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Identification
Name Morphine
Accession Number DB00295 (APRD00215)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [PubChem]

Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
(-)-Heroin hydrochloride
(-)-Morphine
D-(-)-Morphine
Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride
Diamorphine hydrochloride
Heroin hydrochloride
Heroine hydrochloride
Morphin
Morphina
Morphine Sulfate
Morphinum
O,O'-Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride
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Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Astramorph PF
Avinza
Depodur
Dulcontin
Duramorph PF
Duromorph
Epimorph
Kadian
l-Morphine
M-Eslon
M.O.S
Meconium
Morfina
Morphia
Morphine Extra-Forte
Morphine Forte
Morphine H.P
Morphinism
Morphitec
Morphium
Moscontin
Ms Contin
MS/L
MS/S
MSIR
Nepenthe
OMS Concentrate
Oramorph SR
Ospalivina
Rescudose
RMS Uniserts
Roxanol
Roxanol 100
Roxanol UD
Statex Drops
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Camphorated Opium Tincture Benzoic Acid + Camphor + Morphine
Paregorique Camphor + Morphine
Categories
  • Narcotics
  • Analgesics
  • Opiate Agonists
  • Analgesics, Opioid
CAS number 57-27-2
Weight Average: 285.3377
Monoisotopic: 285.136493479
Chemical Formula C17H19NO3
InChI Key InChIKey=BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2-5,10-11,13,16,19-20H,6-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,13-,16-,17-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(1S,5R,13R,14S,17R)-4-methyl-12-oxa-4-azapentacyclo[9.6.1.0^{1,13}.0^{5,17}.0^{7,18}]octadeca-7(18),8,10,15-tetraene-10,14-diol
SMILES
[H][C@@]12OC3=C(O)C=CC4=C3[C@@]11CCN(C)[C@]([H])(C4)[C@]1([H])C=C[C@@H]2O
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (9.42 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Morphine and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Morphinans
  • Benzofurans
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Alkanes and Alkenes
  • Naphthalenes
  • Phenols and Derivatives
  • Morphine and Derivatives
  • Ethers
  • Benzene and Derivatives
  • Phenylpiperidines
  • Methoxyphenols
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Catechols
  • Phenethylamines
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Anisoles
  • Phenylpropylamines
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Cyclohexenes and Derivatives
  • Phenyl Esters
  • Amphetamines
  • Catecholamines and Derivatives
  • Piperidines
Pharmacology
Indication For the relief and treatment of severe pain.
Pharmacodynamics Morphine is a narcotic pain management agent indicated for the relief of pain in patients who require opioid analgesics for more than a few days. Morphine interacts predominantly with the opioid mu-receptor. These mu-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain, with high densities in the posterior amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical areas. They are also found on the terminal axons of primary afferents within laminae I and II (substantia gelatinosa) of the spinal cord and in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. In clinical settings, morphine exerts its principal pharmacological effect on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Morphine appears to increase the patient's tolerance for pain and to decrease discomfort, although the presence of the pain itself may still be recognized. In addition to analgesia, alterations in mood, euphoria and dysphoria, and drowsiness commonly occur. Opioids also produce respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers.
Mechanism of action The precise mechanism of the analgesic action of morphine is unknown. However, specific CNS opiate receptors have been identified and likely play a role in the expression of analgesic effects. Morphine first acts on the mu-opioid receptors. The mechanism of respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to increases in carbon dioxide tension and to electrical stimulation. It has been shown that morphine binds to and inhibits GABA inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons normally inhibit the descending pain inhibition pathway. So, without the inhibitory signals, pain modulation can proceed downstream.
Absorption Bioavailability is approximately 30%.
Volume of distribution
  • 1 to 6 L/kg
Protein binding 30-40%
Metabolism Primarily hepatic (90%), converted to dihydromorphinone and normorphine. Also converted to morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide. Virtually all morphine is converted to glucuronide metabolites; only a small fraction (less than 5%) of absorbed morphine is demethylated.
Route of elimination A small amount of glucuronide conjugates are excreted in bile, with minor enterohepatic recycling. Seven to 10% of administered morphine sulfate is excreted in the feces.
Half life 2-4 hours
Clearance
  • 20 – 30 mL/min/kg [Adult]
  • 1852 +/- 116 mL/min [Chinese]
  • 1495 +/- 80 mL/min [Caucasian]
Toxicity LD50 = 461 mg/kg (rat, oral), 600 mg/kg (mouse, oral). Human lethal dose by ingestion is 120-250 mg of morphine sulfate. Symptoms of overdose include cold, clammy skin, flaccid muscles, fluid in the lungs, lowered blood pressure, "pinpoint" or dilated pupils, sleepiness leading to stupor and coma, slowed breathing, and slow pulse rate.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways
Pathway Name SMPDB ID
Smp00405 Codeine Pathway SMP00405
Smp00406 Morphine Pathway SMP00406
Smp00407 Heroin Pathway SMP00407
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • King pharmaceuticals inc
  • Actavis elizabeth llc
  • Ekr therapeutics inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
  • Hospira inc
  • Mallinckrodt chemical inc
  • Meridian medical technologies inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Clonmel healthcare ltd
  • Endo pharmaceuticals inc
  • Kv pharmaceutical co
  • Mallinckrodt inc
  • Purdue pharma lp
  • Xanodyne pharmaceutics inc
  • Actavis
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule, extended release Oral
Liquid Intramuscular
Liquid Intravenous
Soap Topical
Solution Epidural
Solution Intramuscular
Solution Intravenous
Solution / drops Oral
Suppository Rectal
Syrup Oral
Tablet Oral
Tablet, extended release Oral
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Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Depodur 15 mg/1.5 ml vial 618.18 USD ml
Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 120ml Bottle 95.98 USD bottle
Morphine Sulfate 20 mg/5ml Solution 500ml Bottle 65.05 USD bottle
Apokyn 30 mg/3 ml cartridge 52.48 USD ml
Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/5ml Solution 500ml Bottle 38.55 USD bottle
Kadian er 200 mg capsule 35.43 USD capsule
Kadian er 100 mg capsule 23.01 USD capsule
Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 30ml Bottle 22.99 USD bottle
Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/5ml Solution 100ml Bottle 21.99 USD bottle
Oramorph sr 60 mg tablet 21.76 USD tablet
Ms contin 200 mg tablet 21.5 USD tablet
Kadian er 80 mg capsule 18.66 USD capsule
Roxanol 20 mg/ml Solution 240ml Bottle 17.99 USD bottle
Avinza 90 mg capsule 17.56 USD capsule
Oramorph sr 100 mg tablet 17.16 USD tablet
Kadian 100 mg 24 Hour Capsule 16.93 USD capsule
MS Contin 200 mg 12 Hour tablet 16.32 USD tablet
Kadian 100 mg capsule sr 16.25 USD capsule
Kadian er 60 mg capsule 14.31 USD capsule
AVINza 90 mg 24 Hour Capsule 13.21 USD capsule
Kadian 80 mg capsule sr 12.96 USD capsule
Avinza 120 mg capsule 12.07 USD capsule
Kadian er 50 mg capsule 11.76 USD capsule
Ms contin 100 mg tablet 11.75 USD tablet
Avinza 60 mg capsule 11.58 USD capsule
AVINza 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule 11.33 USD capsule
Avinza 75 mg capsule 10.79 USD capsule
Morphine sulfate powder 10.61 USD g
Avinza 45 mg capsule 10.22 USD capsule
Kadian 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule 9.06 USD capsule
Morphine Sulfate CR 200 mg 12 Hour tablet 8.97 USD tablet
MS Contin 100 mg 12 Hour tablet 8.89 USD tablet
Morphine sulf 30 mg suppository 8.44 USD suppository
AVINza 60 mg 24 Hour Capsule 8.36 USD capsule
Ms contin 60 mg tablet 7.95 USD tablet
Infumorph 10 mg/ml ampul p-f 7.8 USD ml
Kadian 50 mg 24 Hour Capsule 7.71 USD capsule
Kadian er 30 mg capsule 7.13 USD capsule
Oramorph sr 30 mg tablet 6.83 USD tablet
Morphine sulf 20 mg suppository 6.71 USD suppository
Kadian er 10 mg capsule 6.35 USD capsule
Morphine sulf 10 mg suppository 6.25 USD suppository
Avinza 30 mg capsule 6.0 USD capsule
MS Contin 60 mg 12 Hour tablet 5.71 USD tablet
Kadian er 20 mg capsule 5.69 USD capsule
Ms Contin 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 5.62 USD tablet
Kadian 30 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.8 USD capsule
Kadian 20 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.76 USD capsule
AVINza 30 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.47 USD capsule
Morphine sulf 5 mg suppository 4.45 USD suppository
Morphine Sulfate CR 100 mg 12 Hour tablet 4.33 USD tablet
M-Eslon 200 mg Extended-Release Capsule 4.3 USD capsule
Oramorph sr 15 mg tablet 4.12 USD tablet
Ms contin cr 30 mg tablet 4.09 USD tablet
Kadian 10 mg capsule sr 4.05 USD capsule
Morphine Hp 50 50 mg/ml 4.01 USD ml
Kadian 10 mg 24 Hour Capsule 4.0 USD capsule
Ms contin 15 mg tablet 3.58 USD tablet
MS Contin 30 mg 12 Hour tablet 3.26 USD tablet
Novo-Morphine Sr 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 3.09 USD tablet
Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 200 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 3.09 USD tablet
Ms Contin 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 3.02 USD tablet
Morphine Sulfate CR 60 mg 12 Hour tablet 3.0 USD tablet
Morphine Hp 25 25 mg/ml 2.9 USD ml
Statex 30 mg Suppository 2.55 USD suppository
Kadian 100 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 2.35 USD capsule
Statex 20 mg Suppository 2.32 USD suppository
Morphine Lp Epidural 1 mg/ml 2.24 USD ml
M-Eslon 100 mg Extended-Release Capsule 2.15 USD capsule
MS Contin 15 mg 12 Hour tablet 2.13 USD tablet
Ms Contin 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.98 USD tablet
Statex 10 mg Suppository 1.95 USD suppository
Morph sulf 5 mg/0.25 ml vial 1.83 USD vial
Statex 5 mg Suppository 1.75 USD suppository
Novo-Morphine Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.66 USD tablet
Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.66 USD tablet
Morphine Sulfate CR 30 mg 12 Hour tablet 1.63 USD tablet
Morphine 8 mg/ml ampule 1.56 USD ml
Kadian 50 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 1.35 USD capsule
Duramorph 0.5 mg/ml ampul 1.31 USD ml
Astramorph-pf 1 mg/ml ampul 1.15 USD ml
Ms Contin 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.13 USD tablet
Morphine Lp Epidural 0.5 mg/ml 1.12 USD ml
Morphine Sulfate 15 mg/ml 1.03 USD ml
Morphine Sulfate 10 mg/ml 1.02 USD ml
Novo-Morphine Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.01 USD tablet
Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.01 USD tablet
Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 1.01 USD tablet
M-Eslon 60 mg Extended-Release Capsule 1.0 USD capsule
Statex 50 mg/ml Drops 0.99 USD ml
Morphine Sulfate CR 15 mg 12 Hour tablet 0.93 USD tablet
Duramorph 1 mg/ml ampul 0.91 USD ml
M.O.S.-Sr 60 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.89 USD tablet
Morphine 50 mg/25 ml-d5w syr 0.86 USD ml
Morphine-ns 10 mg/ml syringe 0.86 USD ml
Morphine-ns 5 mg/ml syringe 0.8 USD ml
Ms Contin 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.75 USD tablet
Morphine 5 mg/ml vial 0.74 USD ml
Kadian 20 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 0.73 USD capsule
Astramorph-pf 0.5 mg/ml amp 0.72 USD ml
Morphine Sulfate 15 mg tablet 0.65 USD tablet
Morphine Sulfate 30 mg tablet 0.65 USD tablet
Morphine 1 mg/ml vial p-f 0.6 USD ml
Morphine-ns 1 mg/ml syringe 0.58 USD ml
Novo-Morphine Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.57 USD tablet
Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.57 USD tablet
Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.57 USD tablet
M-Eslon 30 mg Extended-Release Capsule 0.56 USD capsule
Morphine 0.5 mg/ml vial 0.55 USD ml
Morphine sulfate 50 mg/ml vial 0.55 USD ml
Morphine sulfate ir 30 mg tablet 0.55 USD tablet
Ratio-Morphine 20 mg/ml Syrup 0.55 USD syrup
Statex 20 mg/ml Drops 0.52 USD ml
M.O.S.-Sr 30 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.51 USD tablet
Morphine 1 mg/ml syringe 0.48 USD ml
Morphine 10 mg/ml vial 0.48 USD ml
Ms.Ir 30 mg Tablet 0.48 USD tablet
Morphine sulfate 25 mg/ml vial 0.43 USD ml
Morphine sulf 1 mg/ml vial 0.4 USD ml
M.O.S. Sulfate 50 mg Tablet 0.39 USD tablet
Statex 50 mg Tablet 0.39 USD tablet
Kadian 10 mg Sustained-Release Capsule 0.38 USD capsule
M-Eslon 15 mg Extended-Release Capsule 0.38 USD capsule
Ms.Ir 20 mg Tablet 0.38 USD tablet
Novo-Morphine Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.37 USD tablet
Pms-Morphine Sulfate Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.37 USD tablet
Ratio-Morphine Sulfate Sr 15 mg Sustained-Release Tablet 0.37 USD tablet
M-Eslon 10 mg Extended-Release Capsule 0.33 USD capsule
Morphine sulfate ir 15 mg tablet 0.32 USD tablet
Morphine 15 mg/ml vial 0.3 USD ml
Morphine-ns 25 mg/25 ml syr 0.26 USD ml
M.O.S. Sulfate 25 mg Tablet 0.25 USD tablet
Statex 25 mg Tablet 0.25 USD tablet
Ms.Ir 10 mg Tablet 0.21 USD tablet
Ratio-Morphine 10 mg/ml Syrup 0.19 USD syrup
M.O.S. Sulfate 10 mg Tablet 0.19 USD tablet
Statex 10 mg Tablet 0.19 USD tablet
Morphine-ns 5 mg/ml 0.16 USD ml
Morphine-ns 55 mg/55 ml syr 0.14 USD ml
Ms.Ir 5 mg Tablet 0.14 USD tablet
M.O.S. Sulfate 5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Statex 5 mg Tablet 0.12 USD tablet
Morphine 1 mg/ml-d5w 100 ml 0.1 USD ml
Morphine-ns 150 mg/150 ml 0.1 USD ml
Statex 5 mg/ml Syrup 0.08 USD ml
Morphine 1 mg/ml-d5w 250 ml 0.06 USD ml
Ratio-Morphine 5 mg/ml Syrup 0.05 USD syrup
Ratio-Morphine 1 mg/ml Syrup 0.02 USD syrup
Statex 1 mg/ml Syrup 0.02 USD ml
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DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 6066339 1997-11-25 2017-11-25
United States 5378474 1993-03-23 2010-03-23
Canada 2065210 2000-08-29 2012-04-06
Canada 2128591 1999-03-23 2014-07-21
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 255 °C PhysProp
water solubility 149 mg/L (at 20 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP 0.89 AVDEEF,A ET AL. (1996)
logS -3.28 ADME Research, USCD
pKa 8.21 (at 25 °C) LIDE,DR (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.02e+01 g/l ALOGPS
logP 0.99 ALOGPS
logP 0.9 ChemAxon
logS -1.4 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 10.26 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 9.12 ChemAxon
physiological charge 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 4 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 52.93 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 0 ChemAxon
refractivity 80.12 ChemAxon
polarizability 29.95 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Kilpatrick GJ, Smith TW: Morphine-6-glucuronide: actions and mechanisms. Med Res Rev. 2005 Sep;25(5):521-44. Pubmed
  2. Loguinov AV, Anderson LM, Crosby GJ, Yukhananov RY: Gene expression following acute morphine administration. Physiol Genomics. 2001 Aug 28;6(3):169-81. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C01516 Link_out
PubChem Compound 5288826 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505161 Link_out
ChemSpider 4450907 Link_out
ChEBI 17303 Link_out
ChEMBL 17303 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000071 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450550 Link_out
HET MOI Link_out
Drug Product Database 2245286 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ms.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/morphine.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/msc1277.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • G04BE07
  • N02AA01
  • N02AA04
  • N02AA09
  • N04BC07
  • R05DA01
  • R05DA05
  • S01XA06
  • D10AX30
AHFS Codes
  • 84:24.12
  • 28:08.08
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label show (1.2 MB)
MSDS show (51.7 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Alvimopan Increases levels by receptor binding competition. Discontinue opioid administration at least 7 days prior to administrating Alvimopan.
Eltrombopag Eltrombopag increases Morphine levels via decreasing metabolism. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibition with unclear significance.
Rifampin Rifampin decreases the effect of morphine/codeine
Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Morphine, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
Trovafloxacin Morphine may reduce serum levels of Trovafloxacin decreasing the efficacy of the antibiotic. IV doses of morphine should be administered at least 2 hours after a dose of Trovafloxacin given in a fasting state or 4 hours after if given in a fed state.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol.
  • Take with food.
  • To avoid constipation: increase your daily intake of fiber (beans, whole grains, vegetables).
Targets

1. Mu-type opioid receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for beta-endorphin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P35372 Link_out
Gene: OPRM1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamada H, Shimoyama N, Sora I, Uhl GR, Fukuda Y, Moriya H, Shimoyama M: Morphine can produce analgesia via spinal kappa opioid receptors in the absence of mu opioid receptors. Brain Res. 2006 Apr 14;1083(1):61-9. Epub 2006 Mar 10. Pubmed
  2. Kasai S, Han W, Ide S, Hata H, Takamatsu Y, Yamamoto H, Uhl GR, Sora I, Ikeda K: Involvement of the 3’ non-coding region of the mu opioid receptor gene in morphine-induced analgesia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Apr;60 Suppl 1:S11-7. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01523.x-i1
  3. Choi HS, Kim CS, Hwang CK, Song KY, Wang W, Qiu Y, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH: The opioid ligand binding of human mu-opioid receptor is modulated by novel splice variants of the receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1132-40. Epub 2006 Mar 23. Pubmed
  4. Castro RR, Cunha FQ, Silva FS Jr, Rocha FA: A quantitative approach to measure joint pain in experimental osteoarthritis—evidence of a role for nitric oxide. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Aug;14(8):769-76. Epub 2006 Mar 31. Pubmed
  5. Johnson EA, Oldfield S, Braksator E, Gonzalez-Cuello A, Couch D, Hall KJ, Mundell SJ, Bailey CP, Kelly E, Henderson G: Agonist-selective mechanisms of mu-opioid receptor desensitization in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;70(2):676-85. Epub 2006 May 8. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  7. Yekkirala AS, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS: Standard opioid agonists activate heteromeric opioid receptors: evidence for morphine and [d-Ala2-MePhe4-Glyol5] enkephalin as selective μ−δ agonists. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2010; 1(2):146-154 doi:10.1021/cn9000236

2. Kappa-type opioid receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Receptor for dynorphins. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P41145 Link_out
Gene: OPRK1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Leventhal L, Silva RM, Rossi GC, Pasternak GW, Bodnar RJ: Morphine-6beta-glucuronide-induced hyperphagia: characterization of opioid action by selective antagonists and antisense mapping in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Nov;287(2):538-44. Pubmed
  4. Kozak CA, Filie J, Adamson MC, Chen Y, Yu L: Murine chromosomal location of the mu and kappa opioid receptor genes. Genomics. 1994 Jun;21(3):659-61. Pubmed
  5. Teodorov E, Modena CC, Sukikara MH, Felicio LF: Preliminary study of the effects of morphine treatment on opioid receptor gene expression in brain structures of the female rat. Neuroscience. 2006 Sep 1;141(3):1225-31. Epub 2006 Jun 6. Pubmed
  6. Yekkirala AS, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS: Standard opioid agonists activate heteromeric opioid receptors: evidence for morphine and [d-Ala2-MePhe4-Glyol5] enkephalin as selective μ−δ agonists. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2010; 1(2):146-154 doi:10.1021/cn9000236

3. Delta-type opioid receptor

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Highly stereoselective. receptor for enkephalins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P41143 Link_out
Gene: OPRD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yamada H, Shimoyama N, Sora I, Uhl GR, Fukuda Y, Moriya H, Shimoyama M: Morphine can produce analgesia via spinal kappa opioid receptors in the absence of mu opioid receptors. Brain Res. 2006 Apr 14;1083(1):61-9. Epub 2006 Mar 10. Pubmed
  2. Dortch-Carnes J, Russell KR: Morphine-induced reduction of intraocular pressure and pupil diameter: role of nitric oxide. Pharmacology. 2006;77(1):17-24. Epub 2006 Mar 13. Pubmed
  3. Koch T, Wu DF, Yang LQ, Brandenburg LO, Hollt V: Role of phospholipase D2 in the agonist-induced and constitutive endocytosis of G-protein coupled receptors. J Neurochem. 2006 Apr;97(2):365-72. Epub 2006 Mar 15. Pubmed
  4. Galeotti N, Stefano GB, Guarna M, Bianchi E, Ghelardini C: Signaling pathway of morphine induced acute thermal hyperalgesia in mice. Pain. 2006 Aug;123(3):294-305. Epub 2006 May 2. Pubmed
  5. Asensio VJ, Miralles A, Garcia-Sevilla JA: Stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEK1/2) by mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists in the rat brain: regulation by chronic morphine and opioid withdrawal. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Jun 6;539(1-2):49-56. Epub 2006 Apr 6. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed
  7. Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C: Exploring the opioid system by gene knockout. Prog Neurobiol. 2002 Apr;66(5):285-306. Pubmed
  8. Yekkirala AS, Kalyuzhny AE, Portoghese PS: Standard opioid agonists activate heteromeric opioid receptors: evidence for morphine and [d-Ala2-MePhe4-Glyol5] enkephalin as selective μ−δ agonists. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2010; 1(2):146-154 doi:10.1021/cn9000236

Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Actions: substrate

Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants

UniProt ID: P10635 Link_out
Gene: CYP2D6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. In the epoxidation of arachidonic acid it generates only 14,15- and 11,12-cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. It is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism the anti- cancer drug paclitaxel (taxol)

UniProt ID: P10632 Link_out
Gene: CYP2C8
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

3. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Actions: substrate

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide

UniProt ID: P08684 Link_out
Gene: CYP3A4
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

4. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7

Actions: substrate

Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol suggests it may play an important role in regulating the level and activity of these potent and active estrogen metabolites

UniProt ID: P16662 Link_out
Gene: UGT2B7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Coffman BL, Rios GR, King CD, Tephly TR: Human UGT2B7 catalyzes morphine glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Jan;25(1):1-4. Pubmed
  2. Takeda S, Ishii Y, Iwanaga M, Mackenzie PI, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y, Oguri K, Yamada H: Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase function by cytochrome P450: evidence for the alteration of UGT2B7-catalyzed glucuronidation of morphine by CYP3A4. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;67(3):665-72. Epub 2004 Dec 20. Pubmed
  3. Yamada H, Ishii K, Ishii Y, Ieiri I, Nishio S, Morioka T, Oguri K: Formation of highly analgesic morphine-6-glucuronide following physiologic concentration of morphine in human brain. J Toxicol Sci. 2003 Dec;28(5):395-401. Pubmed
  4. Abildskov K, Weldy P, Garland M: Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53. Epub 2010 Jan 13. Pubmed

5. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX- alpha to form both the IX-alpha-C8 and IX-alpha-C12 monoconjugates and diconjugate

UniProt ID: P22309 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohno S, Kawana K, Nakajin S: Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A8 to morphine-6-glucuronidation and its kinetic properties. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Apr;36(4):688-94. Epub 2008 Jan 10. Pubmed

6. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds

UniProt ID: Q9HAW9 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ohno S, Kawana K, Nakajin S: Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A8 to morphine-6-glucuronidation and its kinetic properties. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Apr;36(4):688-94. Epub 2008 Jan 10. Pubmed

7. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15

Actions: substrate
UniProt ID: P54855 Link_out

References:
  1. Abildskov K, Weldy P, Garland M: Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53. Epub 2010 Jan 13. Pubmed

8. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4

Actions: substrate

UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as estriol, 4-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestriol) and xenobiotics (such as 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, 4- nitrophenol, 2-aminophenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and menthol). It is capable of 6 alpha-hydroxyglucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic acid

UniProt ID: P06133 Link_out
Gene: UGT2B4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Abildskov K, Weldy P, Garland M: Molecular cloning of the baboon UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B gene family and their activity in conjugating morphine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):545-53. Epub 2010 Jan 13. Pubmed

9. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3

Actions: substrate

UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds

UniProt ID: P35503 Link_out
Gene: UGT1A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Green MD, King CD, Mojarrabi B, Mackenzie PI, Tephly TR: Glucuronidation of amines and other xenobiotics catalyzed by expressed human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Jun;26(6):507-12. Pubmed

Transporters

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells

UniProt ID: P08183 Link_out
Gene: ABCB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. Pubmed
  2. Troutman MD, Thakker DR: Novel experimental parameters to quantify the modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds by P-glycoprotein in cell culture models of intestinal epithelium. Pharm Res. 2003 Aug;20(8):1210-24. Pubmed

Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19