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Identification
Name Cladribine
Accession Number DB00242 (APRD00260)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
2-CdA
2-Chloro-2'-deoxy-beta-adenosine
2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine
Chlorodeoxyadenosine
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Leustatin
Mylinax
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Immunosuppressive Agents
CAS number 4291-63-8
Weight Average: 285.687
Monoisotopic: 285.062866982
Chemical Formula C10H12ClN5O3
InChI Key InChIKey=PTOAARAWEBMLNO-KVQBGUIXSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H12ClN5O3/c11-10-14-8(12)7-9(15-10)16(3-13-7)6-1-4(18)5(2-17)19-6/h3-6,17-18H,1-2H2,(H2,12,14,15)/t4-,5+,6+/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(2R,3S,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol
SMILES
NC1=C2N=CN([C@H]3C[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)C2=NC(Cl)=N1
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Purines and Purine Derivatives
Substructures
  • Glycerol and Derivatives
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Ethers
  • Aryl Halides
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
  • Imidazoles
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Purines and Purine Derivatives
  • Furans
  • Cyanamides
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of active hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis) as defined by clinically significant anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or disease-related symptoms. Also used as an alternative agent for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Pharmacodynamics Cladribine is a synthetic purine nucleoside that acts as an antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressive effects. Cladribine differs structurally from deoxyadenosine only by the presence of a chlorine atom at position 2 of the purine ring, which results in resistance to enzymatic degradation by adenosine deaminase. Due to this resistance, cladribine exhibits a more prolonged cytotoxic effect than deoxyadenosine against resting and proliferating lymphocytes. Cladribine is one of a group of chemotherapy drugs known as the anti-metabolites. Anti-metabolites stop cells from making and repairing DNA, which are processes that are necessary for cancer cells to grow and multiply.
Mechanism of action Cladribine is structurally related to fludarabine and pentostatin but has a different mechanism of action. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been fully determined, evidence shows that cladribine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to the nucleotidecladribine triphosphate (CdATP; 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-triphosphate), which accumulates and is incorporated into DNA in cells such as lymphocytes that contain high levels of deoxycytidine kinase and low levels of deoxynucleotidase, resulting in DNA strand breakage and inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair. High levels of CdATP also appear to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, which leads to an imbalance in triphosphorylated deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pools and subsequent DNA strand breaks, inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and ATP depletion, and cell death. Unlike other antimetabolite drugs, cladribine has cytotoxic effects on resting as well as proliferating lymphocytes. However, it does cause cells to accumulate at the G1/S phase junction, suggesting that cytotoxicity is associated with events critical to cell entry into S phase. It also binds purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), however no relationship between this binding and a mechanism of action has been established.
Absorption Oral bioavailability is 34 to 48%.
Volume of distribution
  • 4.5 ± 2.8 L/kg [patients with hematologic malignancies]
  • 9 L/kg
Protein binding 20%
Metabolism Metabolized in all cells with deoxycytidine kinase activity to 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 5.4 hours
Clearance
  • 978 +/- 422 mL/h/kg
Toxicity Symptoms of overdose include irreversible neurologic toxicity (paraparesis/quadriparesis), acute nephrotoxicity, and severe bone marrow suppression resulting in neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
  • Ortho biotech products lp
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Solution Intravenous
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Leustatin 10 mg/10 ml vial 102.78 USD ml
Cladribine 10 mg/10 ml vial 34.2 USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 215 °C Not Available
logP -0.1 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 6.35e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP -0.12 ALOGPS
logP -0.28 ChemAxon
logS -1.6 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 13.89 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 1.33 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 7 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon
polar surface area 119.31 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 2 ChemAxon
refractivity 67.18 ChemAxon
polarizability 25.93 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Warnke C, Wiendl H, Hartung HP, Stuve O, Kieseier BC: Identification of targets and new developments in the treatment of multiple sclerosis – focus on cladribine. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010 Jul 21;4:117-26. Pubmed
  2. Sigal DS, Miller HJ, Schram ED, Saven A: Beyond hairy cell: the activity of cladribine in other hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2010 Jul 15. Pubmed
  3. Khalid BA, Hamilton NT, Cauchi MN: Binding of thyroid microsomes by lymphocytes from patients with thyroid disease and normal subjects. Clin Exp Immunol. 1976 Jan;23(1):28-32. Pubmed
  4. Sampat K, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G: Clofarabine: emerging role in leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Oct;18(10):1559-64. Pubmed
  5. Kantarjian HM, Jeha S, Gandhi V, Wess M, Faderl S: Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30. Pubmed
  6. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  7. Larson ML, Venugopal P: Clofarabine: a new treatment option for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Jun;10(8):1353-7. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D01370 Link_out
PubChem Compound 20279 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46504588 Link_out
ChemSpider 19105 Link_out
ChEBI 567361 Link_out
ChEMBL 567361 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000565 Link_out
PharmGKB PA449027 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2022117 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/cladribine.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/cladribine.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladribine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • L01BB04
AHFS Codes
  • 10:00.00
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (43.7 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Leflunomide Immunosuppressants such as cladribine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of leflunomide. Specifically, the risk for hematologic toxicity such as pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, and/or thrombocytopenia may be increased. Consider eliminating the use of a leflunomide loading dose in patients who are receiving other immunosuppressants in order to reduce the risk for serious adverse events such as hematologic toxicity. Also, patients receiving both leflunomide and another immunosuppressive medication should be monitored for bone marrow suppression at least monthly throughout the duration of concurrent therapy.
Natalizumab Immunosuppressants such as cladribine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of natalizumab. Specifically, the risk of concurrent infection may be increased. Patients receiving natalizumab should not use concurrent immunosuppressants, and patients receiving chronic corticosteroids prior to natalizumab should be tapered off of steroids prior to starting natalizumab.
Pimecrolimus Pimecrolimus may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of immunosuppressants such as cladribine. Avoid use of pimecrolimus cream in patients receiving immunosuppressants.
Roflumilast Roflumilast may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of immunosuppressants such as cladribine. The Canadian roflumilast product monograph recommends avoiding concurrent use of roflumilast with any immunosuppressant medications due to the antiinflammatory/immune altering effects of roflumilast and the lack of relevant clinical experience with such use. Of note, this recommendation to avoid concurrent use does not apply to either inhaled corticosteroids (which have much more limited systemic immune-suppressing actions) or short-term systemic corticosteroid use. U.S. prescribing information does not contain this warning; but it appears prudent to avoid this combination when possible.
Tacrolimus Tacrolimus (Topical) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus. Avoid use of tacrolimus ointment in patients receiving immunosuppressants.
Trastuzumab Trastuzumab may increase the risk of neutropenia and anemia. Monitor closely for signs and symptoms of adverse events.
Food Interactions
  • Echinacea should be used with caution, if at all, in patients receiving therapeutic immunosuppressants. Monitor for reduced efficacy of the immunosuppressant during concomitant use.
Targets

1. Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23921 Link_out
Gene: RRM1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sampat K, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G: Clofarabine: emerging role in leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Oct;18(10):1559-64. Pubmed
  2. Kantarjian HM, Jeha S, Gandhi V, Wess M, Faderl S: Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30. Pubmed
  3. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  4. Kline JP, Larson RA: Clofarabine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;6(15):2711-8. Pubmed
  5. Takahashi T, Kanazawa J, Akinaga S, Tamaoki T, Okabe M: Antitumor activity of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine, a novel deoxyadenosine analog, against human colon tumor xenografts by oral administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;43(3):233-40. Pubmed

2. Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31350 Link_out
Gene: RRM2
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sampat K, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G: Clofarabine: emerging role in leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Oct;18(10):1559-64. Pubmed
  2. Kantarjian HM, Jeha S, Gandhi V, Wess M, Faderl S: Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30. Pubmed
  3. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  4. Kline JP, Larson RA: Clofarabine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;6(15):2711-8. Pubmed
  5. Takahashi T, Kanazawa J, Akinaga S, Tamaoki T, Okabe M: Antitumor activity of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine, a novel deoxyadenosine analog, against human colon tumor xenografts by oral administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;43(3):233-40. Pubmed

3. Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Plays a pivotal role in cell survival by repairing damaged DNA in a p53/TP53-dependent manner. Supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA repair in cells arrested at G1 or G2. Contains an iron-tyrosyl free radical center required for catalysis. Forms an active ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex with RRM1 which is expressed both in resting and proliferating cells in response to DNA damage

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q7LG56 Link_out
Gene: RRM2B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sampat K, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G: Clofarabine: emerging role in leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Oct;18(10):1559-64. Pubmed
  2. Kantarjian HM, Jeha S, Gandhi V, Wess M, Faderl S: Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30. Pubmed
  3. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  4. Kline JP, Larson RA: Clofarabine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;6(15):2711-8. Pubmed
  5. Takahashi T, Kanazawa J, Akinaga S, Tamaoki T, Okabe M: Antitumor activity of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine, a novel deoxyadenosine analog, against human colon tumor xenografts by oral administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;43(3):233-40. Pubmed

4. DNA

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: other/unknown

DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.

Gene Sequence: FASTA

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Sampat K, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G: Clofarabine: emerging role in leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Oct;18(10):1559-64. Pubmed
  4. Kantarjian HM, Jeha S, Gandhi V, Wess M, Faderl S: Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30. Pubmed
  5. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  6. Kline JP, Larson RA: Clofarabine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;6(15):2711-8. Pubmed
  7. Hartman WR, Hentosh P: The antileukemia drug 2-chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine: an intrinsic transcriptional antagonist. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jan;65(1):227-34. Pubmed

5. DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Polymerase alpha in a complex with DNA primase is a replicative polymerase

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09884 Link_out
Gene: POLA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  2. Kline JP, Larson RA: Clofarabine in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;6(15):2711-8. Pubmed
  3. Takahashi T, Kanazawa J, Akinaga S, Tamaoki T, Okabe M: Antitumor activity of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine, a novel deoxyadenosine analog, against human colon tumor xenografts by oral administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;43(3):233-40. Pubmed
  4. Hartman WR, Hentosh P: The antileukemia drug 2-chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine: an intrinsic transcriptional antagonist. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jan;65(1):227-34. Pubmed

6. DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit A

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q07864 Link_out
Gene: POLE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed

7. DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 2

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P56282 Link_out
Gene: POLE2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed

8. DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

Forms a complex with DNA polymerase epsilon subunit CHRAC1 and binds naked DNA, which is then incorporated into chromatin, aided by the nucleosome-remodeling activity of ISWI/SNF2H and ACF1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NRF9 Link_out
Gene: POLE3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed

9. DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

May play a role in allowing polymerase epsilon to carry out its replication and/or repair function

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NR33 Link_out
Gene: POLE4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed

10. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inducer
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00491 Link_out
Gene: NP Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bzowska A, Kazimierczuk Z: 2-Chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine (cladribine) and its analogues are good substrates and potent selective inhibitors of Escherichia coli purine-nucleoside phosphorylase. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Nov 1;233(3):886-90. Pubmed
  2. Dumontet C, Fabianowska-Majewska K, Mantincic D, Callet Bauchu E, Tigaud I, Gandhi V, Lepoivre M, Peters GJ, Rolland MO, Wyczechowska D, Fang X, Gazzo S, Voorn DA, Vanier-Viornery A, MacKey J: Common resistance mechanisms to deoxynucleoside analogues in variants of the human erythroleukaemic line K562. Br J Haematol. 1999 Jul;106(1):78-85. Pubmed
  3. Dumontet C, Bauchu EC, Fabianowska K, Lepoivre M, Wyczechowska D, Bodin F, Rolland MO: Common resistance mechanisms to nucleoside analogues in variants of the human erythroleukemic line K562. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;457:571-7. Pubmed
  4. Takimoto T, Kubota M, Tsuruta S, Kitoh T, Tanizawa A, Akiyama Y, Kiriyama Y, Mikawa H: Changes in sensitivity to anticancer drugs during TPA-induced cellular differentiation in a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line (MOLT-4). Leukemia. 1988 Jul;2(7):443-6. Pubmed
  5. Carson DA, Wasson DB, Lakow E, Kamatani N: Possible metabolic basis for the different immunodeficient states associated with genetic deficiencies of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jun;79(12):3848-52. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Deoxycytidine kinase

Actions: substrate

Required for the phosphorylation of several deoxyribonucleosides and certain nucleoside analogs widely employed as antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents

UniProt ID: P27707 Link_out
Gene: DCK
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Warnke C, Wiendl H, Hartung HP, Stuve O, Kieseier BC: Identification of targets and new developments in the treatment of multiple sclerosis – focus on cladribine. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010 Jul 21;4:117-26. Pubmed
  2. Sigal DS, Miller HJ, Schram ED, Saven A: Beyond hairy cell: the activity of cladribine in other hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2010 Jul 15. Pubmed
  3. Kantarjian HM, Jeha S, Gandhi V, Wess M, Faderl S: Clofarabine: past, present, and future. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Oct;48(10):1922-30. Pubmed
  4. Sampat K, Kantarjian H, Borthakur G: Clofarabine: emerging role in leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Oct;18(10):1559-64. Pubmed
  5. Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, Albertioni F: Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Dec 1;78(11):1351-9. Epub 2009 Jul 1. Pubmed
  6. Larson ML, Venugopal P: Clofarabine: a new treatment option for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Jun;10(8):1353-7. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 2

Actions: substrate

Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity

UniProt ID: O15244 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen R, Nelson JA: Role of organic cation transporters in the renal secretion of nucleosides. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 15;60(2):215-9. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Actions: substrate

Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)- N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin- dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase

UniProt ID: O15245 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen R, Nelson JA: Role of organic cation transporters in the renal secretion of nucleosides. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 15;60(2):215-9. Pubmed

3. ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2

Actions: substrate

Xenobiotic transporter that may play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain. May be involved in brain-to-blood efflux. Appears to play a major role in the multidrug resistance phenotype of several cancer cell lines. When overexpressed, the transfected cells become resistant to mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, display diminished intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, and manifest an ATP- dependent increase in the efflux of rhodamine 123

UniProt ID: Q9UNQ0 Link_out
Gene: ABCG2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. de Wolf C, Jansen R, Yamaguchi H, de Haas M, van de Wetering K, Wijnholds J, Beijnen J, Borst P: Contribution of the drug transporter ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein) to resistance against anticancer nucleosides. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Sep;7(9):3092-102. Epub 2008 Sep 2. Pubmed

4. Solute carrier family 28 member 3

Sodium-dependent, pyrimidine- and purine-selective. Involved in the homeostasis of endogenous nucleosides. Exhibits the transport characteristics of the nucleoside transport system cib or N3 subtype (N3/cib) (with marked transport of both thymidine and inosine). Employs a 2:1 sodium/nucleoside ratio. Also able to transport gemcitabine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), ribavirin and 3-deazauridine

UniProt ID: Q9HAS3 Link_out
Gene: SLC28A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Badagnani I, Chan W, Castro RA, Brett CM, Huang CC, Stryke D, Kawamoto M, Johns SJ, Ferrin TE, Carlson EJ, Burchard EG, Giacomini KM: Functional analysis of genetic variants in the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3; SLC28A3). Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(3):157-65. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19