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Identification
Name Bortezomib
Accession Number DB00188 (APRD00828)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Bortezomib (originally PS-341 and marketed as Velcade by Millennium Pharmaceuticals) is the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor to be tested in humans. It is approved in the U.S. for treating relapsed multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In multiple myeloma, complete clinical responses have been obtained in patients with otherwise refractory or rapidly advancing disease.
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Synonyms Not Available
Synonyms Not Available
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Velcade
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Protease Inhibitors
CAS number 179324-69-7
Weight Average: 384.237
Monoisotopic: 384.196885774
Chemical Formula C19H25BN4O4
InChI Key InChIKey=GXJABQQUPOEUTA-RDJZCZTQSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H25BN4O4/c1-13(2)10-17(20(27)28)24-18(25)15(11-14-6-4-3-5-7-14)23-19(26)16-12-21-8-9-22-16/h3-9,12-13,15,17,27-28H,10-11H2,1-2H3,(H,23,26)(H,24,25)/t15-,17-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
[(1R)-3-methyl-1-[(2S)-3-phenyl-2-(pyrazin-2-ylformamido)propanamido]butyl]boronic acid
SMILES
CC(C)C[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)NC(=O)C1=CN=CC=N1)B(O)O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have not been successfully treated with at least two previous therapies.
Pharmacodynamics Bortezomib is a drug that inhibits the mammalian 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an essential role in regulating the intracellular concentration of specific proteins, thereby maintaining homeostasis within cells. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome prevents this targeted proteolysis, which can affect multiple signaling cascades within the cell. This disruption of normal homeostatic mechanisms can lead to cell death. Experiments have demonstrated that bortezomib is cytotoxic to a variety of cancer cell types in vitro. Bortezomib causes a delay in tumor growth in vivo in nonclinical tumor models, including multiple myeloma. Tumor cells, that is, rapidly dividing cells, appear to be more sensitive to proteasome inhibition.
Mechanism of action Bortezomib is a reversible inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 26S proteasome in mammalian cells. The 26S proteasome is a large protein complex that degrades ubiquitinated proteins. The active site of the proteasome has chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and postglutamyl peptide hydrolysis activity. The 26S proteasome degrades various proteins critical to cancer cell survival, such as cyclins, tumor suppressors, BCL-2, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Inhibition of these degradations sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Bortezomib is a potent inhibitor of 26S proteasome, which sensitizes activity in dividing multiple myeloma and leukemic cells, thus inducing apoptosis. In addition, bortezomib appears to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to traditional anticancer agents (e.g., gemcitabine, cisplatin, paclitaxel, irinotecan, and radiation).
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 83% over the concentration range of 100-1000 ng/ml.
Metabolism In vitro studies with human liver microsomes and human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 isozymes indicate that bortezomib is primarily oxidatively metabolized via cytochrome P450 enzymes 3A4, 2C19, and 1A2, while bortezomib metabolism by CYP 2D6 and 2C9 enzymes is minor. The major metabolic pathway is deboronation to form 2 deboronated metabolites that subsequently undergo hydroxylation to several metabolites which are inactive as 26S proteasome inhibitors.
Route of elimination The pathways of elimination of bortezomib have not been characterized in humans.
Half life The mean elimination half-life of bortezomib after first dose ranged from 9 to 15 hours at doses ranging from 1.45 to 2.00 mg/m2 in patients with advanced malignancies.
Clearance
  • 102 L/h [patients with multiple myeloma following the first dose for doses of 1 mg/m2]
  • 112 L/h [patients with multiple myeloma following the first dose for doses of 1.3 mg/m2]
  • 15 – 32 L/h [patients with multiple myeloma following subsequent doses for doses of 1 and 1.3 mg/m2]
Toxicity Cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies in monkeys show that lethal IV doses are associated with decreases in blood pressure, increases in heart rate, increases in contractility, and ultimately terminal hypotension. In monkeys, doses of 3.0 mg/m2 and greater (approximately twice the recommended clinical dose) resulted in progressive hypotension starting at 1 hour and progressing to death by 12 to 14 hours following drug administration.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Millennium pharmaceuticals inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Powder, for solution Intravenous
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Velcade 3.5 mg vial 1590.0 USD vial
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 6713446 2002-01-25 2022-01-25
United States 6083903 1994-10-28 2014-10-28
Canada 2203936 2005-04-12 2015-10-27
Properties
State solid
Melting point Not Available
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility The solubility of bortezomib, as the monomeric boronic acid, is 3.3 to 3.8 mg/mL in a pH range of 2 to 6.5. PhysProp
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 5.32e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 0.89 ALOGPS
logP 1.53 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS -3.9 ALOGPS
pKa 13.82 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 6 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 4 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 124.44 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 9 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 99.37 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 40.48 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Adams J, Kauffman M: Development of the proteasome inhibitor Velcade (Bortezomib). Cancer Invest. 2004;22(2):304-11. Pubmed
  2. Bonvini P, Zorzi E, Basso G, Rosolen A: Bortezomib-mediated 26S proteasome inhibition causes cell-cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in CD-30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leukemia. 2007 Apr;21(4):838-42. Epub 2007 Feb 1. Pubmed
  3. Voorhees PM, Dees EC, O’Neil B, Orlowski RZ: The proteasome as a target for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Dec 15;9(17):6316-25. Pubmed
  4. Oakervee HE, Popat R, Curry N, Smith P, Morris C, Drake M, Agrawal S, Stec J, Schenkein D, Esseltine DL, Cavenagh JD: PAD combination therapy (PS-341/bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) for previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2005 Jun;129(6):755-62. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
ChEBI 52717 Link_out
ChEMBL 52717 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP001318 Link_out
PharmGKB PA10252 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2262452 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/velcade.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/bortezomib.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortezomib Link_out
ATC Codes
  • L01XX32
AHFS Codes
  • 10:00.00
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (199 KB)
MSDS Not Available
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Clopidogrel Moderate CYP2C19 Inhibitors like bortezomib may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Clopidogrel. Avoid concurrent use of moderate CYP2C19 inhibitors with clopidogrel whenever possible. If such a combination must be used, monitor closely for evidence of reduced clinical response to clopidogrel.
Telithromycin Telithromycin may reduce clearance of Bortezomib. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Bortezomib if Telithromycin is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Ticlopidine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Bortezomib. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Bortezomib if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Voriconazole Voriconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the serum concentration of bortezomib by decreasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of bortezomib if voriconazole is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
Food Interactions
  • Citrus fruits - Patients should avoid taking extra vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplements and vitamin C-containing multi-vitamins during their bortezomib therapy. Ascorbic Acid may diminish the therapeutic effect of Bortezomib.
  • Green Tea - Green Tea may diminish the antineoplastic effect of Bortezomib. Avoid concurrent use of green tea extract and other green tea products during treatment with bortezomib.
Targets

1. 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Binds to the intracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor. The binding domain of TRAP1 and TRAP2 resides outside the death domain of TNFR1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13200 Link_out
Gene: PSMD2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. von Schwarzenberg K, Held SA, Schaub A, Brauer KM, Bringmann A, Brossart P: Proteasome inhibition overcomes the resistance of renal cell carcinoma cells against the PPARgamma ligand troglitazone. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009 Apr;66(7):1295-308. Pubmed
  4. Marchi E, Paoluzzi L, Scotto L, Seshan VE, Zain JM, Zinzani PL, O’Connor OA: Pralatrexate is synergistic with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in in vitro and in vivo models of T-cell lymphoid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;16(14):3648-58. Epub 2010 May 25. Pubmed
  5. Saeki Y, Fukunaga K, Tanaka K: [Proteasome inhibitors]. Nippon Rinsho. 2010 Oct;68(10):1818-22. Pubmed

2. Proteasome subunit beta type 1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P20618 Link_out
Gene: PSMB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Saeki Y, Fukunaga K, Tanaka K: [Proteasome inhibitors]. Nippon Rinsho. 2010 Oct;68(10):1818-22. Pubmed

3. Proteasome subunit beta type 5

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. May catalyze basal processing of intracellular antigens

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28074 Link_out
Gene: PSMB5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Politou M, Karadimitris A, Terpos E, Kotsianidis I, Apperley JF, Rahemtulla A: No evidence of mutations of the PSMB5 (beta-5 subunit of proteasome) in a case of myeloma with clinical resistance to Bortezomib. Leuk Res. 2006 Feb;30(2):240-1. Epub 2005 Aug 2. Pubmed
  2. Saeki Y, Fukunaga K, Tanaka K: [Proteasome inhibitors]. Nippon Rinsho. 2010 Oct;68(10):1818-22. Pubmed

4. Proteasome subunit beta type 2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. This subunit has a chymotrypsin-like activity

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P49721 Link_out
Gene: PSMB2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Saeki Y, Fukunaga K, Tanaka K: [Proteasome inhibitors]. Nippon Rinsho. 2010 Oct;68(10):1818-22. Pubmed

5. 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99460 Link_out
Gene: PSMD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Saeki Y, Fukunaga K, Tanaka K: [Proteasome inhibitors]. Nippon Rinsho. 2010 Oct;68(10):1818-22. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and imipramine

UniProt ID: P33261 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C19 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in catalyzing 2-hydroxylation. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome CYP1A2 in the liver through an initial N3-demethylation. Also acts in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and acetaminophen

UniProt ID: P05177 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

5. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S- warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan

UniProt ID: P11712 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C9
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed
  2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

6. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1

Actions: substrate

May play an important role in regulating or promoting cell proliferation in some normal and neoplastically transformed cells

UniProt ID: P23219 Link_out
Gene: PTGS1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Pubmed

7. Cytochrome P450 1A1

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

8. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: inhibitor

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Transporters

1. High affinity copper uptake protein 1

Actions: inhibitor

Involved in high-affinity copper uptake

UniProt ID: O15431 Link_out
Gene: SLC31A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jandial DD, Farshchi-Heydari S, Larson CA, Elliott GI, Wrasidlo WJ, Howell SB: Enhanced delivery of cisplatin to intraperitoneal ovarian carcinomas mediated by the effects of bortezomib on the human copper transporter 1. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 15;15(2):553-60. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on April 19, 2012 13:10