridges Per Box = 15ml	162.26 USD	cartridge
NovoLIN R 100 unit/ml Solution 10ml Vial	73.19 USD	vial
Novolin r 100 unit/ml cartridg	33.33 USD	ml
NovoLIN R InnoLet 100 unit/ml Solution 3ml Cartridge	24.17 USD	cartridge
Humulin N Cartridge 100 unit/ml Cartridge	2.99 USD	cartridge
Humulin R Cartridge 100 unit/ml Cartridge	2.99 USD	cartridge
Novolin Ge Toronto Penfill 100 unit/ml Cartridge	2.8 USD	cartridge
Novolin Ge Nph Penfill 100 unit/ml Cartridge	2.78 USD	cartridge
Humulin N 100 unit/ml	2.29 USD	cartridge
Humulin R 100 unit/ml	2.29 USD	cartridge
Novolin Ge Nph 100 unit/ml	2.14 USD	cartridge
Novolin Ge Toronto 100 unit/ml	2.14 USD	cartridge

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

liquid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point	81 °C	Khachidze, D.G. et al., J. Biol. Phys. Chem. 1:64-67 (2001)
hydrophobicity	0.218	Not Available
isoelectric point	5.39	Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General Reference

Not Available

External Links

Resource	Link
UniProt	Q8HXV2
Genbank	AY137503
PharmGKB	PA164744571
Drug Product Database	795879
RxList	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/novolog.htm

ATC Codes

A10AB01
A10AE05
A10AB04
A10AE04
A10AD05
A10AC03
A10AC01
A10AB05
A10AB03

AHFS Codes

68:20.08
92:02.00*

PDB Entries

2VJZ

FDA label

show (133 KB)

MSDS

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Not Available

Food Interactions

Not Available

Targets
1. Insulin receptor Pharmacological action: yes Actions: agonist This receptor binds insulin and has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity. Isoform Short has a higher affinity for insulin. Mediates the metabolic functions of insulin. Binding to insulin stimulates association of the receptor with downstream mediators including IRS1 and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K). Can activate PI3K either directly by binding to the p85 regulatory subunit, or indirectly via IRS1 Organism class: human UniProt ID: P06213 Gene: INSR Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Desbuquois B, Chauvet G, Kouach M, Authier F: Cell itinerary and metabolic fate of proinsulin in rat liver: in vivo and in vitro studies. Endocrinology. 2003 Dec;144(12):5308-21. Epub 2003 Sep 11. Pubmed Chen LM, Yang XW, Tang JG: Acidic residues on the N-terminus of proinsulin C-Peptide are important for the folding of insulin precursor. J Biochem (Tokyo). 2002 Jun;131(6):855-9. Pubmed Bell DS: Insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus: how can the currently available injectable insulins be most prudently and efficaciously utilised? Drugs. 2007;67(13):1813-27. Pubmed Tanti JF, Jager J: Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance: role of stress-regulated serine kinases and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) serine phosphorylation. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;9(6):753-62. Epub 2009 Aug 13. Pubmed Chiu SL, Cline HT: Insulin receptor signaling in the development of neuronal structure and function. Neural Dev. 2010 Mar 15;5:7. Pubmed Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed 2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor Pharmacological action: unknown This receptor binds insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with a high affinity and IGF2 with a lower affinity. It has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity, which is necessary for the activation of the IGF1-stimulated downstream signaling cascade Organism class: human UniProt ID: P08069 Gene: IGF1R Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 3. Retinoblastoma-associated protein Pharmacological action: unknown Key regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. Recruits and targets histone methyltransferases SUV39H1, SUV420H1 and SUV420H2, leading to epigenetic transcriptional repression. Controls histone H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation. Also acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes to promoters. Inhibits the intrinsic kinase activity of TAF1. Forms a complex with adenovirus E1A and with SV40 large T antigen. May bind and modulate functionally certain cellular proteins with which T and E1A compete for pocket binding Organism class: human UniProt ID: P06400 Gene: RB1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 4. Cathepsin D Pharmacological action: unknown Acid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease Organism class: human UniProt ID: P07339 Gene: CTSD Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 5. Insulin-degrading enzyme Pharmacological action: unknown May play a role in the cellular processing of insulin. May be involved in intercellular peptide signaling Organism class: human UniProt ID: P14735 Gene: IDE Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 6. Neuroendocrine convertase 2 Pharmacological action: unknown Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues Organism class: human UniProt ID: P16519 Gene: PCSK2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 7. Carboxypeptidase E Pharmacological action: unknown Removes residual C-terminal Arg or Lys remaining after initial endoprotease cleavage during prohormone processing. Processes proinsulin Organism class: human UniProt ID: P16870 Gene: CPE Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 8. Neuroendocrine convertase 1 Pharmacological action: unknown Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin and insulin Organism class: human UniProt ID: P29120 Gene: PCSK1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 9. Protein NOV homolog Pharmacological action: unknown Immediate-early protein likely to play a role in cell growth regulation Organism class: human UniProt ID: P48745 Gene: NOV Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 10. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 Pharmacological action: unknown May participate in regulation of parathyroid-hormone and para-thyroid-hormone-related protein release Organism class: human UniProt ID: P98164 Gene: LRP2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 11. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 Pharmacological action: unknown Binds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q16270 Gene: IGFBP7 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 12. Synaptotagmin-like protein 4 Pharmacological action: unknown Modulates exocytosis of dense-core granules and secretion of hormones in the pancreas and the pituitary. Interacts with vesicles containing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent manner Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q96C24 Gene: SYTL4 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

Targets

1. Insulin receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

This receptor binds insulin and has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity. Isoform Short has a higher affinity for insulin. Mediates the metabolic functions of insulin. Binding to insulin stimulates association of the receptor with downstream mediators including IRS1 and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K). Can activate PI3K either directly by binding to the p85 regulatory subunit, or indirectly via IRS1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P06213 Link_out

Gene: INSR Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Desbuquois B, Chauvet G, Kouach M, Authier F: Cell itinerary and metabolic fate of proinsulin in rat liver: in vivo and in vitro studies. Endocrinology. 2003 Dec;144(12):5308-21. Epub 2003 Sep 11. Pubmed
Chen LM, Yang XW, Tang JG: Acidic residues on the N-terminus of proinsulin C-Peptide are important for the folding of insulin precursor. J Biochem (Tokyo). 2002 Jun;131(6):855-9. Pubmed
Bell DS: Insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus: how can the currently available injectable insulins be most prudently and efficaciously utilised? Drugs. 2007;67(13):1813-27. Pubmed
Tanti JF, Jager J: Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance: role of stress-regulated serine kinases and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) serine phosphorylation. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;9(6):753-62. Epub 2009 Aug 13. Pubmed
Chiu SL, Cline HT: Insulin receptor signaling in the development of neuronal structure and function. Neural Dev. 2010 Mar 15;5:7. Pubmed
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

Pharmacological action: unknown

This receptor binds insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with a high affinity and IGF2 with a lower affinity. It has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity, which is necessary for the activation of the IGF1-stimulated downstream signaling cascade

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08069 Link_out

Gene: IGF1R Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

3. Retinoblastoma-associated protein

Pharmacological action: unknown

Key regulator of entry into cell division that acts as a tumor suppressor. Directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining overall chromatin structure and, in particular, that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. Recruits and targets histone methyltransferases SUV39H1, SUV420H1 and SUV420H2, leading to epigenetic transcriptional repression. Controls histone H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation. Also acts as a transcription repressor of E2F target genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes to promoters. Inhibits the intrinsic kinase activity of TAF1. Forms a complex with adenovirus E1A and with SV40 large T antigen. May bind and modulate functionally certain cellular proteins with which T and E1A compete for pocket binding

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P06400 Link_out

Gene: RB1

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

4. Cathepsin D

Pharmacological action: unknown

Acid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07339 Link_out

Gene: CTSD Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

5. Insulin-degrading enzyme

Pharmacological action: unknown

May play a role in the cellular processing of insulin. May be involved in intercellular peptide signaling

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14735 Link_out

Gene: IDE

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

6. Neuroendocrine convertase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P16519 Link_out

Gene: PCSK2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

7. Carboxypeptidase E

Pharmacological action: unknown

Removes residual C-terminal Arg or Lys remaining after initial endoprotease cleavage during prohormone processing. Processes proinsulin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P16870 Link_out

Gene: CPE

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

8. Neuroendocrine convertase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin and insulin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P29120 Link_out

Gene: PCSK1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

9. Protein NOV homolog

Pharmacological action: unknown

Immediate-early protein likely to play a role in cell growth regulation

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48745 Link_out

Gene: NOV

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

10. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

May participate in regulation of parathyroid-hormone and para-thyroid-hormone-related protein release

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P98164 Link_out

Gene: LRP2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

11. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7

Pharmacological action: unknown

Binds IGF-I and IGF-II with a relatively low affinity. Stimulates prostacyclin (PGI2) production

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16270 Link_out

Gene: IGFBP7 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

12. Synaptotagmin-like protein 4

Pharmacological action: unknown

Modulates exocytosis of dense-core granules and secretion of hormones in the pancreas and the pituitary. Interacts with vesicles containing negatively charged phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent manner

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96C24 Link_out

Gene: SYTL4 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

Enzymes
1. Cytochrome P450 1A2 Actions: inducer Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen UniProt ID: P05177 Gene: CYP1A2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out

Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). Accessed May 28, 2010.

Comments

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 29, 2010 14:34